Unit 8 HL - Acids and Bases HL Paper Two Answers

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Ramallah Friends School

Science Department
Acids and Bases HL

Class: 12th Grade Course: Chemistry IB


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:Paper Two Answers

)Q1

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)Q2

1
)Q3

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)Q4

2
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)Q5
)a(

3
)b(

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)Q6

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)Q7

4
5
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)Q8

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)Q9

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)Q10
a- HCN > CH3COOH > HF > HCl
b- HCl < HF < CH3COOH < HCN
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)Q11
a- CH3CH2COOH + H2O ↔ CH3CH2COO-1 + H3O+1
[ CH 3 CH 2 COO−1 ] [ H 3 O+1 ]
[CH 3 CH 2 COOH ] = b- Ka
−pK a
Ka = 10 = 10-4.87 = 1.35 X 10-5 mol dm-3
.c- At equilibrium [CH3CH2COOH] = 0.01 – x and [H3O+1] = [CH3CH2COO-1] = x
Assumption: [CH3CH2COOH] = 0.01. x is negligible compared to 0.01 since CH3CH2COOH is partially ionized and
.[H+1] << 0.01
x2
0 .01 = Ka = 1.35 X 10-5
x = [H ] = 3.67 X 10-4 mol dm-3
+1

pH = - log10[H+1] = - log10[3.67 X 10-4] = 3.44


d- CH3CH2COOH + NaOH → CH3CH2COONa + H2O
mol NaOH = 0.2 X 0.01 = 0.002 mol
mol CH3CH2COOH = 0.4 X 0.01 = 0.004 mol
mol CH3CH2COOH not neutralized = 0.004 – 0.002 = 0.002 mol
not neutralized = 0.002 / 0.5 = 0.004 mol dm-3 ]CH3CH2COOH[
.0.002 / 0.5 = 0.004 mol dm-3 = ]CH3CH2COONa[ = ]CH3CH2COO-1[
x = ]H3O+1[
Assumption: [CH3CH2COO-1] is due completely to the concentration of CH3CH2COONa, because the CH3CH2COO-1
.from the dissociation of CH3CH2COOH make a negligible contribution
0 .004 x
0. 004 = Ka = 1.35 X 10-5
x = [H ] = 1.35 X 10-5 mol dm-3
+1

6
pH = - log10[H+1] = - log10[1.35 X 10-5] = 4.87
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)Q12
-a
−pK a
pKa = 3.75. Ka = 10 = 10-3.75 = 1.78 X 10-4 mol dm-3 -1
.Methanoic acid is a weak acid since it has a small Ka or its Ka << 1 -2
b- HCOOH + H2O ↔ HCOO-1 + H3O+1
[ HCOO−1 ] [ H 3 O+1 ]
[ HCOOH ] = Ka
Add salt of methanoic acid, HCOONa, to methanoic acid, HCOOH, in equal concentrations so that [HCOOH] =
[HCOO-1]. As a result [HCOOH] and [HCOO-1] will cancel out in the expression of Ka and as a result [H3O+1] = Ka
.and pH = pKa = 3.75
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)Q13
a- HC3H5O3 + H2O ↔ C3H5O3-1 + H3O+1
Since lactic acid is a weak monoprotic acid, then the amount that ionized from lactic acid will be equal to the [H+1] =
.0.16 X 3.1 / 100 = 4.96 X 10-3 mol dm-3
pH = - log4.96 X 10-3 = 2.3
b- HC3H5O3 + H2O ↔ C3H5O3-1 + H3O+1
At equilibrium, [H+1] = 4.96 X 10-3 mol dm-3 and [C3H5O3-1] = 4.96 X 10-3 mol dm-3 and [HC3H5O3] = 0.16 - 4.96 X 10-3
= 0.155 mol dm-3
[ C3 H 5 O −1 ] [ H 3 O+1 ] (4 .96 X 10−3 ) ( 4. 96 X 10−3 )
3

