CCN1/1.

1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)
The Nervous System

OPENING PRAYER

St. Thomas Aquinas: Prayer before

Study
Creator of all things,
true Source of light and
wisdom, lofty origin of all being,
graciously let a ray of Your brilliance
penetrate into the darkness of my
understanding and take from me the double
darkness
in which I have been born,
an obscurity of both sin and
ignorance. Give me a sharp sense of
understanding, a retentive memory,
and the ability to grasp things correctly and
fundamentally. Grant me the talent of being exact in
my explanations,
and the ability to express myself with thoroughness and
charm. Point out the beginning,
direct the progress,
and help in
completion;
through Christ our Lord.
Amen.
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Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)

MODULE INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

The nervous system is the most mysterious and

complex system of the human body. It is the body’s fast-
acting master control center that monitors changes inside and
outside the body, integrates sensory input, and quickly
generates an appropriate feedback response. The nervous
system works with the slower-acting endocrine system, the
body’s second most important regulating system.

What are the organs comprising the nervous system

and how do they function? The nervous system can
constantly regulate and maintain homeostasis within narrow
limits necessary for proper physiological functioning. How
does the nervous system regulate the homeostasis of the
human body? What is the process involved?
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

To do well in this module, REMEMBER the following:

❖ PRAY first before answering each module.

❖ Read and go through the module in the given schedule.
❖ ONLINE: Aside from the learning materials attached to this module, open the
suggested references and video links. It will help you in understanding the
concepts of the lesson. OFFLINE: Understand carefully the different concepts
by thoroughly reading the learning materials and you may contact your
instructor thru his/her cellphone number indicated in the course outline or if
possible, thru our messenger group chat.
❖ HONESTLY answer the activities and the answers will be provided for you
either online or at the end of this activity.
❖ You may now GET STARTED…

LESSON AND COVERAGE

Lesson Subtopics LEARNING OUTCOMES Estimate

d time
“I SHOULD BE ABLE TO”…

6 Functions Discuss the functions of the nervous 13 hrs.

system.

Cells Explain the structural and functional

classification of nervous system.

Divisions and its Describe the different structures of

Parts the central nervous system and
peripheral nervous system and
outline the function of each

Identify the parts of the brain,

cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

Explain the different events that

Electrical Signals
lead to the generation of a nerve
and neural
pathways impulse and its conduction from
one neuron to another.
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Human Anatomy and
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Reflexes Describe the parts of reflex arc
and explain its function.
Describe several types of reflex
activity.

Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

FUN FACTS ABOUT NERVOUS SYSTEM

● There are more nerve cells in the human brain than there are stars in the Milky
Way.
● If we lined up all the neurons in our body it would be around 965 km long.
● There are 100 billion neurons in your brain alone.
● A newborn baby's brain almost triples in size during the course of its first year.
● The left side of human brain controls the right side of the body and the right
side of the brain controls the left side of the body.
● A new born baby loses about half of their nerve cells before they are born.
● There are about 13 500,00 neurons in the human spinal cord.
● The nervous system can transmit nerve impulses as fast as 100 meters per
second, and in some cases, the speed of transmission is around 180 miles per
hour.
● A man's brain has 6.5 times more grey matter compared to women, but a
woman's brain has 10 times more white matter compared to men.
● Your nervous system cannot function properly in the absence of potassium
and sodium ions. Vitamin B is equally essential for your nervous system.

Ref: https://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Healthy-Nerves/10-fun-facts-about-the-
nervous- system-20160210
CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)

Let’s find out how much you already know about this lesson.
Encircle or highlight the letter that you think best answers the
question. Take note of your answer and check if you get it correctly as
you go through this module.

1. The term central nervous system refers to the .

A) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems
B) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves
C) brain and cranial nerves
D) brain and spinal cord

2. What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system?
A) central and peripheral C) somatic and autonomic
B) sensory and motor D) autonomic and sympathetic

3. Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called .

