WIND ENERGY: INTRODUCTION

Today’s Lecture will cover:

• Wind Power and Resource

• Theory

• History of Turbines

• Turbine Design

• The Future & Building Integrated Turbines

WIND ENERGY: INTRODUCTION

• Over 15,000 billion kWh of electricity are

generated annually worldwide.

• Approximately 65% is generated from

fossil fuels.

• At present only a small proportion is

produced from wind turbines.

• However, wind energy is expanding rapidly!!

BENEFITS OF WIND POWER

• Clean, abundant and inexhaustible fuel –

Wind power produces no emissions and is not depleted over time.

A single one megawatt (1 MW) wind turbine running for one year can
displace over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide, 6.5 tons of sulfur dioxide, 3.2
tons of nitrogen oxides.

• Local economic development –

Wind plants can provide a steady flow of income to landowners who
lease their land for wind development.

• Modular and scalable technology –

Wind applications can take many forms, including large wind farms,
distributed generation, and single end-use systems. Utilities can use wind
resources strategically to help reduce load forecasting risks.
BENEFITS OF WIND POWER

• Wind energy is one of the cheapest of the renewable technologies -

It is now competitive with gas, new clean coal fired power stations and
cheaper than nuclear power.

• Energy price stability –

By further diversifying the energy mix, wind energy reduces dependence
on conventional fuels that are subject to price and supply volatility.

• Reduced reliance on imported fuels –

Using wind energy reduces the requirement to obtain fuels from abroad
and hence lessening dependence on foreign governments that supply
these fuels.
 SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY

Wind energy like most terrestrial energy sources comes form the sun.

GLOBAL WIND SYSTEMS

Solar heating of the Earth creates variations in temperature and

air pressure.

The Earths wind systems are air masses that are moving around
as a result of the pressure variations.
SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY - GLOBAL

Solar radiation causes

regions of unequal
heating of land masses
and oceans.

The unequal heating

creates regions of high
and low pressure, creating
pressure gradients
between these regions.

Air moves from regions of

high pressure to regions
of low pressure
SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY - GLOBAL

World Wind Circulation Patterns

SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY - LOCAL 1

Sea Breezes:

Caused due to different heat capacities

of sea and land.

Day: Land has low heat capacity and

heats up quick in the day – air rises
over land creating an on-shore breeze.

Night: Land cools quickly and sea is still

warm causing air to rise over the sea,
this creates an off-shore breeze.
SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY - LOCAL
SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY - LOCAL 1

Mountain-valley winds:

Night: Flow reverses – cool mountain

air sinks into the valley

Day: Cool mountain air warms up in the

morning – becomes lighter – rises. Cool
air from valley rises to replace it.
SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY - LOCAL

A gently sloping hill can increase the wind power

if the slope of the hill does not cause turbulence
SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY - LOCAL

Tunnel Effect Hill Effect

 SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY - OBSTRUCTIONS
• Surface features have a major impact on local wind, and can increase or
decrease in wind power and speed and cause turbulence

• Flat terrain with obstacles: causes turbulence and decrease in wind

power and speed for a significant distance from object
WIND FARMS AT SEA
COULD SUPPLY OUR

WHOLE COUNTRY’S
ELECTRICITY NEEDS

THREE
TIMES
OVER
 WIND ENERGY RESOURCE

Wind Force 12 - An assessment of global wind resources (May 2002)

By the European Wind Energy Association and Greenpeace

They concluded that the world's wind-generating potential,

assuming that only 10 per cent of the earth's land area would be
available for development, is double the projected world electricity
demand in 2020.
WIND ENERGY RESOURCE
 WIND ENERGY RESOURCE

Average wind resource maps

The UK & Ireland has the best

wind energy resource in Europe
WIND ENERGY RESOURCE

For more than a decade wind has been the world's fastest-
growing energy source. Rising from 4,800 megawatts of
generating capacity in 1995 to 73,904 megawatts in 2006.

Worldwide, wind turbines now supply enough electricity to

supply the equivalent of 2 million European homes.