Ka = [ HC 3 H 5 O3 ] = 0.155 = 1.59 X 10-4 mol dm-3


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Q(14)
-a
The acid is a weak acid. If it was a strong acid, then since its concentration is 0.1mol dm-3, then its pH would be -1
1. But because it is a weak acid that ionizes or dissociates partially then its pH is larger than 1. The final pH is
.closer to 13 which means that pOH = 1 which means a strong base
The balanced equation is -2
HA + MOH →MA + H2O
mol acid = 0.025 X 0.1 = 0.005 mol
.mol base = mol acid = 0.0025 mol since the mol ratio in the balanced equation is one to one
concentration base = 0.0025 / 0.0222 = 0.113 mol dm-3
HIn (aq)  H + 1 (aq) + In - 1 (aq) -3
HIn and In-1 have different colors. In an acid solution, [H +1] becomes in excess and this will shift the position of
equilibrium in the equation to the left to remove added H +1. As a result [HIn] becomes high. So indicator is
predominantly present as HIn. So color of HIn is seen.
In a basic solution, [H+1] is very low because it is removed by OH -1 and this will shift the position of equilibrium in the
equation to the right to replace the removed H +1. As a result, [In-1] becomes high. So indicator is predominantly
.present as In-1. So color of In-1 is seen, which is another color
[ In −1 ] [ H 3 O +1 ]
[ HIn ] = Ka -4
At the end point, the intensity of HIn and In-1 is about the same (where color change takes place) because both
HIn and In-1 are present and [HIn] = [In-1]. This means that [HIn] and [In-1] cancel out in the expression of Ka of the
indicator. Therefore Ka = [H3O+1] and pKa = pH
At equivalence point pH ≈ 8 (between 8 and 9). So use indicator of pKa ≈ 8 or pKa ≈ 9 -5
b- Sodium ethanoate is a salt of a strong base and a weak acid. The anion CH3COO-1 which is derived from the
weak acid CH3COOH undergoes base hydrolysis because it is a weak base that have tendency to accept a proton
.from water and OH–1 is produced. The solution contains more OH-1 than H3O+1 and turns weakly basic
CH3COO-1 + H2O  CH3COOH + OH-1
Ammonium ethanoate is a salt of a weak acid and a weak base. The ions in ammonium ethanoate, NH4CH3COO,
solution are NH4+1 and CH3COO-1. The anion CH3COO-1 which is derived from the weak acid CH3COOH undergoes
.base hydrolysis because it is a weak base that have tendency to accept a proton from water and OH–1 is produced
CH3COO-1 + H2O  CH3COOH + OH-1
The cation NH4+1 which is derived from the weak base NH3 undergoes acid hydrolysis because it is a weak acid that
.have tendency to donate a proton to water and H3O+1 is produced
NH4+1 + H2O  NH3 + H3O+1
Kb of NH3 = 1.78 X 10–5. Ka of CH3COOH = 1.74 X 10–5. This means that Kb of CH3COO-1 is approximately equal to
Ka of NH4+1 and the extent of CH3COO-1 hydrolysis is equal to the extent of NH4+1 hydrolysis and the [H3O+1]

7
produced from the hydrolysis of NH4+1 is equal to the [OH-1] produced from the hydrolysis of CH3COO-1. The
.solution contains equal amounts from H3O+1 and OH-1 and is neutral
c- The salt Al2(SO4)3 is derived from a strong acid and a weak base. In Al +3 the + 3 charge is spread over a very
small ion, which gives the Al+3 ion a very high charge density. This makes it an excellent Lewis acid, and it will
attract a non – bonding pair of electrons on six water molecules to form the hexahydrate ion, [Al(H 2O)6]+3.
[Al(H2O)6]+3 is a weak acid because the lone pair of one of the six water molecules surrounding the ion will be
strongly attracted to the ion and the water molecule will lose a hydrogen ion in the process. H +1 is produced. The
. H+1 reacts with the basic solution, reducing its pH
3
→ [Al(H2O)5OH]+2 + H+1+]Al(H2O)6[
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)Q15
a- At 30 oC, Kw = [H3O+1] [OH-1] = 1.471 X 10-14
.1.21 X 10-7 mol dm-3 = ]OH-1[ = ]H+1[
pH = - log10[1.21 X 10-7] = 6.92
b- The dissociation of water into its ions is an endothermic process. Increasing the temperature will shift the
position of equilibrium to the right. The endothermic forward reaction is favored in order to use up some of the heat
supplied because the endothermic reaction absorbs heat and this will cause the temperature of the system to
decrease. There will be more [OH-1] and [H3O+1] and as a result Kw will increase. Since [H3O+1] is larger at
.temperatures larger than 25 oC, then the pH of water will be less than 7 at temperatures larger than 25 oC
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)Q16
a- The solution produced by the partial neutralization of CH3COOH since the product contains the weak acid
.CH3COOH and its salt CH3COONa
b- The weak acid solution of CH3COOH can not be used as a buffer because the concentration of the conjugate
base, CH3COO-1, is too low. The strong acid solution of HCl can not be used as a buffer because of the absence of
.the weak conjugate base
c- The weak acid is neutralized partially. The un reacted weak acid and its salt (its conjugate base) produced from
:the neutralization reaction will make an acidic buffer solution
CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l)  CH3COO-1 (aq) + H3O+1 (aq)
When a small quantity of acid is added to the buffer solution, most of the added H3O+1 will be removed by the
.conjugate base, CH3COO–1
CH3COO-1 + H3O+1 ↔ CH3COOH + H2O
This means that the position of equilibrium in the first equation will shift to the left. The [H3O+1] in the solution
.remains unaltered and the pH stays constant
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)Q17
a- Suitable indicator is phenolphthalein

