"

mirror

7¥?.ae?ji
"° " Graph : Convex
Ray optics f- ×
V
-

U
Reflection
-

.
: -
= v

speed of image : → Vox I

-

÷+÷
: zf
- - - - -

;
_
_

y
- -

-
v=+ve ,

Reflection : -

Bouncing back . u= - ve T=¥ te -

f - - - i - - -
i - - - - - -

=
£ "" : i
f- te he
Regular Reflection
¥]
+
smooth
: surface
Vey Voy f af
-

= +
¥ = 6¥
Diffused Reflection : -

Rough surface power : -

Reciprocal of focal length 4-

Laws of Reflection : -
i ray
-

>
-
in rid
p=
-

f- -¥÷mp =
unit :

:
-

Dioptre CD)
M-1
v=¥y=V=¥±I)
i 7
-

d) Li -_ Lr "
" "
for concave mirror Graph btw magnification M and V
p=+ye
ciisi ray -

,
r -

ray & n lies _ , H

in same plane P= -
Ve for convex mirror concave convex
concave
>

"" """"
imr > iris
i
""
' "" ¥Én
"

sr
"
J
""
#
mini
" ¥ -

te Graphs 8- =
-

te -1¥
Real
image
virtual virtual .

Plane mirror : _
concave mirror
convex mirror
b-
↑ a c

1. Deviation : of ¥
a
Rie&ot virtual ^ 'T virtual
iyag
→
-

; image
8=180 Qi y >
image
-

f- f- he F- ¥g=tm+1
*

¥+1
'
45 ' '
8=11--21 Nani an i o >
☐ * = + =

>
'
-
% "
te
:
±
t(Mm m+ˢm,
>
.
.

f-
.

Normal incidence Li=Lr= -=o°

'

2.
" 2 A 0 * u= * =

f
f- É
= z
0A -1013 f- =
◦a t OB

3. mirror is rotated
by angle 0 reflected concave mirror ?
Refraction :
of
,

applications
-
-

µ*÷¥"¥i
-

""
◦ ◦

ray rotated
by angle go w → 2W
Object
-
Ray
-
Diagram Image
-
'
:°"^h did " H
-

✗ → 22
TU
Ñ )↑
At Focus '

4 I = F- 2 Here T.ir?n are unit > Real . Inverted mink

At

§ f
.

& ,
n
^
Vectors E Diminished "

.EE?.?...IE
p
I h d n %

hmirror
-

5. To see full image =

2

Id :* -1Mt
6. To see back wall in room hmirrog ¥ ↑ IF
Btw F @ C ,
"
B/w
°
>
✗
qc jnverted "
Real E
{ ,

°yy¥¥
Diminished
7. D d L
.

P:

h
-

k'
kl =
2
! I µ,
" "
☐ At c
only :P
↑ ^

thy↑
velocity of image
"
"

É
real nuerted

É
ac c
¥: F-
,

Mt
"
↓
' I
←
"

8- VI = V0 → Yo I : same size
.

;
B'
-

. ,
=
0 ⑥

Hom
VIM d
¥2
-
=
d

¥
+
" " PI =
PI =

Vo -1211M Beyond c
VI
.

= -

µ , , ,
µ, .mg ,
9 .
Two mirrors are in contact = µ
Enlarged / Magnified
of
360
Tof O
✗ Position n=n _

m=
object images " * •

ok ¥ I
" "
-
at F Real inverted
Anywhere
-

Even n = m -1
.
,

×
{
odd
Very large .

Asymmetric
<
n=m
"'" """" " "" ' <

Odd
symmetric n=m -
I see aty y
"
-
÷ mirror
Beyond
Fraction Anywhere n=[m]= integlxtzy
-

<
zxty
virtual ,
erect
Btw
2×+39 FQP
É
zxtzy
0=0
± Enlarged
to Ii 42+39
÷ zntity
m =L - -

zig
• % -
satay 42+59 L

E mirror
Infinite riot 5N -16462+59 Convex .