Wind energy now accounts for 7.3 per cent of national

electricity consumption in Germany, 23 per cent in
Denmark and just over 1% in the UK. About 80 per cent of
all wind turbines sold worldwide are manufactured by
European companies.
WIND ENERGY RESOURCE
Wind Power, Existing World Capacity, 1996-2009
 2009

Despite the global economic crisis, new wind power capacity installations
in 2009 reached a record high of 38 GW. This represented a 41-percent
increase over 2008 and brought the global total to 159 GW.
WIND ENERGY RESOURCE

European Wind Energy: Installed Capacity (MW)

End 2000 End 2001 End 2003
Germany 6100 8750 12001
Spain 2400 3340 5198
Denmark 2300 2420 2889
Netherlands 450 480 686
Italy 390 700 785
UK 410 485 552
Greece 190 270 302
Sweden 230 280 328
Ireland 120 125 137
Portugal 100 130 194

Europe 13000 17360 23357

Installed capacity will more than double in 3 years

During 2011, an estimated 40 GW of wind power capacity was
put into operation, more than any other renewable
technology, increasing global wind capacity by 20% to
approximately 238 GW

Source: Renewables 2012, Global Status Report

Source: Renewables 2012, Global Status Report
WIND ENERGY RESOURCE – THE UK

5th Oct 2010

Source:
British Wind
Energy Association

UK Wind Farms
- Operational
- Under Construction
- Consented
- Submitted
12th January 2012
16th January 2013
WIND ENERGY COST (2004)

• The cost of wind-generated electricity has dropped from 24p a

kilowatt-hour in the early 1980s to roughly 2.5pence a kilowatt-hour
today on prime wind sites.

• Some recently signed US and UK long-term supply contracts are

providing electricity at 2pence a kilowatt-hour.

• Wind Force 12 projected that the average cost per kilowatt hour
of wind-generated electricity will drop to 1.6pence by 2010 and to
1.3pence by 2020.

• US energy consultant Harry Braun says that if wind turbines are

mass-produced on assembly lines like automobiles, the cost of
wind-generated electricity could drop to 0.5-1.2pence per kilowatt
hour.
WIND ENERGY COST (2003)
Economics- prices for most renewables look
likely to fall significantly

Costs of electricity by 2020

pence/kWh

On Land wind 1.5 - 2.5

Offshore wind 2-3
Energy crops 2.5- 4
Wave and tidal power 3-6
PV Solar 10 - 16
Gas CCGT 2 - 2.3
Large CHP/cogeneration under 2p
Micro CHP 2.3 - 3.5
Coal (IGCC) 3 – 3.5
Nuclear 3-4

Source: PIU Energy Review

UK Cabinet Office PIU study, 2003

 WIND ENERGY: POWER – the theory 2
• Wind is a source of KINETIC ENERGY.

• Wind turbines are machines designed to convert wind energy into

mechanical energy for driving pumps, fans or generating electricity,
etc.

• The kinetic energy, Ek, of any particular mass of moving air is equal
to half the mass, m, of the air times the square of its velocity, c:

Ek = ½ mc2 (m in kg’s and c in m/s)

• The total available power, W, is the energy flowing over the turbine
in 1 second. If the turbine sweeps out an area, A, the mass of air
flowing over the blades in one second, M, will equal:

M = ρAc

Where ρ is the density of air.

WIND ENERGY: POWER – the theory 2
• Therefore the power flow, Wk, in the wind is:

Wk = ½ ρAc3
• The equation for available power is a very useful relationship. It
shows that the power generated by a turbine is proportional to:

1. the density of air, ρ

1. the area swept by the blades, A

2. the cube of the wind velocity, c

if the wind speed doubles it contains 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = eight times as much energy.

Note: Wind turbines are not 100% efficient, therefore, the power
contained in the wind is NOT the amount of power that can be
extracted by a wind turbine.
if the wind speed doubles it contains

23 = 2 x 2 x 2

eight times as much energy

 WIND ENERGY: POWER – the theory 2

Betz Law: (German Physicist Albert Betz in 1919)

• Themore kinetic energy a wind turbine pulls out of the wind, the
more the wind will be slowed down as it leaves the turbine.

• If we tried to extract all the energy from the wind, the air would move
away with zero speed, i.e. the air could not leave the turbine. In that
case we would not extract any energy at all, since all of the air would
obviously also be prevented from entering the rotor of the turbine.

• An ideal wind turbine would slow down the wind by 2/3 of its original
speed.