b- Suitable indicator is methyl red

8
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Q(18)
a- A buffer solution is defined as a solution which resists changes in pH when small amounts of strong acid or base
are added to it
b- When a small amount of aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to the buffer solution, most of the added OH-1 ions
.are removed by the acid, CH3COOH, to form water
OH-1 + CH3COOH → CH3COO-1 + H2O
.The [H3O+1] in the solution stays constant and the pH stays constant
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Q(19)
a- Not a buffer because after reaction, it contains 0.1 mol NH4Cl + 0.1 mol HCl. This means that the product is a
.strongly acidic solution and not a weak acid – its conjugate base combination
b- A buffer solution because after reaction it contains 0.1 mol NH4Cl + 0.1 mol NH3 which is a weak base and its
.conjugate acid or its salt
.c- Not a buffer because it only produces the salt (NH4)2SO4. The weak base is absent

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Q(20)
a- HIn (aq)  H + 1 (aq) + In - 1 (aq)
b- In an acid solution, [H+1] becomes in excess and this will shift the position of equilibrium to the left to remove
added H+1. As a result [HIn] becomes high. So indicator is predominantly present as HIn. So color of HIn which is
yellow is seen.
c- At the equivalence point of a titration, the intensity of HIn and In-1 is about the same because both HIn and In-1
.are present and [HIn] = [In-1]. This means that the color of the indicator will be blue-yellow
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Q(21)
a- Kw = [H+1][OH-1]
b- Kw = [H+1][OH-1] = 5.60 X 10-14

.2.37 X 10-7 mol dm-3 = 5.60 X√ 10−14 = ]H +1


[
pH = - log10[2.37 X 10-7] = 6.63
c- Because [H+1] = [OH-1]

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Q(22)
-a
pH = 4.8 -1
It took 25 cm3 from NaOH to completely neutralize the acid and reach the equivalence point. So the pH at half the
equivalence point when the volume = 12.5 cm3 is = 4.8
Phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator because the pH range of phenolphthalein is 8.3 – 10. This means that the -2
color change of phenolphthalein occurs within the range of pH at the equivalence point (8 – 9). Also, the pKa (9.3)
.of phenolphthalein is centered around the pH value at the equivalence point (8 – 9)

9
-b
-1

:Similarities -2
.Final pH = 12. Same in both because NaOH (strong base) of 0.1 mol dm-3 is used to neutralize both -
Same volume of NaOH = 25 cm3 needed to reach the equivalence point in both. Since both acids are monoprotic -
.and have the same concentration and volume, then they will consume the same amount of NaOH
:Differences
.Initial pH = 1 in case of HCl since HCl is a strong acid and hence [H+1] = 0.1 mol dm-3 -
Vertical region (jump) is longer in case of HCl. pH range in case of HCl is from 3 – 10 while it is from 6 – 11 in -
.case of benzoic acid
pH at equivalence point = 7 in case of HCl while it is ≈ 8.5 in case of benzoic acid. In case of HCl the ions of the -
salt are derived from a strong acid and a strong base. They are neutral because they do not undergo hydrolysis. In
case of benzoic acid which is a weak acid, its conjugate base undergoes base hydrolysis because it is a weak base
that have tendency to accept a proton from water and OH–1 is produced. As a result the solution at the equivalence
.point will contain more OH-1 than H3O+1 and turns weakly basic
C6H5COO-1 + H2O  C6H5COOH + OH-1

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Q(23)
-a
NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+1 + OH-1 -1
[ NH +1 −1
4 ] [OH ]
[ NH 3 ] = Kb -2
−pK p
b- Kp = 10 = 10-4.75 = 1.78 X 10-5
.At equilibrium [NH3] = 0.2 – x and [OH-1] = [NH4+1] = x
.Assumption: [NH3] = 0.2. x is negligible compared to 0.2 since NH3 is partially ionized and [OH-1] << 0.2
x2 [ NH +1
4 ] [OH ]
−1

