Calculus (I) Instructor: Dr. M.

Tashtoush

Chapter 1: Functions

Definition: Let D and R be any two sets of real numbers. A

function f from D to R is a rule that assigns to each element of D as
a unique element of R . The set D is called the domain of f and
denoted by Dom  f  or D f , the set  y  R / y  f  x  ; x  D  is called
the range of f and denoted by Rng  f  or R f .
Examples: Determine any of the following rules is a function:
f1:D R f 2:D R f 3:D R

1 3 1 2 4 1
2 6 3 4 2
3 8 5 6 3 3
4 9 7 8 5 4
5

Solution:
1. f 1 is a function.
2. f 2 is not function, because 7  D has no image.
3. f 3 is not function, because 4  D has two different images.

Elementary Functions
The basic types of functions that will be used throughout this
section are polynomials, rational and trigonometric functions. These
functions are commonly called the elementary functions. We review
polynomial, rational and trigonometric functions in this section.

Definition (Polynomials): A Polynomial in x is a function that

is expressible as a sum of finitely many terms of the form cx n , where c
is a constant and n is nonnegative integer, and the degree of a
polynomial is the greatest power of x in the polynomial.
Remarks: The polynomial P  x   0 is undefined degree, the
form of a polynomial of degree zero is P  x   c , c  R which is called
a constant polynomial, the form of a polynomial of degree one is
P  x   ax  b , a , b  R , a  0 which is called a linear polynomial, the
form of a polynomial of degree two is
P  x   ax  bx  c , a , b , c  R , a  0
2
which is called a quadratic
polynomial and the form of a polynomial of degree three is
P  x   ax 3  bx 2  cx  d , a , b , c , d  R , a  0 which is called a cubic
polynomial.
Definition (Rational Function): A function that can be
expressed as a ratio of two polynomials is called a Rational Function.
If p  x  and q  x  are polynomials, then the domain of the rational
function r  x   p  x  q  x  consists of all numbers x such that
q x   0 .

Theorem: Let f , g and h be functions, and n  N . Then:

h x 
1. If f  x   , then Dom  f   x  R : g  x   0 .
g x 
x  R : g  x   0 , n even
2. If f  x   n g  x  , then Dom  f   
 R , n odd

h x  x  R : g  x   0 , n even
3. If f  x   , then Dom  f   
n g x  x  R : g  x   0 , n odd
Examples: Determine the domain of the following functions:
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 2x  7 3
1. f  x   2x  1 2. f  x   3. f  x  
x  4x 2  3x
3 4
x  5x  6
2

2x  2 2
4x 2
4. f  x   5. f  x   6. f  x   2x  5  3
3
x 5 1 x 1
Solution:
1. f  x   2x  1 , ( n  2 is even)

Dom  f   x  R : 2x  1  0  x  R : 2x  1  x  R : x  1
2    12 ,   .
2x  7
2. f  x  
x  4x 2  3x
3

Dom  f   x  R : x 3  4x 2  3x  0  x  R : x  x  3 x  1  0
Dom  f   R  0,1, 3
3
3. f  x   , ( n  4 is even)
4
x  5x  6
2

Dom  f   x  R : x 2  5x  6  0  x  R :  x  2  x  3  0
 R   3, 2 .

2x 2  2
4. f  x   , ( n  3 is odd)
3
x 5 1
Dom  f   x  R : x 5  1  0  x  R : x 5  1  x  R : x  1  R  1 .

4x 2
5. f  x   , ( n  2 is even)
x 1
Dom  f   x  R : 4  x 2  0 & x  1  0

 x  R :  2  x  2  x   0 & x  1

 x  R : 2  x  2 & x  1   2,1  1, 2 .

6. f  x   2x  5  3 , ( n  2 is even)
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 Dom  f   x  R : 2x  5  3  0  x  R : 2x  5  3

 x  R : 2x  5  3 or 2x  5  3

 x  R : x  1 or x  4  R   4, 1

Definition: Let f  x  and g  x  be two functions with domains

D1 and D 2 respectively, then we can define the following functions:

1.  f  g  x   f  x   g  x  , with Dom  f  g   D1  D 2 .

2.  f  g  x   f  x   g  x  , with Dom  f  g   D1  D 2 .