• Betz' law says that you can only convert less than 16/27 (or 59%) of
the kinetic energy in the wind to mechanical energy using a wind
turbine.
 WIND ENERGY: POWER 2

• Typical turbine efficiencies are in the order of 15 to 40%.

• The electrical power, We, generated by the turbine connected to a

generator can be found from the voltage, V and the current, I,
using:

We = VI

• The turbine generating efficiency η can be found from:

η = We/Wk
WIND ENERGY: POWER – Wind Roses

• Wind roses are drawn on the

basis of meteorological
observations of wind speeds and
wind directions.

• Wind rose diagram gives

information on direction, power and
percent of wind.

• They are useful for siting wind

turbines.
WIND TURBINES

Wind mills have been

used for centuries to
harness the kinetic
energy of the wind for
milling grain and
pumping water.
WIND TURBINES

The Brush Wind Turbine: (1888)

The World‟s first automatically

operating wind turbine for electricity
generation.

Rotor diameter of 17 m (50 ft.) and

144 rotor blades made of cedar
wood.

The turbine ran for 20 years

charging batteries.

It had a very low efficiency and

despite its size, the generator was
only a 12 kW model.
 WIND TURBINES

Wind turbines are designed to convert the energy in the linear flow
of wind into rotational energy that can be used to drive machines.

There are two main types of wind turbine:

DRAG DESIGN:
The wind hits the wind turbine blade and pushes it out of the way
causing the turbine to spin.

LIFT DESIGN:
The blades have an aerofoil section and the difference in velocity of
the wind flowing over the top of the blade from that flowing over the
bottom gives rise to lift forces that create the spinning motion.
 WIND TURBINES

Wind turbines also come in two basic configurations:

• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines – HAWTs

Most wind turbines used today are horizontal axis machines.

To work effectively they must face the wind by using a tail that
automatically orientates the turbine or by using motors to move the
turbine.

• Vertical Axis Wind Turbines – VAWTs

Vertical axis turbines are cross-flow devices.

Vertical axis turbines will work with wind from any direction.
They are however less efficient at harnessing wind energy.
WIND TURBINES

Horizontal

Vertical

Tail to orientate
WIND TURBINES: UPWIND & DOWNWIND

Down Wind Up Wind

 WIND TURBINES - Aerodynamics

• Modern lift turbines use an airfoil to achieve lift and turn the blade.

• Airflow over an object causes both lift and drag.

• In order to make an efficient wind turbine, lift should be greater

than drag.
 WIND TURBINES

Lift created by Bernoulli effect:

the faster the air movement, the
lower the pressure.

Air movement on the upper

edge of an airfoil moves
faster as it has further to go.
LIFT
LIFT

STALL
WIND TURBINES: Effect of number of blades

• Wind turbines with large numbers of blades

have highly-solid swept areas and are referred to
as high-solidity wind turbines.

• Wind turbines with small numbers of narrow

blades are called low-solidity wind turbines.
WIND TURBINES: Effect of number of blades

• In theory, the more blades a wind turbine rotor has, the

more efficient it is.

• However large numbers of blades can interfere with

each other.

• High-solidity wind turbines tend to be less efficient

overall than low-solidity turbines.

• Three bladed rotors tend to be most energy efficient.

• High-solidity turbines have high torque characteristics

making them suitable for water pumping.
 WIND TURBINES: Effect of number of blades

Danish 3-Bladed 2-Bladed Single Bladed

WIND TURBINES

The rotors deflect the incoming wind, so the exit

velocity must be less than entering velocity
WIND TURBINES 3

Blades:
Fixed or variable pitch
WIND TURBINES 3

Low Speed Shaft

WIND TURBINES 3

Gear Box:
Increase rotation from
400 to 1800 rpm
WIND TURBINES 3

High Speed Shaft

WIND TURBINES 3

Generator:
AC with power conditioning
WIND TURBINES 3

Brake:
To control speed or
shut down when wind is
too strong
WIND TURBINES 3

Control Equipment:
Detects wind direction
and operates hydraulic
circuit to face into/away
from wind
WIND TURBINES 3

Pitch:
Alters the pitch of blades
to control power output
in different wind speeds.
WIND TURBINES 3

Yaw Drive & Motor:

Moves the turbine to
face the wind
WIND TURBINES 3

Nacelle:
The casing, designed to
improve air flow, protect
equipment and reduce
noise.
WIND TURBINES 3

Tower:
Support structure to hold
blades above ground and
also position blades in
region of high wind speed.
WIND TURBINES

• Modern HA wind turbines start operating

at wind speeds of 4 to 5 metres per second
(around 10 miles an hour) and reach
maximum power output at around 15
meters/second (around 33 miles per hour).

