a) What are differences between PHP constant and variable ?

Constant Variable:
 A constant is a name or  A variable is a name for
an identifier for a simple a storage location that
value. holds data that can be
changed during script
execution.
 The value cannot be  Variables are declared
changed during the script using the dollar sign ($)
execution. followed by the variable
name.
 Constants are defined  Variables can have their
using the define() values changed at any
function or the const time.
keyword.
 Constants do not require  Variables are local to the
a dollar sign ($) before scope in which they are
their name. defined, unless declared
global.

b)explain the syntax foreach loop with example.

In PHP, the foreach loop is used to iterate over arrays and objects. It provides an
easy way to loop through each value in an array without the need for a counter variable.
The basic syntax of a foreach loop is:
foreach ($array as $value) {
// Code to execute for each value
}
c) what are the different types of arrays in PHP?
Indexed Arrays: Arrays with numeric indexes.
Associative Arrays: Arrays with named keys.
Multidimensional Arrays: Arrays containing one or more arrays.
d) Explain methods to submit
form.

 GET Method: Data is sent appended to the URL as query strings. It is visible to
everyone and has length limitations.
 POST Method: Data is sent in the request body. It is not visible in the URL and has
no size limitations.
 e)what is a session in PHP? Explain it.
A session in PHP is a way to store information (in variables) to be used across multiple pages. Unlike a
cookie, the information is not stored on the user's computer.

 Starting a Session:

php
session_start();

 Setting Session Variables:

php
$_SESSION["username"] = "John";

 Accessing Session Variables:

php
echo $_SESSION["username"];

 Ending a Session:

php
session_unset(); // remove all session variables
session_destroy(); // destroy the session

a) What are the different types of PHP variables?

 Integer: Whole numbers without a decimal point.

 Float (Double): Numbers with a decimal point or in exponential form.
 String: Sequence of characters.
 Boolean: Represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.
 Array: Stores multiple values in a single variable.
 Object: Instances of classes that store data and functions.
 NULL: A variable with no value.
 Resource: Special variable holding a reference to an external resource (e.g.,
database connection).
b) What is the difference between GET and POST
method?
 GET:

 Data is sent via URL parameters.

 Limited amount of data can be sent (due to URL length restrictions).
 Data is visible in the URL, hence less secure.
 Can be bookmarked and cached.

 POST:

 Data is sent via the request body.

 Larger amounts of data can be sent.
 Data is not visible in the URL, making it more secure.
 Cannot be bookmarked or cached.

c) Explain if ...... then ........... else in PHP.

In PHP, the if...then...else statement is used for conditional execution of code

blocks. Here's a breakdown of its structure and functionality:

Explanation

1. Condition: This is an expression that evaluates to either true or false. It can be any
expression that PHP can evaluate to a boolean value.
2. Code Block for if: If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the first block
(following if) will be executed.
3. Code Block for else: If the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the else block
will be executed instead.

d) Explain cookies in PHP

  Cookies are small files that the server embeds on the user's computer.

  They are used to store data about the user for tracking and personalization
purposes.

e) Explain any two string functions in PHP.

  strlen(): Returns the length of a string.
$str = "Hello, world!";
echo strlen($str); // Output: 13

 str_replace(): Replaces all occurrences of a search string with a replacement

string.
$str = "Hello, world!";
$newstr = str_replace("world", "PHP", $str);
echo $newstr; // Output: Hello, PHP!

a) Write a PHP Program to check whether given year is leap year or not (use ifelse)

<?php
function isLeapYear($year) {
if (($year % 4 == 0 && $year % 100 != 0) || ($year % 400 == 0)) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
$year = 2024;
if (isLeapYear($year)) {
echo "$year is a leap year.";
} else {
echo "$year is not a leap year.";
}
?>
b) Write a PHP script to define an interface which has methods area () volume ().
<?php

interface Shape {

public function area();

public function volume();

?>
c) constant PI. Create a class cylinder which implements this interface and
calculate area and volume
<?php
interface Shape {
public function area();
public function volume();
}
class Cylinder implements Shape {
const PI = 3.14159;
private $radius;
private $height;
public function __construct($radius, $height) {
$this->radius = $radius;
$this->height = $height;
}
public function area() {
return 2 * self::PI * $this->radius * ($this->radius + $this->height);
}
public function volume() {
return self::PI * pow($this->radius, 2) * $this->height;
}
}
$cylinder = new Cylinder(3, 5);
echo "Area of the cylinder: " . $cylinder->area() . "\n";
echo "Volume of the cylinder: " . $cylinder->volume() . "\n";
?>
d) What are the built in functions of string?
PHP provides a wide range of built-in functions for string manipulation. Some of the
commonly used string functions are:

 strlen(): Returns the length of a string.

 strpos(): Finds the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a
string.
 str_replace(): Replaces all occurrences of a search string with a
replacement string.
 substr(): Returns a part of a string.
 strtolower(): Converts a string to lowercase.
 strtoupper(): Converts a string to uppercase.
 trim(): Strips whitespace (or other characters) from the beginning and end
of a string.
 explode(): Splits a string by a string.
 implode(): Joins array elements with a string.
 strcmp(): Compares two strings.
e) Write a PHP program to reverse an array
<?php

function reverseArray($array) {
$reversedArray = array();

for ($i = count($array) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {

$reversedArray[] = $array[$i];

return $reversedArray;

$array = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

$reversedArray = reverseArray($array);

echo "Original array: ";

print_r($array);

echo "Reversed array: ";

print_r($reversedArray);

?>

a) write are the features of php.

