Clustering

1) What is Windows Cluster?

Clustering can be best described as a technology that automatically allows one physical server to take over the tasks
and responsibilities of another physical server that has failed. The obvious goal behind this, given that all computer
hardware and software will eventually fail, is to ensure that users running mission-critical applications will have very
less downtime when such a failure occurs.
2) What is a Cluster Node?
A cluster node is a server within the cluster, and it has Windows Server and the Cluster service installed.
3) What is Cluster Service?
The cluster service manages all the activity that is specific to the cluster. One instance of the cluster service runs on
each node in the cluster. The cluster service does the following
 Manages Cluster Objects and Configurations
 Manages the local restart policy
 Coordinates with other instances of the cluster service in the cluster
 Handles event notification
 Facilitates communication among other software components
 Performs failover operations
4) What is called a Resource in Windows cluster?
A resource is a physical or logical entity, which has below properties:
 Can be brought online and taken offline
 Can be managed in the failover cluster
 Can be owned by only one node at a time
To manage resources, Cluster service communicates with a resource DLL through Resource Monitor.
5) What are the different states of a Resource in Windows cluster?
All resources can have following states
 Offline
 Offline_Pending
 Online
 Online_Pending
 Failed
6) What is a Cluster Group?
Conceptually, a cluster group is a collection of logically grouped cluster resources. It may contain cluster-aware
application services, such as SQL Server Group, File Server.
7) What is Public Network?
A public network (also called as External network) provides client systems with access to cluster application services
and IP address resources are created on networks that provide clients access to cluster services.
8) What is Private Network?
A private network (sometimes called as interconnect or heartbeat connect) is a network that is setup between the
nodes of the cluster and it carries only internal cluster communications.
9) What is Heartbeat in Windows cluster?
Heartbeats are messages that Cluster Service regularly sends between the instances of Cluster Service that are on
each node to manage the cluster.
10) What Failover and Failback terms mean in Windows Cluster?
Failover: Failover is the process of moving a group of resources from one node to another in the case of a failure. For
example, in a cluster where Microsoft SQL Server is running on node A and node A fails, SQL Server automatically
fails over to node B of the cluster.
Failback: Failback is the process of returning a resource or group of resources to the node on which it was running
before it failed over. For example, when node A comes back online, SQL Server can fail back from node B to node A.
11) What is Quorum Drive?
This is a logical drive assigned on the shared disk array specifically for Windows Clustering. Clustering services write
constantly on this drive about the state of the cluster. Corruption or failure of this drive can fail the entire cluster
setup. It also acts as a voter in the fail over process in case of odd number of nodes.
12) Different types of Quorum Models supported in windows Server 2008?
 Node Majority – Used when Odd number of nodes are in cluster.
 Node and Disk Majority – Even number of nodes (but not a multi-site cluster)
 Node and File Share Majority – Even number of nodes, multi-site cluster
 No Majority: Disk Only – This is the traditional MSCS quorum model, where a shared quorum disk must be
online and nodes must be able to communicate with that disk
13) What is Node Majority model?
This type of quorum is optimal for clusters having an odd number of nodes. In this configuration, only the nodes
have votes. The shared storage does not have a vote. A majority of votes are needed to operate the cluster.
14) What is Node and Disk Majority model?
Nodes and a shared disk get votes. This configuration allows a loss of half the nodes, providing the disk witness is
available, or over half the nodes are available without the disk witness being available. This is recommended for
even number of nodes in the cluster.
15) What is Node and File Share Majority model?
This type of quorum is optimal for clusters having an even number of nodes when a shared witness disk is not an
option. Other characteristics include the following:
 each node and the file share “witness” gets a vote
 it does not require a shared disk to reach a quorum
 the file share has no special requirements
 the file share should be located at a third site, making this type of quorum the best solution for
geographically dispersed clusters
16) What is No Majority: Disk only mode?
The disk witness must be available to have quorum, but the number of available nodes doesn’t matter. If you have a
four-node cluster and only one node is available, but the disk witness is available, you have quorum. If the disk
witness isn’t available, then even if all four nodes are available you can’t have quorum.
17) What I Split Brain situation in Cluster?
Cluster nodes communicate with each other over the network (port 3343). When nodes are unable to communicate
with each other, they all assume the resources of the other (unreachable) nodes have to be brought online. Because
the same resource will be brought online on multiple nodes at the same time, data corruption may occur. These
results in a situation called “Split Brain.”
18) How Spilt Brain situation is resolved?
To prevent Split Brains we need to bring the cluster resource online on a single node (rather than multiple nodes).
Each of the online node cast vote for majority and the resources come online on that group which has more votes or
has majority. In case of Even number of nodes Quorum also acts as a voter to eliminate split brain situation.
19) What are the Hardware requirements for Windows Server Cluster?
Windows Cluster
 Two windows servers (nodes)
 At least one shared disk array that supports, either SCSI or fibre channel.
 Each server must have a SCSI or fiber channel adapter to talk to the shared disk array. The shared disk array
cannot use the SCSI controller used by the local hard disk or CD-ROM.
 Each server must have two PCI network cards (one for the private connection and one for the public
connection)
 1 IP Address for Windows virtual cluster name
20) What are the Hardware requirements for SQL Server Cluster?
 1 IP Address for MSDTC service
 1 IP Address for SQL Server Active\Passive Instance or 2 IP address for SQL Server Active\Active Instance
 1 IP Address for SQL Server Analysis services (if needed)
21) How many IP Addresses we require for setting up Active\Passive SQL Server cluster?
 2 Windows nodes – Public
 2 Private IP Addresses – Private
 1 Windows Virtual Cluster Name
 1 MSDTC
 1 SQL Server Virtual Network Name
22) How many IP Addresses we require for setting up Active\Active SQL Server cluster with Analysis services?
 2 Windows nodes – Public
 2 Private IP Addresses – Private
 1 Windows Virtual Cluster Name
 1 MSDTC
 1 SQL Server Virtual Network Name
 1 SQL Server Analysis Services
23) How do you open a Cluster Administrator?
Start Menu > Run > Cluadmin.msc
24) What is SQL Server Network Name (Virtual Name)?
This is the SQL Server Instance name that all client applications will use to connect to the SQL Server.
25) Different types of SQL Server Cluster?
 Active\Passive
 Active\Active
26) What is the difference between Active\Passive and Active\Active cluster?
An Active – Passive cluster is a failover cluster configured in a way that only one cluster node is active at any given
time. The other node, called as Passive node is always online but in an idle condition, waiting for a failure of the
Active Node, upon which the Passive Node takes over the SQL Server Services and this becomes the Active Node, the
previous Active Node now being a Passive Node.
An Active – Active cluster is a failover cluster configured in a way that both the cluster nodes are active at any given
point of time. That is, one Instance of SQL Server is running on each of the nodes always; when one of the nodes has
a failure, both the Instances run on the only one node until the failed node is brought up (after fixing the issue that
caused the node failure). The instance is then failed over back to its designated node.
27) Difference between SQLSERVER 2005 and SQLSERVER 2008 Cluster Installation?
In sql2005 we have the option of installing SQL in remaining nodes from the primary node, But in sql2008 we need to
go separately (Login to the both nodes) for installing SQL cluster
28) Can we change the Quorum settings after installing the windows cluster?