• At very high wind speeds, i.e. gale

force winds, (25 metres/second, 50+
miles/hour) wind turbines shut down
using a brake.
WIND TURBINES – Wind speed-power curve

Typical wind turbine wind speed-power curve

 WIND TURBINES 4

How much electricity will a wind farm produce?

Annual electricity production = k Vm3 At T

Where:

K = 2.5 and is a factor based on typical turbine performance

characteristics, an average turbine availability of 90%, losses of 5%
from wind shadow effect of machines sited in arrays, and an
approximate relationship between mean wind speed and wind speed
frequency distribution.

Vm is the site annual mean wind speed in metres per second.

At is the swept area of the turbine in square metres

T is the number of turbines

WIND TURBINES

Wind Farms:

To minimise wind shadows

Adequate Distribution
of turbines

“Rule of thumb” – 7 & 4

WIND TURBINES: Distribution

How does the

electricity get to your
home?

Electricity generated
by the turbine is
distributed using the
nation grid electricity
infrastructure.

A disadvantage of
wind energy is that
most electricity use is
in urban areas and
the best wind
resources are often
far away.
WIND TURBINES: CONSTRUCTION
Malhadas wind farm, Portugal
Turbine foundation development

• Excavation • Earthing Mat

• Shuttering & Reinforcement • Cable Ducting
• Concrete Pour • Preparation for Transformer Foundation
• Painted Foundation with Tower Insert • Transformer Foundation
• Cable Trench & Initial Backfill • Completed Foundation
• Backfill to base of tower insert
WIND TURBINES: CONSTRUCTION

Transportation
WIND TURBINES: CONSTRUCTION

Malhadas Wind Farm, Portugal: Rotor Lift

Installed Capacity: 9.9 MW

Number of Turbines: 15
Turbine Rating: 660 kW
Turbine Type: Vestas V47
 INTERMITTENT POWER SOURCE

• Wind energy is an intermittent source of power.

• The output of a wind turbine depends upon the wind regime where
it is located.

• In the UK the average capacity factor is around 30%. This means

that over the course of a year the turbine would produce 30% of the
amount it could theoretically have produce if it was working flat out
all through the year.

• Turbines on average turn, and therefore produce electricity, for

about 80 - 85% of the time. Again this depends upon location.
INTERMITTENT POWER SOURCE
INTERMITTENT POWER SOURCE

ENERGY STORAGE:

• Batteries are an effective method of storing electrical energy

however the technology is expensive and unsuitable for large-
scale storage.

• Pumped storage hydro schemes, (covered in water lecture).

• Hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water. Hydrogen

can be converted back into electricity using combustion
processes in conventional production plant or directly in a fuel
cell.
INTERMITTENT POWER SOURCE

Hydrogen produced at sea

Wind Power
&
Electrolysis of water
Convert water into
hydrogen & Oxygen

Shipped back to land

INTERMITTENT POWER SOURCE

A fuel cell is an
Electrochemical
device that
converts hydrogen
fuel directly into
electricity and heat
without
combustion
INTERMITTENT POWER SOURCE
Utsira: Hydrogen society on
Population 250
the island of Utsira

2 x 600kW Turbines
Electrolyser

Fuel Cell
WIND TURBINES: THE FUTURE

Technology Developments: Average Turbine Size

5200
4800
4400
4000
3600
Kilowatts 3200
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
1980 1990 2000 2010
WIND TURBINES: RE Power 5M

One of the worlds largest

Wind Turbine – 5MW
126m Rotor Diameter

Hub Height:
100 – 120 m Onshore
90 – 100 m Offshore
WIND TURBINES: RE Power 5M
 WIND TURBINES: RE Power 5M

Currently undergoing testing in the North Sea, 15 miles off the east coast of Scotland
WIND TURBINES: THE FUTURE – Enercon E-126

THE WORLD’S LARGEST TURBINE

Enercon E-126 by Germany's

biggest wind turbine maker:

The E-126
7 MW capacity
126 - metre rotor length

20 million kilowatt hours per year.