0 .2 =
[ NH 3 ] = Kb = 1.78 X 10-5

x = [OH-1] = √ 1.78 X 10−5 X 0.2 = 1.89 X 10 -3


mol dm-3

pOH = - log10[OH-1] = - log10[1.89 X 10-3] = 2.72


c- Sodium salt of X
d- Bromophenol blue will show its blue color in this solution because the pH 4.8 is above the pH range (3 - 4.6) of
bromophenol blue. So bromophenol blue will show its alkali color. Phenol red will show its yellow color in this

10
solution because the pH 4.8 is below the pH range (6.8 – 8.4) of phenol red. So phenol red will show its acidic
.color

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Q(24)
-a
The solution of FeCl3 is acidic: It is a salt of a weak base and a strong acid: In Fe+3 the + 3 charge is spread over -1
a very small ion, which gives the Fe+3 ion a very high charge density. This makes it an excellent Lewis acid, and it
will attract a non – bonding pair of electrons on six water molecules to form the hexahydrate ion, [Fe(H2O)6]+3.
[Fe(H2O)6]+3 is a weak acid because the lone pair of one of the six water molecules surrounding the ion will be
strongly attracted to the ion and the water molecule will lose a hydrogen ion in the process. The formation of H+1 will
.turn the solution weakly acidic
3
→ [Fe(H2O)5OH]+2 + H+1+]Fe(H2O)6[
The solution of NaNO3 is neutral: It is a salt of a strong acid and a strong base. The anions derived from the -2
.strong acids and the cations derived from the strong bases are neutral because they do not undergo hydrolysis
The solution of Na2CO3 is alkaline: It is a salt of a strong base and a weak acid: The anion CO3-2 is derived from -3
the weak acid H2CO3 undergoes base hydrolysis because it is a weak base that have tendency to accept a proton
.from water and OH–1 is produced. The solution contains more OH-1 than H3O+1 and turns weakly basic
CO3-2 + H2O  HCO3-1 + OH-1
-b
pH = 8.8. This rapid change in the pH in this region is explained by the low [H+1] in this region. Since the alkali is -1
.strong, then small additions from the alkali will increase [OH-1] rapidly and the pH will increase rapidly
HA + NaOH → NaA + H2O -2
.Volume of NaOH at equivalence point = 8.2 cm3
mol NaOH = 0.0082 X 0.1 = 0.00082 mol
.mol base = mol acid = 0.00082 mol since the mol ratio in the balanced equation is one to one
concentration acid = 0.00082 / 0.01 = 0.082 mol dm-3
Initial pH = 2.9 -3
10-pH = 10-2.9 = 1.26 X 10-3 mol dm-3 = ]H+1[
HA (aq) + H2O (l)  A-1 (aq) + H3O+1 (aq)
[ A −1 ] [ H 3 O +1 ]
[ HA ] = Ka
At equilibrium [A-1] = [H3O+1] = 1.26 X 10-3 mol dm-3 and [HA] = 0.082 mol dm-3
(1 .26 X 10−3 )2
Ka = 0. 082 = 1.94 X 10-5 mol dm-3
-5
pKa = - log1.94 X 10 = 4.71
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Q(25)
a- pH = 2.6
.b- Initial pH = 2
10-pH = 10-2 = 0.01 mol dm-3. Since HCl is a strong acid that ionizes completely in water, then [HCl] = [H+1] = = ]H+1[
0.01 mol dm-3
c- 15.5 cm3
d- NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
mol HCl = 0.01 X 0.025 = 0.00025 mol
mol NaOH = 0.00025 mol since the mol ratio in the balanced equation is one to one
0.00025/0.0155 = 0.016 mol dm-3 = ]NaOH[
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Q(26)
a- CH3CH(OH)COOH + H2O ↔ CH3CH(OH)COO-1 + H3O+1
[ CH 3 CH (OH )COO−1 ] [ H 3 O+1 ]
[CH 3 CH (OH )COOH ] = b- Ka
.c- At equilibrium [CH3CH(OH)COOH] = 0.2 – x and [H3O+1] = [CH3CH(OH)COO-1] = x
Assumption: [CH3CH(OH)COOH] = 0.2. x is negligible compared to 0.2 since CH3CH(OH)COOH is partially ionized
.and [H+1] << 0.2
x2
0 .2 = Ka = 1.4 X 10-4