Yes, we can change the Quorum setting after the Windows Cluster installation.
29) Is it mandatory to configure MSDTC in Windows 2008 cluster before installing SQL Server cluster?
No it’s not mandatory to configure MSDTC service to install SQL Server in Windows 2008 cluster. Installation will give
you a warning but will not stop the installation.
30) What are the Benefits of SQL Server Cluster?
 Reduces downtime to a bare minimum.
 Permits an automatic response to a failed server or software. No human intervention is required.
 It allows you to perform upgrades without forcing users off the system for extended periods of time.
 It allows you to reduce downtime due to routine server, network, or database maintenance.
 Clustering doesn’t require any servers to be renamed. So when failover occurs, it is relatively transparent to
end-users.
 Failing back is quick, and can be done whenever the primary is fixed and put back on-line.
31) What are the Drawbacks of SQL Server Cluster?
 More expensive than other failover alternatives, such as log shipping or stand-by servers.
 Requires more set up time than other alternatives.
 Requires more on-going maintenance than other alternatives.
 Requires more experienced DBAs and network administrators.
32) What new functionality does failover clustering provide in Windows Server 2008?
New validation feature. With this feature, you can check that your system, storage, and network configuration is
suitable for a cluster.
Support for GUID partition table (GPT) disks in cluster storage. GPT disks can have partitions larger than two
terabytes and have built-in redundancy in the way partition information is stored, unlike master boot record (MBR)
disks.
33) What happens to a running Cluster if the quorum disk fails in Windows Server 2008 Cluster?
Cluster continues to work but failover will not happen in case of any other failure in the active node.
34. What happens to a running Cluster if the quorum disk fails in Windows Server 2003 Cluster?
In Windows Server 2003, the Quorum disk resource is required for the Cluster to function. In your example, if
the Quorum disk suddenly became unavailable to the cluster then both nodes would immediately fail and not be
able to restart the cluster service.
35) What are Virtual Servers?
Groups that contain an IP address resource and a network name resource (along with other resources) are published
to clients on the network under a unique server name. Because these groups appear as individual servers to clients,
they are called virtual servers. Users access applications or services on a virtual server the same way they access
applications or services on a physical server. They do not need to know that they are connecting to a cluster and
have no knowledge of which node they are connected to.
36) How do you bring the SQL Server down?
In the Cluster Administrator, rick click on the SQL Server Group and from the popup menu item choose Take Offline.
37) How will you add a disk to the SQL Group cluster?
After adding the shared disk in the storage, we can add disk to the respective SQL Server Group.
38) What is the maximum number of nodes in an MNS cluster in Windows Server 2008, Enterprise x64 Edition?
Maximum 16.
39) What does a failover cluster do in Windows Server 2008?
A failover cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to increase the availability of applications
and services. The clustered servers (called nodes) are connected by physical cables and by software. If one of the
cluster nodes fails, another node begins to provide service (a process known as failover). Users experience a
minimum of disruptions in service.
40) What are Services and Application folder represent?
Services and applications are managed as single units for configuration and recovery purposes. If a resource depends
on another resource, both resources must be a member of the same service or application. For example, in a file
share resource, the service or application containing the file share must also contain the disk resource and network
resources (such as the IP address and NetBIOS name) to which clients connect to access the share. All resources
within a service or application must be online on the same node in the cluster.
41) What kinds of permissions are required in the active directory to setup the SQL Server cluster objects?
Service account needs create object permissions in the Active Directory.
42) Why do we keep SQL Services in manual mode on each of the instance?
SQL Services should always be in manual mode in case of cluster because these are managed by the Cluster service
and it’s taken online on its respective owner node based on the failover.
43) What is Distributed lock management?
Distributed lock management (DLM): Distributed lock management (DLM) enables two servers to access the same
physical disk at the same time without corrupting the data. If a device is updating a particular file or piece of data,
the device gets locked so that another controller can’t seize ownership and overwrite the data. NT does not
currently support DLM, so disks are dedicated to one node or the other.
44) What is “Look Alive”?
LooksAlive: Verifies that the SQL Server service runs on the online node every 5 seconds by default.
45) What is “IS Alive”?
IsAlive: Verifies that SQL Server accepts connections by executing sp_server_diagnostics. This health detection logic
determines if a node is down and the passive node then takes over the production workload.
46 What are SQL Server Cluster aware services?
 SQL Server Service
 SQL Server Agent Service
 SQL Server Analysis Service
47) What are SQL Server Cluster unaware services?
 SQL Server Reporting Service
 SQL Server Integration Service
48) What are Validation tests in Windows Cluster?
Validation test is a mechanism of verifying that all the components which are participating in the Windows cluster
are fine and failover is happening between the nodes.
49) What are the basics tests done by the validation tests in Windows Cluster?
 Cluster Configuration tests: Validate important cluster configuration settings.
 Inventory tests: Provide an inventory of the hardware, software, and settings (such as network settings) on
the servers, and information about the storage.
 Network tests: Validate that networks are set up correctly for clustering.
 Storage tests: Validate that the storage on which the failover cluster depends is behaving correctly and
supports the required functions of the cluster.
 System Configuration tests: Validate that the system software and configuration settings are compatible
across servers.
50) Where the results of validation tests are stored?
These reports are automatically stored for you in C:\Windows\Cluster\Reports as MHTML files.
51) Is SQL Server a Load balancing solution or not?
No, it’s not a Load balancing solution.
52) Will there be any downtime in Active\Active cluster in case of any failover?
Yes, definitely there will be downtime when SQL Server failover from one node to another.
53) Can we use other SQL Server cluster Nodes for reporting purpose as we can do in Logshipping and Database
mirroring?
No it’s not possible in SQL Server Cluster feature.
54) Can we place out Non Critical SQL Server User Databases on a Clustered Instance on Disks that are not
clustered to Save Money?
No, it’s not possible. SQL Server 2012 and all previous versions of SQL Server require databases be created on
clustered resources. Internal drives or drives which are not part of the cluster group cannot hold user databases.
55) Can we configure Tempdb database on a local drive?
With the introduction of SQL Server 2012 Microsoft officially supports local disk TempDB in SQL Server cluster
configurations.
56) Can we configure Windows cluster between two servers which are having different hardware and software
configurations?
No it is not possible.
57) What is SMB share?
SMB stands for Server Message Block file server which can be used as a storage option starting SQL Server 2012 to
store system databases (Master, Model, MSDB, and TempDB), and Database Engine user databases .
58) How can we check the current node/host name where SQL Server is running?
Select serverproperty(‘ComputerNamePhysicalNetBIOS’)
59) How to view the Cluster Nodes using command line?
C:\Windows\System32>cluster node
--or
C:\Windows\System32>cluster node /status
60) How to view the status for all cluster resource groups.
C:\Windows\System32>cluster group
--or
C:\Windows\System32>cluster group /status
61) How to get a listing of all available cluster resources?
C:\Windows\System32>cluster resource
--or
C:\Windows\System32>cluster resource /status
62) How to failover a service from one node to another?
C:\Windows\System32>cluster group "groupname" /move:nodeName