Enough to power about 5,000

households of four in Europe
 WIND TURBINES: THE FUTURE – 10MW
THE WORLD’S LARGEST TURBINE

Norwegian companies Sway and

Enova are developing a 10MW wind-
turbine. It will be the world’s most
powerful, not only in terms of power
output but will also have the largest
blade diameter at 145m (476ft) and
will be amongst some of the highest
at 162.5m (533ft).
WIND TURBINES: THE FUTURE – Enercon E-126

THE WORLD’S LARGEST TURBINE

Enercon E-126 by Germany's

biggest wind turbine maker:

The E-126
7 MW capacity
126 - metre rotor length

20 million kilowatt hours per year.

Enough to power about 5,000

households of four in Europe
Source: Renewables 2012, Global Status Report
PLANNING:

Local Objections - visual intrusion

PLANNING: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• To obtain 10% of the UK‟s electricity from the

wind would require constructing around 12,000
MW of wind energy capacity.

• Depending on the size of the turbines, they

would extend over 80,000 to 120,000 hectares
(0.3% to 0.5% of the UK land area).

• Less than 1% of this (800 to 1,200 hectares)

would be used for foundations and access roads,
the other 99% could still be used for productive
farming.

• For comparison, between 288,000 to 360,000

hectares (1.2-1.5% of the UK land area) is
covered by roads and some 18.5 million hectares
(77%) are used for agriculture.
Results show that as much as 828 g of CO2 can be
avoided per kWh produced by wind instead of coal,
and 391 g of CO2 per kWh in the case of natural gas.
PLANNING: VISUAL ASSESSMENT

Visual Impact:

• Depends to a significant degree on personal preference

• Typically, lower rotational speeds are less noticeable.
• Tradeoff between larger number of smaller turbines at
higher speed and larger turbines.
PLANNING: VISUAL ASSESSMENT

Computer software for visual assessment

Photomontage software takes digital terrain data and given the optimised
turbine layout, produces a wire-frame view of the wind farm
A rendered image of the wind turbines as they would appear
from the specified viewpoint is then produced
This is „overlaid‟ onto the image of the landscape taken earlier, to
produce the final photomontage
PLANNING: VISUAL ASSESSMENT

Light Flashes

Problem occurs when the sun is

low in the sky east or west of
the turbine
PLANNING: VISUAL ASSESSMENT

Computer simulation
to visualise shadows
PLANNING: AVIATION
PLANNING: AVIATION & SHIPPING

Red blade tips

for visibility

Flashing
beacons for
shipping
PLANNING: WILDLIFE

Avoid areas with

rare species of
wildlife & migratory
bird routes
TRY TO AVOID THIS
 PLANNING: NOISE

• Wind turbines create aerodynamic noise – a „swishing sound‟.

• Aerodynamic noise increases with speed of rotation. Modern

turbines operate at low speeds to reduce noise levels.

• In Denmark the maximum wind turbine noise level permitted is 45

dB(A) (about the same as a domestic fridge) in open countryside
and 40 dB(A) in residential areas.

• The UK noise level limit for buildings near roads is 68dB(A), a

value that must not be exceeded for 10% of the time over an 18 hour
period.
PLANNING: NOISE
PLANNING: ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

Turbines positioned between radio, television or microwave

transmitters and receivers can sometimes reflect electromagnetic
radiation and hence interfere with the transmission.
PLANNING: Nottingham Schemes

Grove Farm

3 X 1MW
turbines
Around
7.5 GWhe
per annum
PLANNING: Nottingham Schemes

Grove farm
PLANNING: Nottingham Schemes

Grove farm
PLANNING: Nottingham Schemes

Meadows Embankment
1X 330kW
turbine
0.67 GWhe per
annum
About 200
homes
Planning
approved,
through
Meadows
Ozone project
PLANNING: Nottingham Schemes

Embankment
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS
Offshore wind farms are one possible solution to the current
planning problems associated with land based developments.
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS

Offshore Wind Resources

• Average wind speeds over water are typically 20% higher than
nearby locations on land.