3.  f  g  x   f  x   g  x  , with Dom  f  g   D1  D 2 .

4.  f g  x   f  x  g  x  , with Dom  f g   D1  D 2  x  R : g  x   0 .
Definition (Trigonometric Functions): Let ABC be a right
triangle in B , then the six trigonometric functions are defined by:

sine: sin  
AB
cotangent: cot  
BC A
AC AB
BC AC
cosine: cos   secant: sec   θ
AC BC
AB AC C B
tangent: tan   cosecant: csc  
BC AB

Definition: A function f is called periodic function if there is a

number p   0  such that f  x  p   f  x  , x  Dom  f  , the smallest
p   0  is called the period of f . For example; the trigonometric
functions are periodic functions. The period of sin, cos, sec and csc is
2 , but tan and cot periodic by  .

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 sin  cos  1 1
Remarks: tan   , cot   , sec   , csc   .
cos  sin  cos  sin 
Example: Determine the domain of the function f  x   cot x .
cos x
Solution: f  x   cot x  which is a rational function.
sin x
Therefore, Dom  f   R  x  R : sin x  0  R  x  R : x  n , n  Z  .
The following table describes the domain and range for the
trigonometric functions.
Function Domain Range
sin  R  1,1
cos  R  1,1

R   /  
 2n  1  , n  Z 
tan   R
 2 
cot  R   /   n , n  Z  R

R   /  
 2n  1  , n  Z  R   1,1
sec  
 2 
csc  R   /   n , n  Z  R   1,1

Examples: Determine the range of the given functions:

x2
1. f  x   x 2 2. f  x   x 2  3 3. f  x  
x 4 1
1
4. f  x   x 5 3 5. f  x   5 6. f  x   3  4x 2
2x
7. f  x   3  2 cos x 8. f  x   7  2sin 2  x 9. f  x   5cos 2 x  3sin x

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 Solution:
1. Dom  f   R , since any value for any x  Dom  f  is positive, then
Rng  f    0,   .
2. Dom  f   R and hence, Rng  f   3,   .
3. Dom  f   R , since any value for any x  Dom  f  is positive, and
since x 2  x 4  1 , then the value of f x  between zero and one. But
the largest value of f x  occurs when x  1 which is 1 2 , and the
smallest value of f x  occurs when x  0 which is 0. Therefore,
Rng  f    0,1 2 .
4. Dom  f   x  R : x  5  0  x  R : x  5   5,   .
The smallest value of f occurs at x  5 and equals to 3 . So that
Rng  f   y  R : y  f  x  , x  Dom  f    3,   .
5. Dom  f   x  R : 2  x  0  x  R : x  2   , 2  . Notice that the
substituting result for any x  Dom  f  can not be zero or negative
number, and the smallest image of 2  x is 0 and occurs at x  2 ,
this means that Rng  2  x    0,   and hence Rng  1
2x    0,   ,
make a shifting by five units, we get Rng  f    5,   .
6. Dom  f   x  R : 4  x 2  0  x  R :  2  x  2  x   0   2, 2 .

Notice that the substituting result in 4  x 2 for any x   2, 2 can

not be less than zero or greatest than 2 , this means that the range of
4x 2 is  0, 2 , make a shifting by three units we get,
Rng  f   3,5 .

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7. We know that 1  cos x  1 so that 2  2 cos x  2  1  f  x   5 .
8. We know that 1  sin x  1 so that 0  sin 2 x  1  0  2sin 2 x  2 .
Therefore, 7  f  x   9 .
9. Since 0  5 cos 2 x  5 and 3  3sin x  3 . Therefore, Rng  f    3,8 .

Definition (Evan & Odd Functions): 1. A function f is called

an odd function if f  x   f  x  , x  Dom  f  .
2. A function f is called an even function if
f  x   f  x  , x  Dom  f  .
Examples: Determine which of the following function is odd,
even, or neither:
cos x
1. f  x   x 3  3x 2. f  x   1  2x 2  x 4 3. f  x   .
x 2 1
Solution:
1. f  x    x   3  x   x 3  3x    x 3  3x   f  x  , f is odd.
3

2. f  x   1  2  x     x   1  2x 2  x 4  f  x  , f is even.
2 4

cos  x  cos x
3. f  x     f  x  , f is even.
 x  x 2 1
2
1
Remark: Let f  x   x n , n  N , then f  x  is an odd function if
n is odd number, and f  x  is an even function if n is even number.