63) What is the difference between SQL Server clustering methods: - Active/Active - Active/Passive
Active/Active means that both nodes are active and accessing the shared disk resources, but are running
independent instances. When a node fails, you need to be sure that the remaining node has the resources available
to handle the additional databases that fail over. You can think of it like this. Node A has 1 database on it, and Node
B has 1 database on it. Node A goes down, the resources fail over to Node B, and now Node B has 2 databases
running on it.
In an Active/Passive cluster, you would only have 1 database running on a single node at any given time. Node A is
active with 1 DB, Node B is passive with no DBs. Node A goes down, the resources fail over to Node B. Node B is now
active with 1 database running on it.
I'm sure more experienced cluster admins or SQL admins will savage me for my terminology, but that's it in a
nutshell.

64) What is the alive & Looks alive

LooksAlive check:
LooksAlive is a basic check in which the Cluster service queries the Windows Service Control Manager to check if the
SQL Server service is still running. By default this check happens every 5 seconds.
Cluster service calls looksAlive function every 5 seconds and LookAlive function Queries the service status by using
the Windows NT Service Control Manager. When the LooksAlive test fails ISAlive test is called immediately.

ISalive Check: A more rigorous IsAlive function is called every 60 second and monitors the health of the SQL Server
by opening up a connection to SQL Server and issuing “select @@servername” query over the connection. If the
checks fail the online Thread reports this failure to the Cluster Service.
During IsAlive check the Cluster Service connects to the SQL Server instance with the help of c:\windows\system32\
sqsrvres.dll and runs SELECT @@SERVERNAME against the instance.
By default, LooksAlive is fired every 5 seconds and IsAlive is fired every 60 seconds. The LooksAlive and IsAlive polling
intervals can be changed in Cluster Administrator or failover cluster manager from the advanced tab for the SQL
Server resource or using the cluster.execommand prompt utility.

65) What is meant by Active – Passive and Active – Active clustering setup?

An Active – Passive cluster is a failover cluster configured in a way that only one cluster node is active at any given
time. The other node, called as Passive node is always online but in an idle condition, waiting for a failure of the
Active Node, upon which the Passive Node takes over the SQL Server Services and this becomes the Active Node, the
previous Active Node now being a Passive Node.

An Active – Active cluster is a failover cluster configured in a way that both the cluster nodes are active at any given
point of time. That is, one Instance of SQL Server is running on each of the nodes always; when one of the nodes has
a failure, both the Instances run on the only one node until the failed node is brought up (after fixing the issue that
caused the node failure). The instance is then failed over back to its designated node.

