PHP Basics

for Symfony

1
OOP PHP
A. Installing an IDE
B. OOP evolution history in PHP
C. OOP in PHP and UML
D. Design Patterns
E. Testing - PHPUnit

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 IDE

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IDE

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software

allowing you to write code with many tools and capabilities
beyond that of a simple text editor.
An IDE usually provides code completion facilities, code
navigation, debugging tools, and much more.

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IDE

● You may use whichever you want :

○ PHPStorm
○ Eclipse PDT
○ VisualStudio Code
○ Netbeans
● As an alternative : SublimeText

● PHPStorm is the most advanced/powerful

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 PHP OOP
evolution

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PHP OOP history
● PHP 4 (2002)
○ Fake object model, decorated arrays
● PHP 5 (2004)
○ Real object model borrowed from Java
● PHP 7 (2015)
○ Types (non mandatory)
● PHP 8 (2020)
○ Improvements

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Side note: PSRs

PSRs (PHP Standard Recommandations) are a set of

guidelines edited by the PHP-FIG (PHP Framework
Interoperability Group).
Their purpose is to describe best practices in terms of code
styling or code architecture in PHP.
You are strongly encouraged to follow these PSRs

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Side note: PSRs

Notable PSRs:
● PSR 1 & 12 : Basic and Extended Coding Styles
● PSR 3 : Logging Interface
● PSR 4 : Autoloading
● PSR 11 : Container Interface
● PSR 14 : Event Dispatcher
● …
Source : https://www.php-fig.org/psr/

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OOP basics

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OOP main principles

● Classes & Objects that send messages between each

other
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
● Strong typing

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OOP main implementations

● Design patterns & MVC architecture

● Frameworks
● Event programming
● Software Engineering Tools

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Procedural code
Directly answers the problem with the shortest solution
Instructions difficult to change later on

Pros :
Quick, efficient, performant
Result visible very fast

Cons :
Not changeable, not evolutive
May be hard to work together on the same code
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Object approach

● Allows high reusability of code

● Allows to abstract behaviors
● Allows team work

● Allows specifications to change and follow their change

● Allows application modelisation through schemas (UML)

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Object vs Procedural
Adding a functionality or changing existing behavior:

Procedural :
You must break your code
You must think about solutions
Object :
You just have to add more code, without breaking existing
The solution is often already found : a pattern

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Object approach

Data and treatments grouped into the same entity : a class

● Encapsulation
● Behaviors abstraction through interfaces
● Each instance is unique
● Inheritance (general - specific)
● Polymorphism

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Why use OOP ?

● Allows to modelize and order ideas

● Allows to group code at the same place (classes)

● Warning: when we talk about Object programming, we

assume patterns programming
● One can use objects the wrong way and don't get
benefit from them at all !
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OOP principles

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Declaring and using a simple class

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A class

A class:
● Is declared using the class keyword
● Usually has a name written in PascalCase (CamelCase
with uppercase first letter)
● Contains members (properties/variables and
methods/functions) inside its curly braces
● Is the blueprint used to create an object instance
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Classes

You can declare as many classes per file as you want but
usually, to follow common conventions and PHP Standard
Recommandations (PSR) :
● One class = one file
● The filename is [ClassName].php

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A property

has a visibility :
● public : can be accessed anywhere
● private : can only be accessed into the declaring class
● protected : can be accessed into the declaring class
and every child class (inheritance)

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A property

is a variable into the class belonging to the future objects

● declared with a default value or not
● declared with a type or not
● declared read-only or not
● is usually declared at the top of the class
● must be initialized through constructor or have a
default value if typed and private or protected

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PHP unknown properties
PHP writes to unknown properties by creating them silently

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PHP unknown properties
Object to array and array to object cast

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A method

has a visibility :
● public : can be used anywhere
● private : can only be used into the declaring class
● protected : can be used into the declaring class and
every child class (inheritance)

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A method

is a function written into a class

● Usually declared after properties
● May declare a return type
● May be given arguments.
● Arguments may be typed

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Typing things

Properties may be typed, may be read only

● If readonly : must be typed
● Methods return type may be used
● Methods arguments may be typed

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Special types

● mixed :
Any type (but still a declared type, same as no type
declared, but cleaner)
● void (return type only):
No return statement allowed
● never (return type only) :
function must exit() or throw an exception/trigger error

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Special types

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Several types at once
Types can be unioned

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Several types at once
Types can be intersected

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Several types at once

Types cannot be intersected and unioned at the same

time

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Typed properties initialization
Typed attributes cannot be accessed if they are not initialized
with a default value or a constructor

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Typed properties initialization

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Null type
Null is a special type. It is a type : null
Acceptable null type may be expressed as null or with a ?