Examples: Determine whether the functions cos  , sin  and

tan  are even, odd or neither.

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 Solution: The function f    cos  is an even function, since
cos     cos  2     cos   . The function f    sin  is an odd
function, since sin     sin  2      sin   . The function
f    tan  is an odd function, since
sin     sin  
tan        tan  .
cos    cos  

Definition (Composition Function): Let f : D1  R 1 and

g : D 2  R 2 be two functions such that R 2  D1 , then we define the
function  f  g  x  to be  f  g  x   f  g  x   . And if R1  D 2 then we
define  g  f  x  to be  g  f  x   g  f  x   . To define the function
 f  g  x  , all images of g must be in domain of f , and to define the

function  g  f  x  , all images of f must be in domain of g .

Definition: Let f and g be two functions such that
Rng  g   Dom  f  , then Dom  f  g   x  Dom  g  : g  x   Dom  f  .
Example: Determine whether the function  f  g  x  and
 g  f  x  can be defined or not. If yes? Find  f  g  x  and  g  f  x  ,
where f  x   x 2  1 and g  x   x 1 .
Solution: Dom  f   R and Rng  f   1,   .
Dom  g   1,   and Rng  g    0,   .
1. Rng  g    0,    R  Dom  f  , then  f  g  x  can be defined and

 f  g  x   f  g  x    f    
2
x 1  x 1  1  x 1  1  x .

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2. Rng  f   1,    1,    Dom  g  , then  g  f  x  can be defined and

 g  f  x   g  f  x    g  x 2  1  x 2 1 1  x .

Examples: Find the functions  f  g  x  and its domain for each

given functions:
1. f  x   3 x  1 , g  x   x 3  1
2. f  x   x 2 , g  x   sin 2x
2 1
3. f  x   1  , g x   .
x x 1
Solution: 1. f : R  R and g : R  R  Rng  g   Dom  f 
Then  f  g  x   f  g  x    3 g  x   1  3 x 3  1  1  3 x 3  x .

Dom  f  g   x  Dom  g   R : g  x   Dom  f   R   R  Dom  g   R .

2. f : R  0,   and g : R   1,1  Rng  g   Dom  f  .
Then  f  g  x   f  g  x    sin 2  2x  .
Dom  f  g   x  Dom  g  : g  x   Dom  f   R  Dom  g   R .
3. f : R  0  R  1 and g : R  1  R  0  Rng  g   Dom  f  .
2 2
Then  f  g  x   f  g  x    1   1  1  1  2  x  1  3  2x .
g x  x 1

Dom  f  g   x  Dom  g  : g  x   Dom  f   R  Dom  g   R  1 .

1 x x
Example: Consider f  x   and g  x   . Find the
1 x 1 x
composition function  f  g  x  and its domain.

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 1 x
1
Solution:  f  g  x   f  g  x    f  1xx   1  1xx  .
1 x 1  2x

Dom  f  g   x  R :1  x  0 and 1  1xx  0  R   12 ,1 .

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 Definition (One-to-One Function): A function f : D  R is
called a one-to-one function if for any two distinct elements x 1 , x 2  D ,

if x 1  x 2 then f  x 1   f  x 2  .

Examples: Any of the following functions is one-to-one:

f x  g x 

1 5 4 2

2 11 6 3

3 20 8 6

1. f  x  is one-to-one function, since 1  2  f 1  f  2  ,

1  3  f 1  f  3 and 2  3  f  2   f  3 .

2. g  x  is not one-to-one function, since 6  8 but g  6   g  8 .

Comparison of Images
Take any different points x 1, x 2  D , if
f  x 1   f  x 2   x 1  x 2  f is one-to-one function.
Examples: Any of the following functions is one-to-one:
1. f  x   4x  3 2. f  x   x 3
4x  3
3. f  x   3x 2  5 . 4. f  x  
2x  1
Solution:
1. Let x 1 , x 2  D with x 1  x 2 , we have x1  x 2  4x 1  4x 2
 4x 1  3  4x 2  3  f  x 1   f  x 2   f is one-to-one.