66) List out some of the requirements to setup a SQL Server failover cluster.
Virtual network name for the SQL Server, Virtual IP address for SQL Server, IP addresses for the Public Network and
Private Network(also referred as Hearbeat) for each node in the failover cluster, shared drives for SQL Server Data
and Log files, Quorum Disk and MSDTC Disk.

67) On a Windows Server 2003 Active – Passive failover cluster, how do you find the node which is active?
Using Cluster Administrator, connect to the cluster and select the SQL Server cluster. Once you have selected the
SQL Server group, in the right hand side of the console, thecolumn “Owner” gives us the information of the node on
which the SQL Server group is currently active.
68) How do you open a Cluster Administrator?
From Start -> Run and type CluAdmin (case insensitive) and the Cluster Administrator console is displayed OR you
can also go to Start -> All programs -> Administrative Tools -> Cluster Administrator.

69) How will you restart your sqlserver on cluster without failing over ..?
Choose option ( Take offline and Bring online option by right clicking node)

70) What will you if want to add a disk to the SQL Group cluster ..?

Need to choose Add Dependancy option after doing that in Cluster administrator tool (or) in Failover Cluster admin
tool from 2008 version

71) As a DBA how will you design active/active cluster requirement . (i.e), how will you manage resource if failed
over ..?
Please read article from MSDN on this to have better understanding

72) Steps for failover ..?

Please red MSDN on this with full view

73) Difference between SQLSERVER 2005 and SQLSERVER 2008 Cluster Installation ..?

In sql2005 we have the option of installing sql in remaining nodes from the primary node ., But in sql2008 we need
to go seperately(Login to the bith nodes) for installing sql cluster .

74) What is the status of services on passive node for failover cluster in SQL server?
SQL services will be in manual and stopped. Cluster service will be in automatic and started mode on both the nodes.

75) Can you move the resources after pausing the node?
Yes resources can be moved after pausing the node. But we can't move them back till the node is paused.

76) Where is the prevent failback option?

This is the resource group property. It doesn't allow the resources to move back to the preferred node once the
node is ready to take the connections after failover.

77) How does the failover happen? What checks are performed to ensure that another node is up?
LooksAlive - The node which host the SQL server resources is verifed whether this node (server) is up
IsAlive - The node which host the SQL server resources is verifed whether the SQL service is up or not. Basically
running SELECT @@SERVERNAME

78) What will happen if you try to start the fultext service on the passive node.
This can be started on both the nodes as this doesn't have any dependecy on SQL service or any resource which is
possessed by active node.

79) What is Clustering. Briefly define & explain it ?

Clustering is a technology, which is used to provide High Availability for mission critical applications. We can
configure cluster by installing MCS (Microsoft cluster service) component from Add remove programs, which can
only available in Enterprise Edition and Data center edition.

80) Types of Clusters ?

In Windows we can configure two types of clusters
1. NLB (network load balancing) cluster for balancing load between servers. This cluster will not provide any high
availability. Usually preferable at edge servers like web or proxy.
2. Server Cluster: This provides High availability by configuring active-active or active-passive cluster. In 2 node
active-passive cluster one node will be active and one node will be stand by. When active server fails the application
will FAILOVER to stand by server automatically. When the original server backs we need to FAILBACK the application

81) What is Quorum ?

A shared storage need to provide for all servers which keeps information about clustered application and session
state and is useful in FAILOVER situation. This is very important if Quorum disk fails entire cluster will fails.

82) Why Quorum is necessary ?

When network problems occur, they can interfere with communication between cluster nodes. A small set of nodes
might be able to communicate together across a functioning part of a network, but might not be able to
communicate with a different set of nodes in another part of the network. This can cause serious issues. In this
“split” situation, at least one of the sets of nodes must stop running as a cluster.
To prevent the issues that are caused by a split in the cluster, the cluster software requires that any set of nodes
running as a cluster must use a voting algorithm to determine whether, at a given time, that set has quorum.
Because a given cluster has a specific set of nodes and a specific quorum configuration, the cluster will know how
many “votes” constitutes a majority (that is, a quorum). If the number drops below the majority, the cluster stops
running. Nodes will still listen for the presence of other nodes, in case another node appears again on the network,
but the nodes will not begin to function as a cluster until the quorum exists again.
For example, in a five node cluster that is using a node majority, consider what happens if nodes 1, 2, and 3 can
communicate with each other but not with nodes 4 and 5. Nodes 1, 2, and 3 constitute a majority, and they continue
running as a cluster. Nodes 4 and 5 are a minority and stop running as a cluster, which prevents the problems of a
“split” situation. If node 3 loses communication with other nodes, all nodes stop running as a cluster. However, all
functioning nodes will continue to listen for communication, so that when the network begins working again, the
cluster can form and begin to run.

83) Different types of Quorum in Windows server 2008 ?

1.Node Majority - Used when Odd number of nodes are in cluster.
2.Node and Disk Majority - Even number of nodes(but not a multi-site cluster)
3.Node and File Share Majority - Even number of nodes, multi-site cluster
4.Node and File Share Majority - Even number of nodes, no shared storage

84) Different types of Quorum in Windows server 2003 ?

Standard Quorum : As mentioned above, a quorum is simply a configuration database for MSCS, and is stored in the
quorum log file. A standard quorum uses a quorum log file that is located on a disk hosted on a shared storage
interconnect that is accessible by all members of the cluster.
Standard quorums are available in Windows NT 4.0 Enterprise Edition, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows
2000 Datacenter Server, Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition and Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition.
Majority Node Set Quorums : A majority node set (MNS) quorum is a single quorum resource from a server cluster
perspective. However, the data is actually stored by default on the system disk of each member of the cluster. The
MNS resource takes care to ensure that the cluster configuration data stored on the MNS is kept consistent across
the different disks.
Majority node set quorums are available in Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition, and Windows Server 2003
Datacenter Edition.