Mi Mz

images will form .

Object Ray Diagram Image .

Spherical mirrors : -

At &
virtual ,
erect

very small

Concave Convex At Focus

I f- I >
aramid É
pÉ%
2

t
I
E
=
F- Ep
f- = R -

so
¥% jnbrontoflbe
-
virtual
diminished
,
erect

= →
Marginal .

btw PQF
convention at
sign mirror

Light any position

+ve

→ →
f
↑
-1 're ᵈʳPh_ 8- concave mirror

virtuality
• •

C F
-

P ↓ ve

/
T=¥ tu
-

É÷+tu=¥
-

u= - ve

±
v=+ve
f- = +
-

Mirror Formula g- ¥ te -
-

l
'
-
= -

ve
-

f"
u= ve ±=
f- 'T -1£ f=¥v "¥
-

=
u=
v= -
ve I =

, If f= ve

=¥f
-

"
Newton formula ×

y=¥f
Concave
"
" _
=
f= 2422
parer
! ! mirror
'

; ;
11=5--1×2 >
.

I
.

1 .

u=t+m
.

Magnification
.
,
◦ A -1013
f-
.

4- B- ÷=¥
=

,=h÷ ¥
4
- - - -
- - - - -
- -

-
: i c- Real image
=
É-
Lateral
Magnification :
1 - M f- - -
i- - - - - - - - -
- -

i
-

-
ia
U
-

Longitudinal magniti Mong [¥]2

if Zf i

2) : -
-
: i
l
1

virtual image
3) Areal
magnification Mane, M< Mnmg : -
✗
 I
F- i
-

2efÉgt :
Lateral shift
retracting surface

a.ggma.is#?weo
:
i. of
-

>
.hn#--ni-- -1T¥]
+ "" ' ""
=
p = =
Absolute Refractive index : -

µ
-
_

§ cost
f,
µ=§= # =
=) '¥a=Jµrᵗ• L= 1- sin :( 1-
rµ ;]i =
till he] -

Pz =
¥ =
D= n2j
Relative retractive index :
Real and Normal shift : 5-2
Depth
-

,z=µi=¥=¥ µ *+
¥2
-

Sino
_

µ Refraction through Prism

=
=

, sin ,o=
µ
Refraction of di deviation : i. + iz
light Cosa 8 A A=n+rz
-

: = -

°
- -

µ Cosi
"

in
Mccoys
Mr
→ Minimum Deviation i=ii=iz r=n=rz

h=µ±[FEE
:

£ É
,
-

•
Jµ☐ I 7T µ☐
µ
[¥1]
8=44-1)A=(¥m 1) A
§É
sin
'
É
.

µ=
. -
.
'

§ critical &
sin
[A/☐ ×

i angle TIR ? -

8 =
i' -
r en s = r - maximum Deviation : -

¥
}
ᵗµʰ☐ ¥
' '

Laws of refraction g-
sine = = =
¥ ¥ __

.
since >
sma×=9o°+ iz - A
% toes .

C. ✗ ×
'

[µ sin ] > × 2
iz -1 ( A- Oc)
1 Snell 's law : _
µ, Sino , =
tlzsinoz Applications g- = sin

iii Msinh = constant

condition
+
inside shines ble
2
y
i -

ray ,
r -

ray of normal
* Air bubble water TIR for grazing emergence : -

,
all are in same Plane of diamond Sini, µ sin ( A- Oc)
*
Glittering r, > A- Oc >

Vector form of Snell 's law 8- *

Mirage *
Looming
r
condition of no
emergence
µ,
Sini =
plzsinr * Duration of sun visibility ice , -
-

-
-
rz > Oc A > 20C µ>
cosec ±
-
-
t
↑ µ
(e↑xÑ)=µz(ez×n^
- -
- - -

µ, * Field of vision of fish = = :-, .

