BIOLOGY

UNIT 2 LESSON CLASSIFICATION

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Section 2.1

Concept and
Use of a
Classification 1 Understand that organisms
System can be classified into groups by
the features they share

2 Describe a species as a group

of organisms that can
reproduce to produce fertile
offspring
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Section 2.1
3 Describe the binomial system
Concept and of naming species as an
Use of a
Classification
internationally agreed system in
System which the scientific name of an
organism is made up of two
parts showing the genus and
species

4 Construct and use

dichotomous keys based on
identifiable features
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Section 1 State the main features used to

2.2 place all organisms into one of the
five kingdoms: Animal, Plant,
Fungus, Prokaryote, Protoctist
Features of
Organisms 2 State the main features used to
place organisms into groups within
the animal kingdom, limited to:
(a)the main groups of vertebrates:
mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, fish
(b) the main groups of arthropods:
myriapods, insects, arachnids,
crustaceans
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Section 3 State the main features used to

2.2 place organisms into groups within
the plant kingdom, limited to ferns
and flowering plants (dicotyledons
Features of and monocotyledons)
Organisms
4 Classify organisms using the
features identified in 2.2.1, 2.2.2 and
2.2.3

5 State the main features of viruses,

limited to protein coat and genetic
material 6 Understand that viruses
can only replicate in living cells
 How
many
species?
CLASSIFICATION – a method
of scientific taxonomy used to
group and categorize organisms
into groups such as a genus or
species.
CLASSIFICATION – a method
of scientific taxonomy used to
group and categorize organisms
into groups such as a genus or
species.

These groups are known as taxa.

 Classification

Classification of things can be based on three things

1.Morphology is the overall shape and form of the body, such as whether they
have legs or wings.
2.Anatomy is the detailed body structure which could be determined by dissection.
3.DNA Sequencing is when biologist compare sequence of bases on two different
species to determine how closely related they are to each other.
 The modern system of
putting different organisms
into certain groups was
developed by the Swedish
botanist and zoologist Carl
Linnaeus in the eighteenth
century.

He gave each species a

Latin name, consisting of
the genus and the species.
This is known as binomial
nomenclature.
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❑ A group of organisms that

can breed with one another
in nature to produce fertile
offspring.
Species ❑ All members of a species
have same number of
chromosomes in their cells
and many other characters
in common.
❑ For example, All human
beings belong to same
species.
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❑ A group of different but

closely related species is
called genus.
❑ For example, Brassica is a
Genus genus which includes several
species such as mustard,
cabbage and turnip.
❑ Similarly genus Felis
includes different species
such as lion, tiger and cat.
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❑ Many closely related genera

are grouped together into a
still higher category known
as family.
Family ❑ For example, foxes and
coyotes belong to the family
Canidae.
❑ Similarly lions and cats
belong to the family Felidae.
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❑ Similar families are grouped

Order together into an order.
❑ For example, foxes, coyotes,
lions, cats, otters, and
weasels all belong to the
Order Carnivora.
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❑ Orders are grouped

Class together into an class.
❑ For example, mammalia,
aves, reptiles are all classes
of animal kingdom.
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❑ Closely related classes are

grouped together into a
Phylum phylum.
❑ For example, porifera,
arthropoda, chordata etc.
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❑ The phyla or divisions are in

turn, grouped into kingdom
Kingdom which is the highest level of
classification.
❑ There are 5 kingdoms in
which the living organisms
are classified, namely,
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi,
Protista, and Monera.
 Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Vertebrates
 Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Vertebrates
Class Mammals
 Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Vertebrates
Class Mammals
Order Carnivores
 Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Vertebrates
Class Mammals
Order Carnivores
Family Felidae (cats)
 Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Vertebrates
Class Mammals
Order Carnivores
Family Felidae (cats)
Genus Panthera
 Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Vertebrates
Class Mammals
Order Carnivores
Family Felidae (cats)
Genus Panthera
Species leo
Classification

Panthera leo
 Binomial Nomenclature
•The system of nomenclature in which two terms
are used to denote a species of living organism,
the first one indicating the genus and the second
the species.
•Binomial naming (Binomial nomenclature) The binomial name of genus and species is unique for each
species.

•Rules for writing these names:

1The name of the genus always begins with a capital letter.

2The species name begins with a small letter.
3The scientific names are always italicized.
4When handwritten, the genus name and species name have to be underlined.
For example, the scientific
name for the rabbit is
Oryctolagus cuniculus. It is
known by this name all over
the world by the scientific
community.

Similarly, the binomial name

for human beings is Homo
sapiens.

Homo is the genus, and

sapiens is the species.
 Classification
The largest group of
Kingdom organisms recognised by
biologists. But how many?
 Classification
The largest group of
Kingdom organisms recognised by
biologists. But how many?

For many years most

biologists favoured the use
of two kingdoms, Plants and
Animals.
 Classification
The largest group of
Kingdom organisms recognised by
biologists. But how many?

For many years most

biologists favoured the use
of two kingdoms, Plants and
Animals.

Modern classification tends

to favour the adoption of 5
kingdoms – Prokaryotes
(Monera), Protoctista,
Fungi, Plants and Animals
 Classification
Kingdom

Monera
Bacteria and Blue-green algae
(Prokaryotes)

Protoctista Amoeba, Paramecium

Fungi Moulds, Mushrooms, Yeast

Algae, ferns and mosses,

Plants
conifers and flowering plants
Jellyfish, worms, arthropods, molluscs,
Animals echinoderms, fish, amphibia, reptiles,
birds and mammals.
Classification Systems
 Kingdom Protoctist

Singles Celled Organisms which have their chromosomes enclosed in a nuclear

membrane to form a nucleus.
 Kingdom Prokaryote

• Nuclei not
organized within
the cytoplasm.
• Single celled
organisms.

• Bacteria and blue

green algae are
part of it.
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Classifying Plants: Divided into two
categories; Ferns and Flowering plants
 Classification
Viruses

Viruses are not

considered to
be living, so are
not included in
this
classification
scheme.
To be continued……