85) Explain about each Quorum type ?

Node Majority: Each node that is available and in communication can vote. The cluster functions only with a majority
of the votes, that is, more than half.
Node and Disk Majority: Each node plus a designated disk in the cluster storage (the “disk witness”) can vote,
whenever they are available and in communication. The cluster functions only with a majority of the votes, that is,
more than half.
Node and File Share Majority: Each node plus a designated file share created by the administrator (the “file share
witness”) can vote, whenever they are available and in communication. The cluster functions only with a majority of
the votes, that is, more than half.
No Majority: Disk Only: The cluster has quorum if one node is available and in communication with a specific disk in
the cluster storage.

86) How is the quorum information located on the system disk of each node kept in synch?
The server cluster infrastructure ensures that all changes are replicated and updated on all members in a cluster.

87) Can this method be used to replicate application data as well?

No, that is not possible in this version of clustering. Only Quorum information is replicated and maintained in a
synchronized state by the clustering infrastructure.

88) Can I convert a standard cluster to an MNS cluster?

Yes. You can use Cluster Administrator to create a new Majority Node Set resource and then, on the cluster
properties sheet Quorum tab, change the quorum to that Majority Node Set resource.

89) What is the difference between a geographically dispersed cluster and an MNS cluster?
A geographic cluster refers to a cluster that has nodes in multiple locations, while an MNS-based cluster refers to the
type of quorum resources in use. A geographic cluster can use either a shared disk or MNS quorum resource, while
an MNS-based cluster can be located in a single site, or span multiple sites.

90) What is the maximum number of nodes in an MNS cluster?

Windows Server 2003 supports 8-node clusters for both Enterprise Edition and Datacenter Edition.

91) Do I need special hardware to use an MNS cluster?

There is nothing inherent in the MNS architecture that requires any special hardware, other than what is required
for a standard cluster (for example, there must be on the Microsoft Cluster HCL). However, some situations that use
an MNS cluster may have unique requirements (such as geographic clusters), where data must be replicated in real
time between sites.

92) Does a cluster aware application need to be rewritten to support MNS?

No, using an MNS quorum requires no change to the application. However, some cluster aware applications expect a
shared disk (for example SQL Server 2000), so while you do not need shared disks for the quorum, you do need
shared disks for the application.

93) Does MNS get rid of the need for shared disks?
It depends on the application. For example, clustered SQL Server 2000 requires shared disk for data. Remember,
MNS only removes the need for a shared disk quorum.

94) What does a failover cluster do in Windows Server 2008 ?

A failover cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to increase the availability of applications
and services. The clustered servers (called nodes) are connected by physical cables and by software. If one of the
cluster nodes fails, another node begins to provide service (a process known as failover). Users experience a
minimum of disruptions in service.

95) What new functionality does failover clustering provide in Windows Server 2008 ?
New validation feature. With this feature, you can check that your system, storage, and network configuration is
suitable for a cluster.
Support for GUID partition table (GPT) disks in cluster storage. GPT disks can have partitions larger than two
terabytes and have built-in redundancy in the way partition information is stored, unlike master boot record (MBR)
disks.

96) What happens to a running Cluster if the quorum disk fails in Windows Server 2003 Cluster ?
In Windows Server 2003, the Quorum disk resource is required for the Clusterto function. In your example, if the
Quorum disk suddenly became unavailableto the cluster then both nodes would immediately fail and not be able
torestart the clussvc.
In that light, the Quorum disk was a single point of failure in a MicrosoftCluster implementation. However, it was
usually a fairly quick workaround toget the cluster back up and operational. There are generally two solutionsto that
type of problem.
1. Detemrine why the Quorum disk failed and repair.
2. Reprovision a new LUN, present it to the cluster, assign it a driveletter and format. Then start one node with the
/FQ switch and throughcluadmin designate the new disk resource as the Quorum. Then stop andrestart the clussvc
normally and then bring online the second node.

97) What happens to a running Cluster if the quorum disk fails in Windows Server 2008 Cluster ?
Cluster continue to work but failover will not happen in case of any other failure in the active node.

98) What is Failover clusters in sql server

As all of us need every service should be 24 into 7 and available every time we need that. So every services
provider need to technically strong. TO overcome this problem new concept comes into picture that is
failover cluster. It is group of independent computers that work together to increase the availability of
applications and services. Here each clustered server connected by cables and by software. And this
clustered server called nodes. If one cluste
r nodes fails then another node begins to work. It is good technique which is not dependent on single server.

99) What is the standard setting of Lookslive, IsAlive and Pending Timeout?
LooksAlive - 5 sec IsAlive - 30 sec Pending Timeout - 180 sec

Note- Do not modify Pending Timeout. The value, represented in seconds, is the amount of time the resource in either
the Offline Pending or Online Pending states has to resolve its status before the Cluster Service puts the resource in
either Offline or Failed status.

100) Can you change failover policy? If Yes then how?

To configure the failover policy, in the Threshold box, enter the number of times the group is allowed to fail over
within a set span of hours. In the Period box, enter the set span of hours. For example, if Threshold is set to 10 and
Period is set to 6, the Cluster Service fails the group over a maximum of 10 times in a 6-hour period. At the 11th
failover in that 6-hour period, the server cluster leaves the group offline. This affects only resources that were failed
over; therefore, if the SQL Server resource failed 11 times, it would be left offline, but the IP could be left online.