imiting Angle : -
In order to have
emergent
optical path g- µ a vertex
angle = 2C fraction of light ray ,
A ≤ 20C .
Oc = Critical
angle
op µd b ✗ =
h
c A- =
17h2
f- Ed -

FFT Normal incidence

Grazing :
¥, emergence
= ≥ -
-

A B -1
µ
# B
'

DX =
µd - d = (µ 1) d - A
's > * optical fiber : Sin ima,,= _
MF -

ME it -_n=o , 1-2--900 ,
rz=Oc=A=siñ'(%)
µd
-

µ glass
Da =
I d * Prisms %≤ Siri
'
int -
ME Deviation 8=90 -
Oe
µ
-

0=900 ~ ~
incidence
¥, Grazing Grazing emergence :
-

¥¥-z
-

☐∅ =
2 ☐a
>
-
{ ,

I, = iz = 90° , M=rz= Dc , A = 20C

7 45C
n v
Principal of Reversibility of
v
Deviation
light : Inverted 8=180 -20C = 180 A
-
-

• = ,• ,
Jin
n .
.
.
Time to travel inside concept of Variable Refractive index Dispersion by prism : -

" ^ " Y ✗ M=ta) r

t ' µ µ=f④ ) ,
#
glass
i.

Angular dispersion :-(

=

/
r
µ=t④ O )
✓ >
Cjµz -
Sinai ,

~ no ao -
o

he 0=5×-8,2 = (Mv -

µR)A
Brewster angle ? ' ×

;µ
air
in *
-

turned
Dispersive
.

sinoo resin 1
power @ ) :
¥ tan'µ
-
= _

Taming µ
8¥11
__

Tr
¥a= Coto -2
I &-#
[Y÷m] tlgiass =
w
its
= =
'
tan
Cv¥R
-

=
Omeo

Applications Refraction at spherical surface

w=Y¥÷=¥
: _

ME HIM
- > ,
? I =
-

µ= 53 -8=-6--00 U
-

z[ combined
- - -
- - -- =
-

µ= ?
8=21 :-D
Two prisms are

> Magnification speed of image °

(My
'
1) A
'
g=g , (µy 1) A +
-

+ or ≥ = -

Apparent depth : -

Matera ¥ 't Vix =

% Vox 0=01+02 = (µv -14mA -1 (MY -

MINA '

/
,
observer : - Rarer Observer : -
Denser .
,

object : Denser Object : Rarer Deviation without Dispersion 8- (achromatic)

v2
-

Viy =
¥¥ HOY
R¥µr ,×µ=Ryu¥ Mwangi Iz
=

*☐ =

py- =
☒µ = 42.* µ,
, g ≠ , and • w ,g,+wzgz=☐

Ax=RD[- ¥☐
'
?x=RD[ ¥ ] trincipal foci o % %
-

-1 : - =
,
,

2nd Principal FOCUS

1ˢᵗ Principal focus Direct
Apparent distance of deviation
Dispersion pri)
distance of without
_

Apparent :

/
-

vision

My yn
Fish Y Bird w r to -
Fish 2
Bird
-

w.r.to
.

% -1%2=0
.
:
n ,
>
-

5=0 and 01=0

> nz
the
,
-11
do ,==x+µy µ dFB=y µ
> ◦ •

Fi
}
u
=:-# 0=6181 -
Wz8z
c- =

Normal shift : N=t(1- te) f- f,

some natural phenomena due to light
#•
-

① ① Rainbow : Retraction -1 TIR -1 Dispersion

-nh;÷
2

f,
-

¥ %=o fz %n,
=
Ri - Dlc 12=0 =
"
'

-
-
-
"
,

If Mae
-

± v. =
- -
-
-
- .
-
- .

TIR 's
- .
-

2-
- .

•
- .