• Thus, due to the cubic relationship between velocity and power,

an offshore turbine can expect to capture 50% more wind energy
than a similar onshore turbine.

• Due to technical and economic limitations, offshore wind farms

are currently limited to relatively shallow waters.

• One drawback associated with turbines at sea is the need for a

submarine cable to feed the energy production to the grid, which
can result in large transmission losses.
 OFFSHORE WIND FARMS: CONSTRUCTION

GRAVITY BASE:
Steel box/concrete sits
on seabed to support
steel tube.

MONOPILE:
TRIPOD:
Single steel pile
driven or drilled 3 smaller piles
into seabed. connected by a frame
to a large central pile
Most common type.
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS: CONSTRUCTION

Floating Barge used for construction

OFFSHORE WIND FARMS:

Horns Rev – Constructed in the summer months of 2002,

Total capacity of 160MW

80 turbines placed in a parallelogram
with 8 rows of each 10 mills.
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS:
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS:

6-13m

22m
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS: CONSTRUCTION

Lightning Strike at Horns Rev

off-shore site
After several strikes turbines
were improved with better
earthing
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS: Visual Impact

Inner Dowsing – Off-Shore Project

Photomontage of Offshore Project, Skegness

Largest offshore wind farm opens off Thanet in Kent – September 2010

ABOUT THANET

• The Thanet Wind Farm is the largest operational wind farm in the world, 300MW;

• The Thanet Wind Farm is located in water depths of 20-25 meters and cover an
area of 35 km2 which is equal to 4,000 football fields;

• Each turbine is up to 115 meters tall at its highest point, with a minimum
clearance above sea level of 22 meters;

• The nearest turbine is located approximately 12 km northeast of Foreness Point;

• Thanet Wind Farm consists of 100 3MW Vestas V90 wind turbines;

• The distance between the turbines is approximately 500 meters along rows and
800 meters between rows;

• The total investment for the Thanet Wind Farm is around £880 million.
The first two of 175 Siemens'
3.6MW machines were
slotted into place on 27 and
28 of January 2012

The London Array located in

the Thames Estuary hopes to
complete the first 630MW
phase by the end of 2012,
after which it plans to build
phase two, taking the wind
farm's total capacity to a
world-record 1,000MW
Urban Wind Power
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

DUCTED WIND TURBINE:

Positioned on top of high

buildings to catch high wind
speeds and avoid obstructions

Older device, located

on the roof of the
James Weir Building,
Strathclyde University
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

A 49-storey residential tower

recently proposed for
Vauxhall in London will
generate electricity from a
wind turbine on the roof to
power lights in communal
areas.

Proposed Flower Tower by

London architect Bill Dunster
ZED Factory
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

HarrowZED
project in London
ZED Factory

ZED = Zero (fossil) Energy Development.

Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

Proposed University of Nottingham Eco Village

Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

WEB
Concentrator
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

Examples of Altechnica‟s patented roof concept

Devices for wind energy conversion, induced ventilation etc.
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

Examples of Altechnica‟s patented facade concept

Devices for wind energy conversion, induced ventilation etc.
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
New York Jets Sports and Convention Centre
36 vertical axis turbines
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

3 x 5m diameter 2kW (6KW total) Fortis Montana grid connected wind turbines
on roof top of office building in Waregem Belgium, largest bwts to date – no
noise however there is a slight vibration problem
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

AeroVironment is developing NGUps Wind Wall Turbine – Installed

what it calls Architectural Wind, a
15th Jan 2004
modular wind power generation
system for placement on top of On the roof of the head office of a light
buildings. rail company in the Hague, Netherlands
THE SPIRAL Leeds -

MAKE Architects (Ken Shuttleworth)

Zedfactory vertical axis turbine
The ZEDquarters urban concept
Dongtan EcoCity China – Ove Arup
 World’s First Building
Integrated Turbines

Bahrain World Trade Center:

3 pieces 225 kW, at 60, 98 & 136 m,
Bridge mounted, 1200 MWh/year.
 Strata Tower
BFLS (Hamiltons Architects) & WSP
43 storey, 408 unit apartment building
Elephant and Castle in Southwark, London.