=========================================================

What is the difference between SQL Server clustering methods: - Active/Active - Active/Passive
Active/Active means that both nodes are active and accessing the shared disk resources, but are running
independent instances. When a node fails, you need to be sure that the remaining node has the resources available
to handle the additional databases that fail over. You can think of it like this. Node A has 1 database on it, and Node
B has 1 database on it. Node A goes down, the resources fail over to Node B, and now Node B has 2 databases
running on it.
In an Active/Passive cluster, you would only have 1 database running on a single node at any given time. Node A is
active with 1 DB, Node B is passive with no DBs. Node A goes down, the resources fail over to Node B. Node B is now
active with 1 database running on it.
I'm sure more experienced cluster admins or SQL admins will savage me for my terminology, but that's it in a
nutshell.
FAQ:

What is the isalive & Looks alive

LooksAlive check:
LooksAlive is a basic check in which the Cluster service queries the Windows Service Control Manager to check if the
SQL Server service is still running. By default this check happens every 5 seconds.
Cluster service calls looksAlive function every 5 seconds and LookAlive function Queries the service status by using
the Windows NT Service Control Manager. When the LooksAlive test fails ISAlive test is called immediately.

ISalive Check: A more rigorous IsAlive function is called every 60 second and monitors the health of the SQL Server
by opening up a connection to SQL Server and issuing “select @@servername” query over the connection. If the
checks fail the online Thread reports this failure to the Cluster Service.
During IsAlive check the Cluster Service connects to the SQL Server instance with the help of c:\windows\system32\
sqsrvres.dll and runs SELECT @@SERVERNAME against the instance.

By default, LooksAlive is fired every 5 seconds and IsAlive is fired every 60 seconds. The LooksAlive and IsAlive polling
intervals can be changed in Cluster Administrator or failover cluster manager from the advanced tab for the SQL
Server resource or using the cluster.execommand prompt utility.

Question: What is meant by Active – Passive and Active – Active clustering setup?

An Active – Passive cluster is a failover cluster configured in a way that only one cluster node is active at any given
time. The other node, called as Passive node is always online but in an idle condition, waiting for a failure of the
Active Node, upon which the Passive Node takes over the SQL Server Services and this becomes the Active Node, the
previous Active Node now being a Passive Node.

An Active – Active cluster is a failover cluster configured in a way that both the cluster nodes are active at any given
point of time. That is, one Instance of SQL Server is running on each of the nodes always; when one of the nodes has
a failure, both the Instances run on the only one node until the failed node is brought up (after fixing the issue that
caused the node failure). The instance is then failed over back to its designated node.

Question: List out some of the requirements to setup a SQL Server failover cluster.
Virtual network name for the SQL Server, Virtual IP address for SQL Server, IP addresses for the Public Network and
Private Network(also referred as Hearbeat) for each node in the failover cluster, shared drives for SQL Server Data
and Log files, Quorum Disk and MSDTC Disk.

Question: On a Windows Server 2003 Active – Passive failover cluster, how do you find the node which is active?
Using Cluster Administrator, connect to the cluster and select the SQL Server cluster. Once you have selected the
SQL Server group, in the right hand side of the console, thecolumn “Owner” gives us the information of the node on
which the SQL Server group is currently active.
Question: How do you open a Cluster Administrator?
From Start -> Run and type CluAdmin (case insensitive) and the Cluster Administrator console is displayed OR you
can also go to Start -> All programs -> Administrative Tools -> Cluster Administrator.

1. How will you restart your sqlserver on cluster without failing over ..?
Choose option ( Take offline and Bring online option by right clicking node)

2. What will you if want to add a disk to the SQL Group cluster ..?

Need to choose Add Dependancy option after doing that in Cluster administrator tool (or) in Failover Cluster admin
tool from 2008 version

3. As a DBA how will you design active/active cluster requirement . (i.e), how will you manage resource if failed
over ..?
Please read article from MSDN on this to have better understanding

4. Steps for failover ..?

Please red MSDN on this with full view

5. Difference between SQLSERVER 2005 and SQLSERVER 2008 Cluster Installation ..?

In sql2005 we have the option of installing sql in remaining nodes from the primary node ., But in sql2008 we need
to go seperately(Login to the bith nodes) for installing sql cluster .

6. What is the status of services on passive node for failover cluster in SQL server?
SQL services will be in manual and stopped. Cluster service will be in automatic and started mode on both the nodes.

7. Can you move the resources after pausing the node?

Yes resources can be moved after pausing the node. But we can't move them back till the node is paused.

8. Where is the prevent failback option?

This is the resource group property. It doesn't allow the resources to move back to the preferred node once the
node is ready to take the connections after failover.

9. How does the failover happen? What checks are performed to ensure that another node is up?
LooksAlive - The node which host the SQL server resources is verifed whether this node (server) is up
IsAlive - The node which host the SQL server resources is verifed whether the SQL service is up or not. Basically
running SELECT @@SERVERNAME

10. What will happen if you try to start the fultext service on the passive node.
This can be started on both the nodes as this doesn't have any dependecy on SQL service or any resource which is
possessed by active node.

11. What is Clustering. Briefly define & explain it ?

Clustering is a technology, which is used to provide High Availability for mission critical applications. We can
configure cluster by installing MCS (Microsoft cluster service) component from Add remove programs, which can
only available in Enterprise Edition and Data center edition.