A) myelin sheaths B) neuroglia C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia

4. The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is
the
.
A) dendrite B) cell body C) synaptic cleft D) axon

5. What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized?
A) calcium ions C) sodium ions
B) potassium ions D) magnesium ions

6. Myelinated fibers (tracts) form matter while unmyelinated fibers form

matter.
A) sensory; motor B) gray; white C) motor; sensory D) white; gray

7. What reflexes stimulate skeletal muscles?

A) somatic B) pupillary C) autonomic D) salivary
8. The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the .
A) cerebellum C) diencephalon interbrain
B) brain stem D) cerebrum

9. In which cerebral lobe is the primary somatic sensory cortex located?

A) parietal B) frontal C) temporal D) occipital

10. Which of the following is one of the major functions of the pons?
A) breathing B) hunger C) thirst D) consciousness

11. The is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.

A) epineurium B) endoneurium C) perineurium D) perimysium

12. What is the name of cranial nerve III?

A) optic B) olfactory C) oculomotor D) trochlear
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Human Anatomy and
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13. What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters from vesicles?
A) axon terminals B) dendrites C) axon hillockD) Schwann cells

14. What is the primary role of the interneuron (association neuron)?

A) carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and/or the viscera
B) form a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons
C) transmit nerve impulses from the skin and organs to the central nervous system
D) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways

15. Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane
during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?
A) chlorine B) sodium C) potassium D) calcium

STUDY
ACTIVITY 1: Anticipation Reaction Guide
Let us test your memory about the topic. Start by answering the first column of the
Anticipation Reaction Guide.

Instruction: Respond to each statement twice. Once before the lesson and again
after reading the discussion of the lesson
● Write YES if you agree with the statement
● Write NO if you disagree with the statement

Respons Respons
e Before Stateme e After
the nt the
Lesson Lesson
1. The parasympathetic and sympathetic
nervous systems are subdivisions of the
autonomic nervous system.
2. A sensory neuron carries stimuli from
the central nervous system to the
effector.
3. A graded potential is to local
depolarization as an action potential is
to a nerve impulse.
4. Depolarization of neurons results from
the entry of sodium ions into the cell.
5. The withdrawal, or flexor, reflex is one
of the only voluntary reflexes.
6. One of the major functions of the pons
is to regulate hormonal output of the
anterior pituitary gland.
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
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7. The thalamus plays a role in
regulation of body temperature,
metabolism, and water balance.
8. There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves
and 12 pairs of spinal nerves.
9. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
release norepinephrine and the
preganglionic axon releases
acetylcholine.
10. The usual cause of nervous system
deterioration as we age is circulatory
system problems.

At the end of this lesson go back to this ARG and answer the third column.
Compare your answer to your previous answer.

End of STUDY:
Your understanding will be increased as you study the
lessons and perform the activities in the RESEARCH phase.

RESEARCH

ACTIVITY 2: Widen up your knowledge

Download the PDF copy of the learning materials posted in your google
classroom. Read, study, understand and reflect on the following
questions.

Your main goal in this section is to learn and understand the key concepts by
working on the following questions:

 What are the structures that make up the CNS and those that make up the
PNS? Describe each structure and function.
 What is the difference between supporting cells and neurons? What is their
significance to each other and what are the different types of supporting
cells?
 How does a tract differ from a nerve? Ganglion and nucleus?
 Which part of a neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body in multipolar
and bipolar neurons? Which part releases neurotransmitters?
 What are the processes involved in the physiology of nerve impulses?
Explain the different events and terminologies used.
 What reflex? What are the components of a reflex arc? What are the
different types of reflex arc and its importance?
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
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*Here are additional videos to help you as you go through the module.
Action Potential in Neurons, Animation
What is Reflex Arc
How Sugar Affects the Brain?
Fight or Flight Response
The Autonomic Nervous System

End of RESEARCH
I know that this phase is as complex as your nervous
system but no matter how complex, it’s importance is
cannot compared to anything. This time let us see how far
you comprehend and do the exercises in analysis phase.

