Scribd
Upload
14 views16 pages

W1 - 2 Networks - Intro

Uploaded by

ae912380
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views16 pages

W1 - 2 Networks - Intro

Uploaded by

ae912380
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Networks Preliminaries

and Basic Concepts


Network Architecture and Services
Computer Networks
The Internet
Switching Techniques
Internet History
Key Factors in Network Evolution
Chapter 1
Communication
Networks and Services
Network Architecture and
Services
Why Networks?
l To offer a service: Basic data transfer capability
l Internet transfer of individual block of information
l Internet reliable transfer of a stream of bytes
l Real-time transfer of a voice signal (VoIP)
l Applications build on network services
l e-mail & WWW build on reliable stream service
l Fax builds on basic telephone service
l Other applications build on multiple networks
l SMS builds on Internet transfer service and cellular
phone text messaging
What is a network?
Host Host

Network

l The equipment (hardware & software) and facilities


that provide the basic E2E communication service
l Virtually invisible to the user; Usually represented by
a cloud
l Equipment l Facilities
l Routers, servers, switches, l Copper wires, coaxial
multiplexers, hubs, cables, optical fiber
modems, Base Stations, l Ducts, telephone poles,
Access Points, … cell towers, …
Historical Perspective
Networks Evolution
l Telegraph Networks (Morse Code, 1837)
l (Manual) Message switching & digital transmission
l Telephone Networks (Graham Bell, 1876)
l Circuit Switching (on a call-by-call basis)
l Analog transmission → digital transmission
l Mobile communications
l Internet (1960s)
l Packet switching (on a packet-by-packet basis)
l Next-Generation Internet (2000 - )
l Multi-service packet switching networks
l Wireless & Mobile, IoT, Cloud computing,...
Evolution of Transmission Rates

1.0E+14
??
Information transfer

1.0E+12
per second

1.0E+10

1.0E+08

1.0E+06

1.0E+04

1.0E+02

1.0E+00
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Next
Generation
Telegraph Baudot Internet, Optical Internet, IoT,
networks multiplex & Wireless Cloud
networks Computing,
SDN
Telephone Networks – The concept
of Switching (The N2 Problem)
l For N users to be fully connected directly
l Requires N(N – 1)/2 connections
l Requires too much space for cables
l Inefficient & costly since connections are not always
ON
1

N = 1000
N(N – 1)/2 = 499500
N 2

4 3
The First Switch
l Patch cord panel (Manual) switch invented in
1877
l Operators connect users on demand
l Establish a circuit to allow electric current to flow
from inlet to outlet
l Only N connections required to central office
N 1

N–1

3 2
Chapter 1
Communication
Networks and Services
Computer Networks
Computer Networks Evolution
l 1950s: Telegraph technology adapted to computers
l 1960s: Dumb terminals access a shared host computer
l SABRE (Semi-automated Business Research
Environment) airline reservation system
l 1970s: PCs connect directly to each other
l ARPAnet packet switching network
l TCP/IP internet protocols
l Ethernet local area networks
l 1980s & 1990s: New applications and Internet growth
l Commercialization of Internet (ISPs, …)
l e-mail, file transfer, WWW, P2P, . . .
l Internet traffic surpasses voice traffic
Types of Computer Networks
From three different perspectives:
l Location of Processing Power
l Centralized
l Distributed: hierarchical or peer-to-peer
l Network Topology
l Point-to-Point: star or mesh
l Broadcast: bus or ring
l Geographical Coverage
l WAN
l RAN
l MAN
l LAN
l PAN, BAN, xAN, …
I. Terminal-Oriented Networks
Centralized
l Early computer systems very expensive
l Time-sharing methods allowed multiple
terminals to share local computer
l Remote access via telephone modems
l Tree topology
Terminal

...
Terminal

Telephone
Modem Modem Terminal
Host computer Network
Mainframe
Computer-to-Computer Networks
Distributed
l As cost of computing dropped, terminal-oriented
networks viewed as too inflexible and costly
l Personal Computer (PC), Ed Roberts introduced
Altair 8800 (1975)
l Need to develop flexible computer networks
l Interconnect computers as needed
l Support many applications
l Application Examples
l File transfer
l Execution of a program on another computer
l Multi-process operation over multiple computers
II. Topology
Point-to-Point Networks Broadcast Networks

• Point-to-point: for wide area coverage • Broadcast suitable for short distances
• Star is simpler but mesh is more reliable • Bus easier to install but ring is more reliable
III. Geographical Coverage
Wide Area Networks (WAN) Regional Area Networks (RAN)
l Between continents l Between countries in same region
l Infrastructure provided by common l Infrastructure provided by common

carriers, e.g., satellite, public data and carriers


telephone networks

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Local Area Networks (LAN)


l In large metropolitan cities l Within one building or between
l Infrastructure provided by common neighboring buildings, e.g., offices
carriers and university campus
l Infrastructure provided by the user
Types of Network Services/Apps
l Packet: a group of bits (constitute the basic data unit in
computer networks)
l Connection-oriented Services
l Long-sustained sessions
l Involves three phases:
l Connection Establishment
l Data Transfer
l Connection termination (teardown)
l Orderly and timely delivery of packets
l e.g., HTTP, FTP (file transfer), … (i.e. TCP-based)
l Connectionless Services
l One-time transactions
l Can send data without connection establishment
l Packets may arrive out of order
l (e.g., SMS, IP, UDP)

You might also like