12. Types of Clusters ?

In Windows we can configure two types of clusters
1. NLB (network load balancing) cluster for balancing load between servers. This cluster will not provide any high
availability. Usually preferable at edge servers like web or proxy.
2. Server Cluster: This provides High availability by configuring active-active or active-passive cluster. In 2 node
active-passive cluster one node will be active and one node will be stand by. When active server fails the application
will FAILOVER to stand by server automatically. When the original server backs we need to FAILBACK the application

13. What is Quorum ? A shared storage need to provide for all servers which keeps information about clustered
application and session state and is useful in FAILOVER situation. This is very important if Quorum disk fails entire
cluster will fails.

14. Why Quorum is necessary ?

When network problems occur, they can interfere with communication between cluster nodes. A small set of nodes
might be able to communicate together across a functioning part of a network, but might not be able to
communicate with a different set of nodes in another part of the network. This can cause serious issues. In this
“split” situation, at least one of the sets of nodes must stop running as a cluster.
To prevent the issues that are caused by a split in the cluster, the cluster software requires that any set of nodes
running as a cluster must use a voting algorithm to determine whether, at a given time, that set has quorum.
Because a given cluster has a specific set of nodes and a specific quorum configuration, the cluster will know how
many “votes” constitutes a majority (that is, a quorum). If the number drops below the majority, the cluster stops
running. Nodes will still listen for the presence of other nodes, in case another node appears again on the network,
but the nodes will not begin to function as a cluster until the quorum exists again.
For example, in a five node cluster that is using a node majority, consider what happens if nodes 1, 2, and 3 can
communicate with each other but not with nodes 4 and 5. Nodes 1, 2, and 3 constitute a majority, and they continue
running as a cluster. Nodes 4 and 5 are a minority and stop running as a cluster, which prevents the problems of a
“split” situation. If node 3 loses communication with other nodes, all nodes stop running as a cluster. However, all
functioning nodes will continue to listen for communication, so that when the network begins working again, the
cluster can form and begin to run.

15. Different types of Quorum in Windows server 2008 ?

1.Node Majority - Used when Odd number of nodes are in cluster.
2.Node and Disk Majority - Even number of nodes(but not a multi-site cluster)
3.Node and File Share Majority - Even number of nodes, multi-site cluster
4.Node and File Share Majority - Even number of nodes, no shared storage

16. Different types of Quorum in Windows server 2003 ?

Standard Quorum : As mentioned above, a quorum is simply a configuration database for MSCS, and is stored in the
quorum log file. A standard quorum uses a quorum log file that is located on a disk hosted on a shared storage
interconnect that is accessible by all members of the cluster.
Standard quorums are available in Windows NT 4.0 Enterprise Edition, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows
2000 Datacenter Server, Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition and Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition.
Majority Node Set Quorums : A majority node set (MNS) quorum is a single quorum resource from a server cluster
perspective. However, the data is actually stored by default on the system disk of each member of the cluster. The
MNS resource takes care to ensure that the cluster configuration data stored on the MNS is kept consistent across
the different disks.
Majority node set quorums are available in Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition, and Windows Server 2003
Datacenter Edition.

17. Explain about each Quorum type ?

Node Majority: Each node that is available and in communication can vote. The cluster functions only with a majority
of the votes, that is, more than half.
Node and Disk Majority: Each node plus a designated disk in the cluster storage (the “disk witness”) can vote,
whenever they are available and in communication. The cluster functions only with a majority of the votes, that is,
more than half.
Node and File Share Majority: Each node plus a designated file share created by the administrator (the “file share
witness”) can vote, whenever they are available and in communication. The cluster functions only with a majority of
the votes, that is, more than half.
No Majority: Disk Only: The cluster has quorum if one node is available and in communication with a specific disk in
the cluster storage.

18. How is the quorum information located on the system disk of each node kept in synch?
The server cluster infrastructure ensures that all changes are replicated and updated on all members in a cluster.

19. Can this method be used to replicate application data as well?

No, that is not possible in this version of clustering. Only Quorum information is replicated and maintained in a
synchronized state by the clustering infrastructure.

20. Can I convert a standard cluster to an MNS cluster?

Yes. You can use Cluster Administrator to create a new Majority Node Set resource and then, on the cluster
properties sheet Quorum tab, change the quorum to that Majority Node Set resource.

21. What is the difference between a geographically dispersed cluster and an MNS cluster?
A geographic cluster refers to a cluster that has nodes in multiple locations, while an MNS-based cluster refers to the
type of quorum resources in use. A geographic cluster can use either a shared disk or MNS quorum resource, while
an MNS-based cluster can be located in a single site, or span multiple sites.

22. What is the maximum number of nodes in an MNS cluster?

Windows Server 2003 supports 8-node clusters for both Enterprise Edition and Datacenter Edition.

23. Do I need special hardware to use an MNS cluster?

There is nothing inherent in the MNS architecture that requires any special hardware, other than what is required
for a standard cluster (for example, there must be on the Microsoft Cluster HCL). However, some situations that use
an MNS cluster may have unique requirements (such as geographic clusters), where data must be replicated in real
time between sites.

24. Does a cluster aware application need to be rewritten to support MNS?

No, using an MNS quorum requires no change to the application. However, some cluster aware applications expect a
shared disk (for example SQL Server 2000), so while you do not need shared disks for the quorum, you do need
shared disks for the application.

25. Does MNS get rid of the need for shared disks?
It depends on the application. For example, clustered SQL Server 2000 requires shared disk for data. Remember,
MNS only removes the need for a shared disk quorum.

26. What does a failover cluster do in Windows Server 2008 ?

A failover cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to increase the availability of applications
and services. The clustered servers (called nodes) are connected by physical cables and by software. If one of the
cluster nodes fails, another node begins to provide service (a process known as failover). Users experience a
minimum of disruptions in service.