Pi ?
I'
0<-5 f,
¥ -1%5+5-0
-

R2 -
n'
=
+ =L
µ [ I TIR 's
#> / Rainbow ( secondary)

[ -1¥]
-

V2 =
-
x
! ¥ ¥
By Subba Rao
.
%
2

I = Pzo -

PII =
(Rtt) -

µ med
② ¥] +

{
shift
of location
inde-p.rs

slab of eye
iÉ ^

40.7°
¥"É
Rainbow i'primary

I = t -1 -

¥ = t 1-
µTsab glass Angle of sunlight
>
 IT
Zefraction at spherical surface : - t
¥; Hittin
diff
¥!
Lens with media either
1¥ ÷=µT÷
on ☐+ = =
≠
-

-
. .

+
. .
- . . . .

at +
side R' R2
Magnification speed of image
Ma Mb : 4- 4- = =
11
µ÷=µᵈ+M¥ʰ !
" = =
Mb ⑧ +

¥ 't %
-

Matera Vix = "◦ ✗ I I

I zfzf +
¥
,

zfzf + =

f
'

Lens Displacement method : -

v2
µ , "i" =
¥ "◦Y
d Velocity of image
+ ☐ = &

mlongi d( d- 9 :
_µzIz f)
=
±
_

U =

d+Ñ)
¥2110211
2

rincipal foci
◦ " =

d > ¢f ×, Uz IL
gf
=
: - =
,,
2
2nd principal 1ˢᵗ Principal focus d- did -4ft
Focus .

* d ≥4f
yz= = U,
VILI =
¥ VOLL

[
2

i' T
2

cᵈ of lenses
n'
> Combination

(
* Mima =\ 10 8-
↑
nz
> •
✗
} Fi * f- =

M -
m≥
u !! * Two tens are
contacting :# ¥ -1¥ =

g- * p=p, -112 p=+Ve for convex

☐ 2- x2 Ve for concave
p=
f
-11¥
-

$ *

%÷n
=

fz
=
=

,
,
413 * For n -
lens
¥=¥ -1¥ , ,
-1 - - - - - +
¥n
Focal of lens
length : - * p =P, -113-1 - - - - --
+ Pn
fi
÷ ¥ R R
f- =(µz
-
' '

-fz
=
+ = 1 Equi convex lens : - * Ff lens are
separated by distance d

surface :-# R2 '

@ 1) Fri ¥ ¥ -1¥
-

¥ F- Pitts -

DRR
refracting
=

Power lens
of
-
=
Bi -
convex f- , , ,

d
¥ -1¥
.hn#n2-nid---C2-znJPlanoconvexlens:-s---- 4¥ Erik)
medium
In :
¥
-

=
Tutti
-

,
p = =
d-
£ 1-2
-

"
1)
f- =(µ
- * ti
concave -
convexo : -

;
[na ]
hT÷
he -
ni -24" "
Pz =
¥ = =
Equi concave lens : -

I f- =

R 4
fz The distance of equivalent lens
Bi concave lens :
I ¥=(µ 1) ftp.
-

- -
-

¥ ¥2
"
Here , are called reduced focal From La : - FI towards object if + Ye
,
length
" Plano concave lens : -

I ¥=(µ 1) (iz) -
t
,

away object it -
Ve
Convexo - concave
:-(I f- @ =
-
D Fritz)
Refraction by lens : -

Lens with one surface silvered : -

Frond : _

F¥ away object it + ve

Lens formula towards object it

Éᵗʰ¥=¥+¥m
makers ve
Pm
-

R' P =
213 +

f- =(µH[¥ ¥)
-

> >
Pair " s
-

?
[tr t) ¥2
=
,
air + :>
p=2(µ 1)
-

-72
[ ¥ ¥]
-

>

-4m;¥m÷
,

Pined ' -

É
=

21M¥
-

,
24¥) -10 ¥
P=2R+Pm=
, *
=
D= fitfz d=f, fz -

_td=u¥m
.