√ −4
x = [H3O+1] = 1.4 X 10 X 0.2 = 5.29 X 10-3 mol dm-3
pH = - log10[H+1] = - log10[5.29 X 10-3] = 2.28
11
d- CH3CH(OH)COOH + H2O ↔ CH3CH(OH)COO-1 + H3O+1
:The equilibrium concentrations are
0.2 mol dm-3 = ]CH3CH(OH)COOH[
.0.1 mol dm-3 = ]CH3CH(OH)COO-1[
x = ]H3O+1[
Assumption: [CH3CH(OH)COO-1] is due completely to the concentration of CH3CH(OH)COONa, because the
.CH3CH(OH)COO-1 from the dissociation of CH3CH(OH)COOH make a negligible contribution
0.1 x [ CH 3 CH (OH )COO−1 ] [ H 3 O+1 ]
0.2 =
[CH 3 CH (OH )COOH ] = Ka = 1.4 X 10-4
x = [H+1] = 2.8 X 10-4 mol dm-3
pH = - log10[H+1] = - log10[2.8 X 10-4] = 3.55
e- In (d), when CH3CH(OH)COONa is added to the equilibrium in the equation of (a), [CH3CH(OH)COO-1]
increases. The position of equilibrium shifts to the left to remove the excess amount added from CH3CH(OH)COO-1.
.As a result the [H+1] decreases
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Q(27)
.a- Weak acid and its conjugate base (salt of the weak acid)
b- NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
mol HCl = 0.05 X 0.05 = 0.0025 mol
mol NH3 = 0.1 X 0.05 = 0.005 mol
mol NH3 not neutralized = 0.005 – 0.0025 = 0.0025 mol
not neutralized = 0.0025 / 0.1 = 0.025 mol dm-3 ]NH3[
.0.0025 / 0.1 = 0.025 mol dm-3 = ]NH4Cl[ = ]NH4+1[
x = ]OH-1[
Assumption: [NH4+1] is due completely to the concentration of NH4Cl, because the NH4+1 from the dissociation of
.NH3 make a negligible contribution
0 .025 x [ NH +1
4 ] [OH ]
−1

0. 025 =
[ NH 3 ] = Kb = 1.78 X 10-5
x = [OH-1] = 1.78 X 10-5 mol dm-3
Kw = [H+1][OH-1]
X 10-14 = [H+1][1.78 X 10-5] 1
5.62 X 10-10 mol dm-3 = ]H+1[
pH = - log10[H+1] = - log10[5.62 X 10-10] = 9.25

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)Q28
-a
.0.1 mol dm-3 = ]H+1[ -1
The pH at the equivalence point = 7. At this pH, the volume of NaOH = 25 cm3 = volume of NaOH needed to -2
.neutralize HCl
Moles NaOH = 0.08 X 0.025 = 0.002 mol. Since the mol ratio between NaOH and HCl in the balanced equation is
.one to one, then moles NaOH = moles HCl = 0.002 mol
0.002 / 0.020 = 0.1 mol dm-3 = ]HCl[
After the addition of 20 cm3 of NaOH, the pH = 2. So, after the addition of 20 cm3 of NaOH, the pH changed from -3
.1 to 2 and the [H+1] decreased by a factor of 10 from 0.1 to 0.01 mol dm-3
pH at the equivalence point = 7. This rapid change in the pH in this region is explained by the low [H+1] in this -4
region. Since the alkali NaOH is strong, then small additions from the alkali NaOH will increase [OH-1] rapidly and
.the pH will increase rapidly
c- ammonia (NH3) + ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)

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Q(29)

:The equilibrium concentrations are


0.10 mol dm-3 = ]NH3[
.0.10 mol dm-3 = ]NH4Cl[ = ]NH4+1[
x = ]OH-1[
Assumption: [NH4+1] is due completely to the concentration of NH4Cl, because the NH4+1 from the dissociation of
.NH3 make a negligible contribution
.From table 15 in the Data Booklet, pKb NH3 = 4.75