ANALYSIS
Exercise 1: Neuron
Neurons or nerve cells are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system.
They are responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, sending
motor commands to our muscles, and transforming and relaying electrical signals.
Below is a figure of a neuron cell, answer the following:
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)
1. Identify the structure that is indicated by the leader lines and describe the
role of each structure.
2. What type of neuron classification is the figure? How do you say so?
3. Aside from your answer in number 2, what are the other classifications of
neuron? What are their differences?

Exercise 2: Brain Anatomy

The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body. It is
made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of
connections called synapses. The brain is made up of many specialized areas that
work together.

1. Identify the brain structure indicated by the numbered leader lines.

2. Match your answer in number 1 to the following functions.
a) Language and touch
b) Breathing, heartrate and temperature
c) Tough memory and behavior
d) Balance and coordination
e) Hearing, learning and emotions
f) Visual processing
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
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Exercise 3: Autonomic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical activity
and is often referred to as the fight-or-flight response. The parasympathetic
nervous system has almost the exact opposite effect and relaxes the body and
inhibits or slows many high energy functions.
Match the following: Choose whether the following actions of the human body is the
function of A or B. Write only the letter of your choice.
A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Sympathetic nervous system

1. Decreases heart rate

2. Stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration
3. Decreases digestive system activities
4. Constricts bronchioles of respiratory passageways
5. No effect on most blood vessels
6. Decreases urine output of the kidneys
7. Increases metabolic rate
8. Increases the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
9. Increase peristalsis in the esophagus
10. Dilates blood vessels leading to the GI tract, increasing blood flow.
11. Piloerection (goose bumps)
12. Inhibition of the lacrimal gland (responsible for tear production) and salivation.
13. Causes constriction of the pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscle to the
lens, allowing for closer vision.
14. Stimulates sexual arousal.
15. Constricts the bronchiolar diameter when the need for oxygen has diminished.

Exercise 4: Critical Thinking

1) Mr. Warren has spinal cord damage that prevents nerve impulses from being
carried from the CNS to muscles or glands. What specific type of neuron has
been damaged? Explain your answer.

2) Ms. Young feels deep pressure during a tooth extraction. Which type of
sensory receptor detects this sensation? Explain your answer.

3) A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his
skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was
damaged? Explain your answer.

4) Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words.
What part of Sally’s brain is affected? Explain your answer.

5) Wendy had a few alcoholic drinks, then found walking and maintaining
her balance difficult. Which part of her brain was sedated by the
alcohol? Explain your answer.

End of ANALYSIS
Have you done well? If YES, you did a great job and if NOT review again the
section in which you had difficulty.
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)

ACTION

PERFORMANCE

LECTURE: A Case Study of the Central Nervous System

You are a neurologist at a major urban hospital. A 63 year-old African-American

female with a history of hypertension is brought to you for your neurological
assessment. She is currently taking verapamil (Calan) "when she remembers" and
has a blood pressure of 139/107. The patient complains of both motor and sensory
problems that began several days ago. A series of cognitive, sensory and motor
tests reveal the following signs and symptoms:

The patient has completely lost the perception of the somatic senses from the right
side of her jaw, face and tongue. There is only minor diminishment in
somatosensation from her right hand and lower arm. However, even though the
patient recognizes she has an object in her right hand by touch, she has almost no
ability to identify objects by touch when they are hidden from sight. Sensation in
her left arm, torso and both legs is unaffected.

The patient experiences flaccid (non-contracting) paralysis in the muscles on the

right side of her jaw and face. Movements of her right hand are hesitant and
uncoordinated - she can no longer play the piano or type with her right hand. She
can no longer move her right ring finger at all. Activity and coordination of other
muscle groups appear normal.

The patient understands written and spoken words and can read and write normally.
However, his speech is labored and her enunciation is severely impaired.

Your task is to evaluate the patient and write a case summary. This summary
should include a brief description of her major symptoms and the patient's
diagnosis. This diagnosis should include a brief description of the problem and its
location. The potential causes of this problem and whether the problem will improve
with treatment and time.