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Null type
Null is a special type. It is a type : null
Acceptable null type may be expressed as null or with a ?

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Constructor

● "magic" method : called automatically by PHP

● Called when an object is created using the ''new''
keyword
● A constructor cannot return a value
● Any returned value is simply ignored

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Constructor

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Constructor syntax

Constructor arguments can be “promoted” to properties

by declaring their visibility in the constructor arguments
list.

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Constructor syntax

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$this

● $this is a special reserved variable

● It represents the object itself into its own class
● It cannot be used:
○ out of object scope
○ out of a class
○ Into the static scope of a class
● It cannot be hand-created or destroyed
● It cannot be used as a function parameter variable

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$this

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Destructor
● Called at the end of life of the object
● Destructors are uncommon in PHP and not very useful
● It is hard to master the order of their calls

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Practice OOP
● Create a class named Member with attributes login -
password - age
● Create a constructor to initialize those attributes to
values
● Create an auth() method receiving 2 string
parameters. It will compare them to login and
password of the object and return true if they match,
false otherwise

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 OOP
advanced
concepts

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Relations : Inheritance

Inheritance is a hard link : "is a" , "is a sort of"

You cannot inherit from several classes in PHP

All non private members:

● Are copied and shared into the child class
● May be overridden if not declared final

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Relations : Inheritance

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Liskov principle
Inheritance : any class may be replaced by one of its children
without breaking the application.

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Liskov principle

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Liskov principle
Liskov Substitution Principle leads to the principles of
Covariance and Contravariance

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Parent context

All non private members are ported to child. It can be

overloaded by redeclaring a member with the same name.
A call to parent:: resolves the parent scope.

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Parent context

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Practice POO : inheritance

● Create an Admin class extending Member

● An admin owns a $level which can be "ADMIN" or "SUPERADMIN"
(defaults to "ADMIN")
● Overwrite the constructor to take this $level parameter into account
● You may use an enum
● If admin has level SUPERADMIN, then auth() will return true regardless
of credentials. Overwrite auth() method to describe such a behavior

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Static method /property

The static keyword is used to access the static context.

The static context is used to make any treatment for a class and
not for objects anymore. $this is forbidden in static context.

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Static method /property

Calling convention:
● from the class itself : self::someStaticMethod()
● otherwise : MyClass::someStaticMethod()
The static accessor is double semicolon ::
● self references the current class into its own body
● static references the runtime calling class into a class body

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Static method /property

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Inheritance and static
parent:: resolves the parent scope, static or not

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Static scope resolution

self and static are similar, but the difference comes with
inheritance:
● self:: resolves the class itself (in which "self" is
written)
● static:: resolves the calling scope class at runtime

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Static scope resolution

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Class constants

Class constants:
● are declared with the const keyword
● are accessed using ::
● can only contain compile-time static values
● are allowed a visibility but are public by default
● are not allowed a type before PHP 8.3 (implicit typing)

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Class constants

Conventionally, class constants names used to be written in

uppercase.

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Class constants

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Practice : static and constants

● Go back to our Member and Admin classes :

● Find a way for classes to count the objects created
from themselves
● Use a destructor to only count lived objects
● Publish the result with a count() method

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Practice : static and constants

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What is an interface ?
● Allows to store abstract behaviors (method signatures
only, no logic)
● Allows to type objects based on their behaviors

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Interfaces

● An interface cannot store properties.

● An interface only stores public definitions, not bodies
● Objects cannot be created from interfaces
● At the class level, interfaces are implemented, not
extended
● Every class implementing an interface must define all
of its methods.
● A class can implement several interfaces.

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Practice : interfaces

● Your members allow to be authenticated.

● Create an AuthInterface which defines the
auth(string $login, string $password) : bool
method
● Implement it into Member class

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Abstract classes

● abstract classes cannot be instantiated

● They are used as a template, and cannot contain private members
● Methods can be declared abstract inside an abstract class
○ Only signatures are declared in this case, as in interfaces
○ child classes must implement the method bodies as for
interfaces
● A private abstract or final abstract method is a nonsense
(and results in a fatal error)

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Abstract classes

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Abstract class practice

● Our members and admins now inherit from a more

general purpose abstract class : User
● This class contains a $name attribute, its getter and
setter, and a constructor.

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Traits

Traits are a system of horizontal inheritance.

A trait is a template :
● It contains code like a class (properties and/or methods)
● You cannot instantiate an object from a trait.
● The trait can be use‘d into a class
● Its code is then magically copied to the class
● You can resolve manually name collisions

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Traits example

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 Exceptions

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Exceptions : error management
When an error happen in OOP usage, make use of
exception to smartly handle error cases

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Throwing an exception
The throw keyword:
● triggers an interrupt in the normal flow of execution.
● can only be followed by an object extending the Exception class

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The Exception class

The Exception class is the base class for all non-fatal

errors that can be handled by your code.
Most exceptions extend the base Exception class, and
you can extend it yourself to create custom exceptions.