 Performance: PHP scripts typically run efficiently and can handle a large number of
requests per second.

Ease of Use: PHP is relatively easy to learn and has a simple and straightforward
syntax.

Open Source: PHP is open-source, meaning it's free to use and has a large
community of developers who contribute to its continuous improvement.

b) write a php script to find the sum of digits of a number.

<?php
function sumOfDigits($number) {

$sum = 0;

while ($number > 0) {

$sum += $number % 10;

$number = floor($number / 10);

return $sum;

$number = 12345;

echo "The sum of the digits of $number is: " . sumOfDigits($number);

?>

c) explain for loop and foreach loop with example.

The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times you want to execute a
statement or a block of statements. It is commonly used for iterating over a sequence
(like an array).
Example:

<?php

for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {

echo "The number is: $i <br>";

}
 ?>

The foreach loop is used to iterate over arrays. It provides an easy way to access
array elements without needing an index counter.

Example:

<?php

$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

foreach ($colors as $color) {

echo "The color is: $color <br>";

?>

d) explain cookies in php.

Cookies are small pieces of data that a server sends to the user's web browser. The
browser may store these cookies and send them back to the same server with
subsequent requests. Cookies are often used to store user preferences, session
information, or track user behavior.
e) explain any two built-in array functions in php.
The array_merge() function merges one or more arrays into one array.
Example:
array_merge(array1, array2, ...);

The array_push() function inserts one or more elements at the end of an array.

Example:

<?php

$stack = array("orange", "banana");

array_push($stack, "apple", "raspberry");

print_r($stack);

?>

a) What is the difference between for and for each in PHP?

For For each
  A for loop is used to  A foreach loop is
iterate a set number of specifically used to iterate
times. over arrays.
 It requires an  It does not require
initialization, a condition, explicit initialization,
and an condition, or
increment/decrement increment/decrement
statement. statements.
Syntax: Syntax:
for (initialization; foreach ($array as
condition; $value) {
increment/decrement) { // code to be executed
// code to be executed }
} // or with key-value pairs
foreach ($array as $key
=> $value) {
// code to be executed
}

b) What is season in php? Explain it.

In PHP, the term "season" doesn't refer to any specific built-in feature or concept within
the language itself. However, if you're referring to "season" in the context of a web
application or a specific PHP project, it could mean different things depending on the
context.
c) Write a script to display the total and percentage of Marks of Subject (Out of 100)
Data structure, Digital Marketing, PHP, SE, and Big Data.
<?php
// Marks out of 100 for each subject
$dataStructure = 85;
$digitalMarketing = 78;
$php = 90;
$se = 88;
$bigData = 95;
// Calculate total marks
$totalMarks = $dataStructure + $digitalMarketing + $php + $se + $bigData;
// Calculate percentage
$percentage = ($totalMarks / 500) * 100;
// Display results
echo "Total Marks: " . $totalMarks . "<br>";
echo "Percentage: " . $percentage . "%<br>";
?>

d) explain cookies in php.

 Cookies are small files stored on a user's computer. They are used to remember
information about the user across different pages of a website or between visits. In PHP,
cookies are created using the setcookie() function and retrieved using the
$_COOKIE superglobal.
 Custom Application Logic: If you're working on a project that deals with seasonal
data or features (like a shopping website with seasonal sales, a blog with seasonal
content, etc.), "season" could be a custom-defined concept within the application. For
example, you might have a PHP class or function that determines the current season
based on the date and adjusts the behavior or display of your application accordingly.

 Configuration or Data: In some applications, "season" might be a configuration

setting or part of the data model. For instance, if you're building an application for a
sports league, "season" could refer to different seasons of the league and might be
stored in a database, with PHP code used to manage or display this data.

 Naming Convention: "Season" could also be part of a naming convention for

variables, classes, or functions in your codebase. For example, you might have a
Season class that encapsulates all the properties and methods related to a particular
season of a game, event, or other cyclical activity.

e) Write a php program to check whether Entertainment age from user is allowed for
vote or not.
<?php
// Function to check voting eligibility
function checkVotingEligibility($age) {
if ($age >= 18) {
return "You are allowed to vote.";
} else {
return "You are not allowed to vote.";
}
}

// Get age from user input (assuming a form submission)

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
$age = $_POST["age"];
echo checkVotingEligibility($age);
}
?>
<!-- HTML form to get user age input -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Enter your age: <input type="text" name="age">
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>