Pair = 12
Magnification M= mixmz - - - - -

Mn
Pmed fair * É p=2R+Pm=2 (Ir) -1-122 =
2¥
¥
en 's formula : -

f- =
÷ t -
Power of lens : -

100

P=¥Tinm
D + ve → convex
Fun ,
=

f- =
% "
=u¥f "
=¥x¥=¥f ,
ve → concave

pi=
-

In medium

Aperture : -

Intensity ✗
(aperture} Important points regarding lens

Intensity 2 Canea] 1
Every part of lens form complete image
Magnification : -
2 If some part obstructed ,
final image intensity
① Lateral
Magnification mt= ¥ :

2
reduced It Area ✗ v2

② Longitudinal Magnification me : -
s
f- ✗ µ -
i fa ±aµx≤v&÷
's
3- µ'S
"'
µ'
MEE 4- µ € ""

Angular magnification 8 tho

2-

③ : -
= 4 µ
g- fig mix 4- f 's
I.Enge
, 143
,

"
ˢ"#É# Images 4- Images
%¥ÉÉ
3- "
Graphs : -

"
µ

Biti
"" µ 's
"
' 's
i 2-
4- µ
it and tu graphs graphs t

=/y
U Y f
-

2 -

5 But 2-
,
so , Image
Images
-

2-
convex lens µFEµ , so
convex lens
✓
b- "
× c
¥
R¥ot
.
_
6

¥ virtual
.

lens
A
, Mens =
.

liquid liquid
.
lens
~>
. .
.

image
.

¥
-

zt
liquid
-

liquid
- -

Ee image
- -
- -

45C 345 f- É -
-- - - - - - - - -
- -

>
If i. zf
'

U
-

" '
:
te i !
÷ virtual image plagued liquid
,
"
lens ! I

¥
! concave V Concave lens L L
" "" id
liquid liquid liquid liquid
4-
- - - - -

;
-
-

÷
- -

^
virtual
f-
÷ - - - - -
- -
-

image he By
f Zf
IÉ Subbarao
>
te
-
 Optical Instruments ① Rainbow : -
Retraction -1 TIR -1 Dispersion
to assist
eye .

lisual Photographic Analysing TIR 's

Microscope / 2 -

Telescope
Cameras Spectrometer

Defects Of Vision i - I -
TIR 's Rainbow secondary,

53¥ E- ¥

!!!!!,{
myopia : shortsightedness "
rainbÉÉiiÉima
i -

Eye
,,

Subbarao
> > 40.7°

◦ g
>
" " "" " " -

> >

D=
f- = -

¥ ,
-
=
÷ ¥p -

② Hypermetropia : -

Long sightedness
-

> >
◦ ◦

> >

2-
f- =
,÷p ¥ - =
tu ¥p=É ¥p
-
-

3
Presbyopia : -

Long & short

sightedness
i simple Microscope : -

Mp = It
¥ Cor) M☐ = It
☐¥
¥
'
Ma =

¥ Cor ) Ma =

2 Compound Microscope ; -

a M☐= -

¥o[ ¥] +
with = not
!¥fe
É If Uo≈fo , Vo =L , MD = -

[ ¥] +

8
Ma =
-

÷ [ É] with La = Vtfe

¥
If Uo=fo ,
Vo =L ,
Ma = -

[¥]
3 Astronomical Telescope : -

M☐= -

[ ¥ +
=fo+¥¥☐
Mx
¥e La = totfe
-

4 Terrestrial Telescope : -

M☐= -

[ ¥ +
L☐=fo+t÷☐ + tf

¥e fotfe
Mx =
-

La = + tf

lens
f = Focal
length of erecting
Telescope
⑤
Reflecting : -

objective
Cassegrain 's Telescope >
L I
=
* India , Tamilnad , kavalur >
>
0=0

Dia 2- 34m
= .
r fe
* USA Dia __ 10m in Haw >ali
Éfo
,

* M =

¥e
scattering of light : -

Intensity of scattered light

✗
¥4
It ¥4
Applications : -

1 Blue colour of sky @ << × )

2 White colour of Sky Cx >> X )
③ Sun reddish colour
§;÷¥e(Xb< < XD
④
Danger signals are red I 2 4×4