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2. Let x 1, x 2  D with x1  x 2 , we have x1  x 2  x 13  x 2 3
 f  x 1   f  x 2   f is one-to-one.
3. Let x 1 , x 2  D and suppose that f  x 1   f  x 2   3x 12  5  3x 2 2  5
 3x 12  3x 2 2  x 12  x 2 2  x 12  x 22  x 1  x 2 x1  x 2  f
is not one-to-one.
4. For any x 1 , x 2  D . Let f  x 1   f  x 2  .
4 x 1  3 4x 2  3
    4x 1  3 2x 2  1   4x 2  3 2x 1  1
2x 1  1 2x 2  1
 8x 1x 2  4x 1  6x 2  3  8x 1x 2  4x 2  6x 1  3   4x 1  6x 2  4x 2  6x 1
4x  3
 2x 1  2x 2  x 1  x 2 . Therefore, f  x   is one-to-one.
2x  1
Definition (Inverse Function): Suppose that f : D  R is a
one-to-one function. We can define a unique function g : R  D such
that  f  g  x   x , x  R . Such a function g is called an inverse
function of f and denoted by f 1
 x  , this means that
 f  f   x   x , x  R .
1

Theorem: A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-

one.
Remarks: 1. Dom  f 1
  Rng  f  and Rng  f   Dom  f  .
1

2. If f is a one-to-one function, then f 1 is exists and unique.

How to Find f 1  x 
If we are given a function y  f  x  and we are asked to find f 1  x  ,
then we must emphasis that f  x  is one-to-one function. If yes,
suppose that f 1
 x   y , and hence f f 1
 x    f  y   x and solve
this equation in y .
Al-Huson University College Al-Balqa Applied University
 Theorem: If an equation y  f  x  can be solved for x as a
function of y say x  g  y  , then f has an inverse and that inverse is
g y   f 1
y .
Examples: Find the inverse function f 1
 x  if it exists for each
of the following functions:
1. f  x   4x  3 2. f  x   x 3 3. f  x   3x 2  5 .
Solution:
1. f  x   4x  3 is one-to-one function (from the above example).
Let f 1
 x   y . Then f y   x  4y  3  x  4y  x  3
1 3 1 3
 y  x  . Thus f 1  x   x  .
4 4 4 4
2. f  x   x is one-to-one function (from the above example).
3

Let f 1
x   y . Then f y   x  y 3  x  3
y3  3
x
 y  3
x . Thus f 1
x   3 x .
3. f  x   3x 2  5 is not one-to-one function on the interval  ,  
(from the above example) so there is no inverse for this function on
the interval  ,   . But if we define f 1  x   3x 2  5 on  , 0 then
f 1 is one-to-one and hence f 1 has an inverse function which is
x 5
f 1 1  x   , and if we define f 2  x   3x 2  5 on  0,   then f 2
3
is one-to-one and hence f 2 has an inverse function which is
x 5
f 21  x    .
3
Theorem: If f has an inverse, then the graphs of y  f  x  and
y f 1
 x  are reflection of one another about the lines y  x ; that is,
each graph is the mirror image if the other with respect to that line.
Al-Huson University College Al-Balqa Applied University
 Remark: If f  x  is an odd function then f  x  is a one-to-one
and has an inverse, but if f  x  is an even function then f  x  is not
one-to-one and has no inverse function.
4x  3
Example: Is f  x   has an inverse? Justify your answers.
2x  1
Solution: We want to prove that f  x  is one-to-one.
For any x 1 , x 2  D . Let f  x 1   f  x 2  .
4 x 1  3 4x 2  3
    4x 1  3 2x 2  1   4x 2  3 2x 1  1
2x 1  1 2x 2  1
 8x 1x 2  4x 1  6x 2  3  8x 1x 2  4x 2  6x 1  3   4x 1  6x 2  4x 2  6x 1
 2x 1  2x 2  x 1  x 2 , hence f  x  is one-to-one. Therefore, f  x 

has an inverse function. To find the inverse function. Let y  f 1

x 
4y  3
 f f 1
 x   x  f y   x   x  x  2 y  1  4 y  3
2y 1
x 3
 2 yx  x  4 y  3  2 yx  4 y  x  3  y  2x  4   x  3  y  .
2x  4
x 3
Therefore, f 1
x   .
2x  4

Al-Huson University College Al-Balqa Applied University