Encode your answer in a short bond paper, font size – Calibri, 11 with a minimum of
800 words and maximum of 1,500. Includes the references used.
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)

https://mypages.valdosta.edu/dodrobin/3450/Labs/CNSCaseStudy.htm

RUBRICS

Criteria Exemplary Proficie Emergin Novice

(4 points) nt (3 g (2 (1
points) points) point)
Identification of Identifies and Identifies Identifies and Identifies and
Main demonstrates and demonstrates demonstrates
Cause/Problem a demonstrate acceptable weak
sophisticated s an understandin understanding
understandin accomplishe g of some of some
g of the main d cause/proble cause/problem
cause/proble understandin ms in the s in the case
ms in the g of most of case study.
case the cause/ study.
study. problems.
Analysis and Presents an Presents an Presents a Presents an
Evaluation of insightful and thorough superficial incomplete
Cause/ thorough analysis of analysis of analysis of
Problems analysis of all most of the some of the some of the
identified cause/proble identified identified
cause/ ms cause/ cause/problem
problems. identified. problems. s.
Recommendatio Supports Supports Little action No action
ns on Effective diagnosis and diagnosis and suggested suggested
Solutions/ opinions with opinions with and/or and
Strategies strong limited inappropriate inappropriate
supports arguments reasoning and solutions solutions
and well evidence; proposed to proposed to
documented presents a the the
evidence; somewhat cause/proble cause/problem
presents a one sided ms in the s in the case
balanced and argument; case study. study.
critical view; demonstrates
interpretation little
is engagement
both with ideas
reasonable presented.
and objective.
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)
Organization Writing is Writing is Writing is not Writing is not
well well well organized well organized
organized organized and not and not
and logically and logically logically
coherent. generally consistent. consistent.
logically Writing is
consistent. rambling
and often
doesn’t
make
sense.
Paper All paper Missing 1-2 Missing 3-4 Missing 5+
requirements requirements paper paper paper
and instructions and requirements requirements requirements
instructions and and and
are correctly instructions instructions. instructions.
met .

LABORATORY: Functions of the Nervous System and Action Potential

While you are walking along the street, an angry dog suddenly rushes in and ready
to bite you. What could your body’s response/reaction? Create a pathway of your
response/reactions using the 3 essential functions of the Nervous system. Be
specific and detailed with your explanations. You must also include receptor that
senses the possible danger, gland and hormones that are mostly likely to be
involved, the events of the creation of action or how the action potential created to
triggered a response.

Encode your answer in a short bond paper, font size – Calibri, 11 with a minimum of
800 words and maximum of 1,500. Includes the references used.

RUBRICS

Criteria Exemplary Proficie Emergin Novice

(4 points) nt (3 g (2 (1
points) points) point)
Sensory part Identifies, Identifies, Identifies, Identifies,
explain and explain and explain and explain and
demonstrates demonstrate demonstrate demonstrates
a s an s acceptable weak
sophisticated accomplishe understandin understanding
understandin d on how the g on how the on how the
g on how the stimulus stimulus stimulus
stimulus is is is
is perceive perceive perceive
perceive d. d. d.
d.
Integration part Presents an Presents an Presents a Presents an
insightful thorough superficial incomplete
 and analysis of analysis of analysis of
thorough most action to some most some most
analysis of be action to action to be
the undertaken. be undertaken.
action to be undertaken
undertaken. .
Organization Effectively Adequately Creates Uses little or
creates a creates a inconsiste no discernible
sequence sequence nt
of of sequence
of
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)
events and events and events and sequence of
logically logically logically events and
from from from logically from
beginning to beginning to beginning to beginning
end. end. end. to end.
Motor output Conveys a Conveys a Conveys a Did not
part strong little to weak conveys
explanation moderate explanation of explanation of
of the explanation the response the response
response of the that will be that will be
that will be response created. created.
created. that will be
created.
Paper All paper Missing 1-2 Missing 3-4 Missing 5+
requirements requirements paper paper paper
and instructions and requirements requirements requirements
instructions and and and
are correctly instructions. instructions. instructions.
met

EQUIVALENT:

7-
19- 13-
Score 20 17 16 15 14 11 10 9-8 bel
18 12
ow

Gra
99 96 93 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 71
de

Let’s find out how much you already know about this
module.
Encircle or highlight the letter that you think best
answers the question. Take note of your answer and check if
you get it correctly.
If you do well, you may move on to the next module. If
not, you have to go back and take the module again.