12
[ NH +1 −1 −pK b
0 .10 x 4 ] [OH ] 10
0. 10 =
[ NH 3 ] = Kb = = 10-4.75 = 1.78 X 10-5
-1 -5 -3
x = [OH ] = 1.78 X 10 mol dm
Kw = [H+1][OH-1]
X 10-14 = [H+1][1.78 X 10-5] 1
5.62 X 10-10 mol dm-3 = ]H+1[
pH = - log10[H+1] = - log10[5.62 X 10-10] = 9.25
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)Q30
a- NaOH + HNO3 → NaNO3 + H2O
.b- Initial pH = 13. So the initial pOH = 14 – pH = 14 - 13 = 1
10-pOH = 10-1 = 0.1 mol dm-3 = ]OH-1[
Since NaOH is a strong alkali that ionizes completely in water, then [NaOH] = [OH-1] = 0.1 mol dm-3
c- 18 cm3
mol NaOH = 0.1 X 0.02 = 0.002 mol
mol HNO3 = mol NaOH = 0.002 mol
0.002 / 0.018 = 0.11 mol dm-3 = ]HNO3[
d- 18 cm3
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)Q31
-a
.Initial pH = 2.8, then the [H+1] of CH3COOH = 10-pH = 10-2.8 = 1.58 X 10-3 mol dm-3 -1
cm3 28 -2
.Moles NaOH = 0.1 X 0.028 = 0.0028 mol -3
Since the mol ratio between NaOH and CH3COOH in the balanced equation is one to one, then moles NaOH =
.moles CH3COOH = 0.0028 mol
.0.0028 / 0.025 = 0.112 mol dm-3 = ]CH3COOH[
.Phenolphthalein -4
HIn (aq)  H + 1 (aq) + In - 1 (aq)
HIn and In-1 have different colors. In an acid solution, [H+1] becomes in excess and this will shift the position of
equilibrium to the left to remove added H+1. As a result [HIn] becomes high. So indicator is predominantly present
as HIn. So color of HIn is seen.
In a basic solution, [H+1] is very low because it is removed by OH-1 and this will shift the position of equilibrium to the
right to replace the removed H+1. As a result, [In-1] becomes high. So indicator is predominantly present as In-1. So
.color of In-1 is seen
b- When CH3COOH is exactly half neutralized, the solution formed can act as a buffer solution. At this point (at half
.neutralization) pKa = pH. Since pKa = 4.76 then pH = 4.76
.10-pH = 10-4.76 = 1.74 X 10-5 mol dm-3 = ]H+1[

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Q(32)
-a
mol dm-3 0.1 -1
3 -2
cm3 28 -3
Moles NaOH = 0.1 X 0.028 = 0.0028 mol. Since the mol ratio between NaOH and HNO3 is one to one, then -4
.moles NaOH = moles HNO3 = 0.0028 mol
.0.0028 / 0.025 = 0.112 mol dm-3 = ]HNO3[
-b

13
c- pH at equivalence point: 8 – 9
.pKa = 4.76. Ka = 10-4.76 = 1.74 X 10-5. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It will ionize partially in water
CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3COO-1 + H3O+1
.At equilibrium [CH3COOH] = 0.1 – x and [H3O+1] = [CH3COO -1] = x
Assumption: [CH3COOH] = 0.1. x is negligible compared to 0.1 since CH3COOH is partially ionized and [H+1] <<
.0.1
x2
0 .1 = Ka = 1.74 X 10-5

√ −5
x = [H3O+1] = 1.74 X 10 X 0.1 = 1.32 X 10-3 mol dm-3
pH = - log10[H+1] = - log10[1.32 X 10-3] = 2.88

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)Q33
a- Its behaviour is described as resisting the change in pH when small amounts of strong acid or base are added to
.it
b- React 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 NH3 with 50 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm-3HNO3. NH3 will be in excess and partially
neutralized. The final solution will contain the weak base NH3 and its salt NH4Cl (its conjugate acid). The final
.solution is a basic buffer solution
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)Q34
.a- pKa = 2.87. Ka = 10-2.87 = 1.35 X 10-3. Chloroethanoic acid is a weak acid. It will ionize partially in water
ClCH2COOH + H2O ↔ ClCH2COO-1 + H3O+1
.At equilibrium [ClCH2COOH] = 0.2 – x and [H3O+1] = [ClCH2COO -1] = x
Assumption: [ClCH2COOH] = 0.2. x is negligible compared to 0.2 since ClCH2COOH is partially ionized and [H+1] <<
.0.2
x2
0 .2 = Ka = 1.35 X 10-3