3 x 9m wind turbines to energy efficient lighting for the building

London’s tallest residential building:
Strata tower in Elephant & Castle named ugliest new building of
the year (2010). It was awarded the Carbuncle Cup, an annual
competition run by Building Design magazine, for “services to
urban impropriety and breakfast-extracting ugliness”

The developers behind the tower have also been accused of

environmental tokenism, after installing turbines in the roof to
meet just eight per cent of the building‟s energy needs.
Will Alsop Designed Palestra Building, London – London Development Agency HQ

14 roof mounted turbines removed (SWIFT)

CSET – University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

Aerotecture 510 Series Wind System

 Rated Power 1500 Watts
 Rated Wind Speed 30 m.p.h.
 Startup Wind Speed 2 m.p.h.
 Maximum Wind Speed 120 m.p.h
 Rotor Diameter 5 feet
 Number of Blades 2
 Height 20 feet
 Weight 250 lbs.
 Generator Type Permanent Magnet
 Power Output Range 24-48 VDC
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

Italy – BIC (Business Ireland –battery charging on a

Innovation Centre) Bolzano lighthouse

Ropatec Vertical Axis BIWTs

 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
quietrevolution

• 5m high 3.1m diameter

• 6kw

• Min wind speed 4m/s

• Max wind speed 16m/s

• £32K approx installed cost

Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

FreeGEN’s CATT turbine

Combined Augmentation Turbine

Incorporates ducting to
increase available wind power.
Quieter operation and is less
sensitive to wind speed
Operates in winds 3 to 7 m/s
Power output > 50kW
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
Swift Turbine
1.5kW

Typical System Cost (BIWT)

£2,500 - £5,000 per kWe installed

UK Low Carbon Buildings Programme

Maximum of £1000 per kWe installed, up to a maximum of £2500 or

30% of relevant eligable costs, whichever is lower.

In the UK over 7,000 households have already been given grants to get the
turbines installed.
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines
B&Q

D400 StealthGen

Power produced: 660 kW hrs (I year), 16, 500 (25 year lifespan)
CO2 Abatement: 0.27 tonnes (1 year), 6.75 tonnes (25 year lifespan)
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

WARNING: B&Q proliferation

the new satellite dish – use where appropriate!

B&Q

Average urban wind speed: 4m/s

The Japanese Airdolphin – Intelligent Energy

Silent Disrupter Blade Technology - Thin grooves on surface significantly

reduces air flow noise - designers were inspired by the wings of owls that enables
it to fly almost silently and unnoticed while approaching its prey.

Owl wing

The Surface of the

Silent Disrupter Blade
 Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

SAINSBURY'S: Eco-friendly supermarket Windside Turbines:

at Greenwich, London - No noise
Uses 40% less energy than a standard
-Works in nearly all
store.
Turbines: 1.25kW, 12m high, 3.5m dia.
wind conditions
Building Mounted/Integrated Wind Turbines

Sustainable Cornwall Ltd

&
ZEDfactory Ltd
Semi-Urban Located Wind Turbines

Beaufort Court – RES HQ, Hertfordshire, UK

Zero Carbon Offices
 Semi-Urban Located Wind Turbines

Photovoltaic panels and a 6kW wind turbine will

generate all the electricity for the centre and the
design incorporates a battery store to cope with
days when generation is low.

Outdoor Adventure Centre, Colwick Park, Nottingham

 Turbine Ventilators

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Ventilators

 Turbine Ventilators

Standing over 3m high, these unique

rooftop devices capture the slightest breeze
and directly convert its energy into useful
motive force for the ventilation systems
below.

The Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Extractor

(VAWTEX) was voted Innovation of the
Year at the Building Services Awards in
London in July 2002.

Wind Driven ventilation system used at

the Harare International School in
Zimbabwe
 Future Research & Development

The prototype that successfully generated 50kW of 32 x 6.25MW Turbines – 200MW - 200,000 Homes
electricity for 15,000 hours over 7 years had a collector 1km high structure covering 20 square kilometres,
roof 240m in diameter and a tower 197m high. The world’s tallest and largest engineered structure.
SUMMARY of LECTURE

• Sources of wind energy

• Theoretical calculations

• Global, European & UK wind resource and energy

production

• Historical development of Wind Turbines

• Turbine design

• Environmental impact – Planning considerations

• The future & building integrated turbines

Sunrise at Corbieres Wind Farm, Southern France

THE DAWN OF WIND POWER