27. What new functionality does failover clustering provide in Windows Server 2008 ?
New validation feature. With this feature, you can check that your system, storage, and network configuration is
suitable for a cluster.
Support for GUID partition table (GPT) disks in cluster storage. GPT disks can have partitions larger than two
terabytes and have built-in redundancy in the way partition information is stored, unlike master boot record (MBR)
disks.

28. What happens to a running Cluster if the quorum disk fails in Windows Server 2003 Cluster ?
In Windows Server 2003, the Quorum disk resource is required for the Clusterto function. In your example, if the
Quorum disk suddenly became unavailableto the cluster then both nodes would immediately fail and not be able
torestart the clussvc.
In that light, the Quorum disk was a single point of failure in a MicrosoftCluster implementation. However, it was
usually a fairly quick workaround toget the cluster back up and operational. There are generally two solutionsto that
type of problem.
1. Detemrine why the Quorum disk failed and repair.
2. Reprovision a new LUN, present it to the cluster, assign it a driveletter and format. Then start one node with the
/FQ switch and throughcluadmin designate the new disk resource as the Quorum. Then stop andrestart the clussvc
normally and then bring online the second node.

29. What happens to a running Cluster if the quorum disk fails in Windows Server 2008 Cluster ?
Cluster continue to work but failover will not happen in case of any other failure in the active node.

30. What is Failover clusters in sql server

As all of us need every service should be 24 into 7 and available every time we need that. So every services provider
need to technically strong. TO overcome this problem new concept comes into picture that is failover cluster. It is
group of independent computers that work together to increase the availability of applications and services. Here
each clustered server connected by cables and by software. And this clustered server called nodes. If one cluste
r nodes fails then another node begins to work. It is good technique which is not dependent on single server.

31. What is the standard setting of Lookslive, IsAlive and Pending Timeout?
LooksAlive - 5 sec IsAlive - 30 sec Pending Timeout - 180 sec

Note- Do not modify Pending Timeout. The value, represented in seconds, is the amount of time the resource in either
the Offline Pending or Online Pending states has to resolve its status before the Cluster Service puts the resource in
either Offline or Failed status.

32. Can you change failover policy? If Yes then how?

To configure the failover policy, in the Threshold box, enter the number of times the group is allowed to fail over
within a set span of hours. In the Period box, enter the set span of hours. For example, if Threshold is set to 10 and
Period is set to 6, the Cluster Service fails the group over a maximum of 10 times in a 6-hour period. At the 11th
failover in that 6-hour period, the server cluster leaves the group offline. This affects only resources that were failed
over; therefore, if the SQL Server resource failed 11 times, it would be left offline, but the IP could be left online.

33. What is the status of the Cluster Service and SQL service on both the nodes? Would they both were stop on
the passive node?
Cluster service is automatic and started mode on all the nodes. But SQL Service will run only on the active node.

34. Is it possible to put Cluster Group and SQL Group on different nodes?
Yes it is Possible. If you have one group on one node and another group on another node... that will run.

35. Do you know any kind of limitation for Clustering?

Yes, We cannot do clustering with Windows 2000 Professional or lower server versions. Clustering is only available
on servers running Windows 2000 Advanced Server (which supports 2-node clusters), Windows 2000 Datacenter
Server (which supports up to 4-node clusters), or Windows 2003 Enterprise Edition and Windows 2003 Datacenter
Server (which support up to 8-node clusters).

36. How does Cluster perform at the time of failover?

Clusters use an algorithm to detect a failure, and use failover policies to determine how to handle the work from a
failed server. These policies also specify how a server is to be restored to the cluster when it becomes available
again.

37. What are all resources controlled by Cluster?

The short list of resources controlled by the cluster will be-
•Physical Disks (Q:—Quorum disk, E:—Shared disks, F:, so on)
•Cluster IP Address
•Cluster Name (Network Name)
•MS DTC
•SQL Server Virtual IP Address
•SQL Server Virtual Name (Network Name)
•SQL Server
•SQL Agent
•SQL Full Text Service Instance (if installed)

38. How to configure MSDTC as a cluster resource?

Setup DTC using following command
C:\Windows\System32> DTCSetup.exe
“OR”
From a DOS command prompt, run comclust.exe on node A. This will configure MS DTC for use with cluster services.
C:\Windows\System32> comclust.exe

39. Whatis isalive and look alive?

A:

Looks Alive check:Looks alive check is a basic resource health check to verify that the service(SQL service in our
context) is running properly.To perform this , cluster service queries the windows service control manager to check
the status of the service.By default looks alive check will happen in every five seconds.

Is Alive check: An exhaustive check to verify that a resource is running properly. If this check fails, the resource is
moved offline and the failover process is triggered. During the Is alive check the cluster service connects to the SQL
server instance and execute select @@SERVERNAME.It will check only the SQL server instance availability and does
not check the availability of user databases.

You can specify two polling intervals and a timeout value for resources. The polling intervals affect how often the
MSCS Resource Monitor checks that the resource is available and operating. There are two levels of polling; they are
known in Cluster Administrator as "Looks Alive" and "Is Alive." These values are named for the calls that the
Resource Monitor makes to the resource to perform the polling. In "Looks Alive" polling, MSCS performs a cursory
check to determine if the resource is available and running. In "Is Alive" polling, MSCS performs a more thorough
check to determine if the resource is fully operational. The timeout value specifies how many seconds MSCS waits
before it considers the resource failed.

40. What is Quorum?

Quorum is the cluster's configuration file.This file (quorum.log) resides in the the quorum disk (one disk from shared
disk array).Quorum is the main interpreter between all nodes. It stores latest cluster configuration and resource
data. This helps the other nodes to take ownership when one node goes down