1. The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the .

A) cerebellum C) diencephalon interbrain
B) brain stem D) cerebrum

2. Which of the following is one of the major functions of the pons?

A) breathing B) hunger C) thirst D) consciousness

3. The hypothalamus regulates the .

A) pineal gland B) pituitary gland C) pons D) thalamus
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)

4. What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory

impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?
A) pons B) pituitary gland C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

5. What division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest"
division?
A) somatic B) sympathetic C) parasympatheticD) afferent

6. What is the primary role of the interneuron (association neuron)?

A) carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and/or the viscera
B) form a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons
C) transmit nerve impulses from the skin and organs to the central nervous system
D) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways

7. What are the two major functional properties of neurons?

A) cover and line body surfaces C) contraction and movements
B) irritability and conductivity D) connect and protect

8. Impulse conduction is faster in neurons that are .

A) myelinated B) unmyelinated C) sensory D) motor

9. What best describes bipolar neurons?

A) Bipolar neurons are motor neurons.
B) Bipolar neurons are called neuroglia.
C) Bipolar neurons are often found in ganglia.
D) Bipolar neurons are found in special sense organs, such as the eye and nose.

10. Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following
ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid?
A) sodium ions B) chloride ions C) calcium ions D) potassium ions

11. An action potential is caused by an influx of ions into the cell.

A) potassium B) sodium C) calcium D) magnesium

12. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to
the sequence of events of a nerve impulse?
1. the membrane becomes depolarized
2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward
3. the membrane becomes repolarized
4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward

A) 3, 2, 4, 1 B) 2, 1, 4, 3 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4, 3

13. Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane
during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?
A) chlorine B) sodium C) potassium D) calcium

14. Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. What type of reflex is this?
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)
A) two-neuron reflex C) patellar reflex
B) knee-jerk reflex D) withdrawal reflex

15. Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain?

A) brain stem B) ventral ramus C) diencephalon D) cerebrum

End of ACTION
At this point, you are almost complete with this topic
but you have go back and answer the last column of the ARG
and compare your prior knowledge to what you have learned
from this module.
How many items have the same answer?

REFERENCES:
Textbooks:
Co, E.M., 2024. Anatomy & Physiology

Van Putte, Regan, and Russo. (2022). Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy &
Physiology, 11th edition
Hapan, M., Domingo, J. and Sadang, M., 2015. Human Physiology and Anatomy
Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition. C & E Publishing Philippines.

Marieb, E. and Jackson P. 2019. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Laboratory Manual, 7th Edition. Pearson Eduaction South Asia Pte. Ltd.

Patton. 2019. Laboratory Manual Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and

Physiology, 8th Edition. Mc-Graw Hill. New York.

Roiger, D. and Bullock, N.J., 2019. Anatomy, Physiology and Disease Foundations
for the Health Professions, 2nd Edition. McGraw – Hill Education.
Internet Links:
Action Potential in Neurons, Animation Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBDXOt_uHTQ
What is Reflex Arc Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn2RHLWST- k
How Sugar Affects the Brain? Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=lEXBxijQREo Fight or Flight Response Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2GywoS77qc The Autonomic Nervous System
Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPWEhl7gbu4
 CCN1/1.1
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
(Lecture/Laboratory)

CLOSING PRAYER

Prayer After
Study
I thank You, Lord our God, that
again on this occasion You opened
my eyes to the light of your
wisdom.
You have gladdened my heart with
the knowledge of truth, I entreat
You, Lord, help me always to do
Your will.
Bless my soul and body, my
words and deeds.
Enable me to grow in grace, virtue
and good habits, that Your name
may be glorified, Father, Son and
Holy Spirit, now and forever.
Amen.