√ −3
x = [H3O+1] = 1.35 X 10 X 0.2 = 1.64 X 10-2 mol dm-3
pH = - log10[H+1] = - log10[1.64 X 10-2] = 1.79
b, c- Potassium bromide: C: The salt of a strong acid and a strong base is completely neutral and its pH = 7. This is
because the anion Br-1 derived from the strong acid HBr and the cation K+1 derived from the strong base KOH are
.neutral because they do not undergo hydrolysis
Potassium ethanoate: D: The salt of a weak acid and a strong base is basic and its pH is > 7. This is because the
anion CH3COO-1 derived from the weak acid CH3COOH undergoes base hydrolysis because it is a weak base that
have tendency to accept a proton from water and OH-1 is produced. The solution contains more OH-1 than H3O+1
.and turns weakly basic
CH3COO-1 + H2O  CH3COOH + OH-1
Iron (II) chloride: B: The salt of a strong acid and a weak base is acidic and its pH is < 7. The solution of the salt
FeCl2 contain the ion Fe+2. In Fe+2 the + 2 charge is spread over a very small ion, which gives the Fe+2 ion a very
high charge density. This makes it an excellent Lewis acid, and it will attract a non – bonding pair of electrons on
six water molecules to form the hexahydrate ion, [Fe(H2O)6]+2. [Fe(H2O)6]+2 is a weak acid because the lone pair of
one of the six water molecules surrounding the ion will be strongly attracted to the ion and the water molecule will
.lose a hydrogen ion in the process. The formation of H+1 will turn the solution weakly acidic
2
 [Fe(H2O)5OH]+1 + H+1+]Fel(H2O)6[
Iron (III) chloride: A: The salt of a strong acid and a weak base is acidic and its pH is < 7. The solution of the salt
FeCl3 contain the ion Fe+3. In Fe+3 the + 3 charge is spread over a very small ion, which gives the Fe+3 ion a very
high charge density. This makes it an excellent Lewis acid, and it will attract a non – bonding pair of electrons on
six water molecules to form the hexahydrate ion, [Fe(H2O)6]+3. [Fe(H2O)6]+3 is a weak acid because the lone pair of
one of the six water molecules surrounding the ion will be strongly attracted to the ion and the water molecule will
.lose a hydrogen ion in the process. The formation of H+1 will turn the solution weakly acidic
3
 [Fe(H2O)5OH]+2 + H+1+]Fe(H2O)6[
FeCl3 is more acidic (lower pH) than FeCl2 because Fe+3 of FeCl3 has a higher ionic charge than Fe+2 of FeCl2. The
greater charge density of Fe+3 causes a greater loss of H+1 from [Fe(H2O)6]+3 than [Fe(H2O)6]+2. The solution of FeCl3
.contains a higher [H+1] and thus a lower pH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14
)Q35
-a
-1

Since NH3 is a weak alkali then the initial pH before adding any HCl will be equal to 11.13. Since the HCl is a strong
acid then the final pH at the end of the titration will be between 2 and 1. The pH at the equivalence point is not
equal to 7. It is between 4 and 6. This is because the cation NH4+1 derived from the weak base NH3 undergoes acid
hydrolysis because it is a weak acid that have a tendency to donate a proton to water and H3O+1 is produced. The
.solution contains more H3O+1 than OH-1 and turns weakly acidic
NH4+1 + H2O  NH3 + H3O+1
.The volume of HCl at the equivalence point is 25 cm3
Bromocresol green is a suitable indicator because the pH range of bromocresol green is 3.8 – 5.4. This means -2
that the color change of bromocresol green occurs within the range of pH at the equivalence point (4 – 6). Also, the
.pKa (4.7) of bromocresol green is centered around the pH value at the equivalence point (4 – 6)
-b
mol HCl 0.05 -1
(1) The equilibrium in the buffer is NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)  OH-1 (aq) + NH4+1 (aq) -2
When a small amount of a strong alkali is added to the buffer solution, most of the added OH -1 will be removed by
.the conjugate acid, NH4+1
OH-1 + NH4+1 ↔ NH3 + H2O
This means that the position of equilibrium in equation (1) will shift to the left. The [OH-1] in the solution remains
.unaltered and hence the [H3O+1] in the solution remains unaltered and the pH stays constant
.At half neutralization, the solution of NH3 will act as a buffer -3
[ NH +1
4 ]
[ NH 3 ] pOH = pK + log
b 10
At half neutralization [NH3] = [NH4+1]. At this point the pOH of the solution will equal the pKb of the base = 4.75.
.pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 4.75 = 9.25
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15
)Q36

Notes: In the graph shown above:


1- Initial pH = 2.93 because propanoic acid is a weak acid.
2- Final pH is between 12 and 13 because KOH is a strong alkali.
3- Equivalence point at pH 8.5
4- Volume of KOH at equivalence point = 25.0 cm3
5- The indicator range between pH 3.0 and pH 4.6 with yellow at pH = 3 and blue at pH = 4.6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)Q37
a- 9.5
b- Titration involves a weak acid and a strong base. Salt formed at equivalence point is basic. The anion A-1 which
is derived from the weak acid HA undergoes base hydrolysis because it is a weak base that have tendency to
accept a proton from water and OH–1 is produced. The solution contains more OH-1 than H3O+1 and turns weakly
.basic
A-1 + H2O  HA + OH-1
c- The volume of NaOH needed to neutralize HA = 22 cm3
.Moles NaOH = 0.155 X 0.022 = 0.00341 mol
.Moles HA = moles NaOH = 0.00341 mol
.0.00341 / 0.025 = 0.136 mol dm-3 = ]HA[
d- At half neutralization point where V NaOH = 11 cm3, pH = pKa since [HA] = [A-1]
pKa = 5.3
.e- Phenolphthalein
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)Q38
a- Acid: H2PO4-1
Conjugate base: HPO4-2
H2PO4-1 (aq) + H2O (l)  H3O+1 (aq) + HPO4-2 (aq)
b- When a small amount of a strong alkali is added to the buffer solution, most of the added OH-1 ions are removed
.by the acid, H2PO4-1, to form water
OH-1 + H2PO4-1 → HPO4-2 + H2O
.The [H3O+1] in the solution stays constant and the pH stays constant
c- When a small amount of a strong acid is added to the buffer solution, most of the added H3O+1 will be removed
.by the conjugate base, HPO4-2
HPO4-2 + H3O+1 ↔ H2PO4-1 + H2O
This means that the position of equilibrium in (a) will shift to the left. The [H3O+1] in the solution remains unaltered
.and the pH stays constant

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16
)Q39

a- Colors of HIn and In-1 are different


.b- At the end point where color change takes place, [HIn] = [In-1]
[ In −1 ] [ H 3 O +1 ]
[ HIn ] = Ka
.Ka = [H3O+1] and therefore pKa = pH at equivalence point

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)Q40
.a- Volume KOH = 20 cm3
pH = 8.5
b- At half equivalence point where V KOH = 10 cm3, pH = pKa since [CH3COOH] = [CH3COO-1]
pKa = 4.7
.c- Starting pH = 1; Equivalence point = 25 cm3, pH at equivalence point = 7; Final pH = 12 – 13

d- Phenolphthalein
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)Q41

Mol HCl = 0.1 X 0.5 = 0.05 mol


Mol NaOH = 0.2 X 0.1 = 0.02 mol
Mol HCl remaining = 0.05 – 0.02 = 0.03 mol
0.03 / 0.3 = 0.1 mol dm-3 = ]HCl[
0.1 mol dm-3 = ]H+1[
pH = - log 0.1 = 1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)Q42
a- NH3 is a weak base that ionizes partially in water and hence [OH-1] < 0.1. This means that pOH > 1 and pH < 13
.since pH + pOH = 14
b- pH = 5. Strong acid weak base titration. Salt formed at equivalence point is acidic. This is because the cation
NH4+1 derived from the weak base NH3 undergoes acid hydrolysis because it is a weak acid that have a tendency to
donate a proton to water and H3O+1 is produced. The solution contains more H3O+1 than OH-1 and turns weakly
.acidic
NH4+1 + H2O  NH3 + H3O+1
c- [NH3] = [NH4+1]
.d- Since pH at half equivalence point = 9.25, then pOH = 14 – 9.25 = 4.75
pKb = pOH = 4.75
Kb = 10-4.75 = 1.78 X 10-5
.e- The buffer will be most effective

17
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

)Q43

pKa + pKb = 14
pKb = 14 – 7.52 = 6.48
Kb = 10-6.48 = 3.3 X 10-7

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
)Q44

a- First point is the initial point (0, 2.88). The solution is a solution of a weak acid and its pH = 2.88
10-2.88 = 1.32 X 10-3 = ]H+1[
1.32 X 10-3 = ]F-1[ = ]H+1[
0.1 = ]HF[
HF + H2O  H3O+1 + F-1
[ F −1 ] [ H 3 O+1 ] (1 .32 X 10−3 )2
Ka = [ HF ] = 0. 1 = 1.74 X 10-5
-5
pKa = - log 1.74 X 10 = 4.76

.The second point is when HF is half neutralized. The equivalence point is 25.0 cm3
.So, the point is (12.50, 4.77). At this point [HF] = [F-1] and the pKa = pH = 4.77
.b- Phenolphthalein: pKa of indicator in range of 7-10 as pH at equivalence point in range of 7-10

18

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