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The Exception class

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Some native Exceptions

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Fatal errors

● Fatal errors are Exceptions

from the main Error class.
● Users should not throw
Error, but Exception.
● Generic type is Throwable

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Fatal error examples

Error children examples :

● TypeError
● ParseError
● ArithmeticError
● ArgumentCountError
Attention, Warnings and Notices are still Errors and not
treated as Exceptions

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Fatal error examples

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Practice Exceptions

● Send an exception if authentication fails

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Anonymous
functions

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Anonymous functions (closure)
An anonymous function is a nameless function internally
represented by an object from the Closure class.
You cannot create a Closure object by hand
2 syntaxes define anonymous functions

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Anonymous functions (closure)
$this into a Closure can be bound to whatever scope you
need

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Anonymous functions (closure)
You can also create
a Closure from an
existing function.

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callable pseudo-type
callable is a special type representing something that can
be invoked like a function.
● A Closure :
● A string representing a function :
● An array representing an object and a method :
● An object using __invoke() :

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callable pseudo-type

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 Tools

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API for objets
● instanceof - is_a($obj, $classname)
● is_subclass_of($classOrObject, $classname)
● get_class($object)
● get_parent_class($classOrObject)
● method_exists($classOrObject, $method)
● property_exists($classOrObject, $prop)
● class_exists($class, $useAutoload)
● get_class_vars($class) - get_class_methods($class)
● get_object_vars($obj) - get_object_methods($obj)
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API for objets
You can also use the Reflection API (\Reflection class and
derivatives) or the following CLI options.

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PHP : internal classes
PHP Classes come from PHP’s libraries (SPL, PDO, Date,
SimpleXML, DOM, Mysqli …).
New classes are added regularly.

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Drawing a class

Using UML (Unified Modeling

Language)

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UML Modelisation

● PlantUML
● DIA
● StarUML
● Poseidon
● Altova Umodel
● ArgoUML
● BOUML
● ...

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 Relations
between
classes

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Relations between classes
UML defines relationship types :
● Inheritance
● Implementation
● Association
● Aggregation
● Composition
Other types are not used in the PHP language (only in
more complex OOP languages like Java or C++)
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Relations : Inheritance
Inheritance is a hard link : "B is a A" , "B is a kind of A"
There is no multiple inheritance in PHP

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Relations : implementation
Implementation is a hard link : "B is a A" , "B allows to do A::x"
A class can implement several interfaces

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Relations : association
Association is a deep link, and has some sub categories
It represents the usage of an object into an other

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Relations : aggregation
Aggregation is a permanent usage association where both objects can
exist independently from each other.
It’s usually implemented with set() , get() or add() and remove()

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Relations : composition
Composition is a permanent usage association in which one object
cannot exist outside of the other.
No getter or setter are created, instantiation is done into the class itself

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Namespaces

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Namespaces

● Namespaces are container above classes

● 2 classes/functions/constants can have the same
name if they live in different namespaces
● It allows you to easily program by components
● The namespace separator is \

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Namespaces

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Namespaces syntax

● The namespace keyword must be the first at the top of

the file
● Brackets based syntax is also possible but not
recommanded
● Both syntaxes can’t be mixed within the same file

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Namespaces syntax

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Using namespaces

● You can import and alias namespaces using respectively the

keywords use and as.
● Namespaces and the elements they contain are isolated from
one another.
● During namespace resolution of an unknown element, the
current namespace is always considered first, then PHP
bubbles up until the global namespace.
● The global namespace is accessed prefixing accesses by a \

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Using namespaces

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Namespaces resolution

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Namespaces resolution fallback
PHP fallbacks to the global namespace, but only for functions
and constants, not for classes.

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Current namespace access
Use the namespace keyword or the __NAMESPACE__ constant to get the
current namespace.
The current namespace is resolved during script compilation. Any
dynamic runtime accesses must be resolved manually.

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Fully Qualified Class Name

The sum of a class’s name and its full namespace is called

the Fully Qualified Class Name (FQCN).

It can be accessed using the PHP function

get_class($object) or the special ::class constant.

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Fully Qualified Class Name

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Practice namespaces

Refactor our full example to use namespaces

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 Autoload

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Autoloader
Autoload is a PHP feature allowing to automatically require() class files
spl_autoload_register() in PHP
We usually use Composer to generate our autoloader

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Practice autoloader

Autoload our project using Composer and PSR rules

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