Functional Analysis (MTH641) (Assignment # 1)

Student Name: Syed Alamdar Hussain Student ID: BC230210805

Question No 01 Marks: 5

Determine whether the discrete metric on any non-empty set X satisfies the triangle
inequality or not.

Solution:

For any two points x , y ∈ X , the discrete metric d (x , y) is defined as:

{
d (x , y)= ¿ 0 if x= y
¿ 1if x ≠ y

We`ll verify triangular property for any points x , y , z ∈ X

i.e. d (x , z)≤ d( x , y )+ d ( y , z ) ………………… (i)

Let us discuss the possible cases.

Case 1: x= y =z

Here,

d (x , z)=d (x , y )=d ( y , z)=0

, the inequality d (x , z)≤ d( x , y )+ d ( y , z )

So

Eq. (i) implies, 0≤0

Case 2: x= y ≠ z

Here,

d ( x , y )=0 , d ( y , z )=1 , d( x , z)=1

Eq. (i) becomes 1 ≤0+ 1, which simplifies to 1 ≤1, which is true.

Case 3: x ≠ y =z

Here,

d ( x , y )=1 , d ( y , z )=0 , d( x , z)=1

Eq. (i) becomes 1 ≤1+0 , which simplifies to 1 ≤1, which is true.

Case 4: x ≠ y ≠ z
Here, d ( x , y )=1 , d ( y , z )=1 , d (x , z )=1

Eq. (i) implies 1 ≤1+1, which simplifies to 1 ≤2 , which is true.

Hence, the discrete metric on any non-empty set X satisfies the triangle inequality.

Question No 2: Marks: 5

( ) 𝑝
1 1
Show that the sequence 1 , 2 , 3 ,...................... belongs to l P for any >1
but not for 𝑝 = 1.

Solution:
Consider,

( 1 1
a n= 1, , , ......................
2 3 )
The p-norm of the sequence (a n) is defined as:

( ) ( )
∞ 1/p ∞ 1/p

‖an‖p = ∑|an| p
= ∑ n1p
n =1 n=1
∞

∑ n1p is known as p-series and its convergence depends on the value of p.

n =1

Case 1: For p>1

∞
Consider the series: ∑ n1p
n =1
This is a well-known convergent series for p>1.

( )
∞ 1/ p
1
This implies that ∑ p < ∞
n=1 n

(
1 1
)
Thus, the sequence 1 , , ,...................... belongs to the space l p for any p > 1.
2 3

Case 1: For p=1

∞
1
Consider the series: ∑
n =1 n
This is a harmonic series, which always diverges.
∞
So, ∑ 1n =∞
n =1
Thus, the l 1-norm of the sequence does not converge, so the sequence

( 1 1
1 , , ,...................... ∉ l 1
2 3 )
1 1
( )
Therefore, the sequence 1 , , ,...................... belongs to the space l p for any p > 1 but not for p =
2 3
1.

Question No 3: Marks: 5

Verify if the sequence (𝑥n) defined by 𝑥n = (−1)n is convergent or Cauchy

or belongs to the 𝑙∞
space.
Solution:

To analyze the sequence x n defined by x n=(−1)n is convergent or Cauchy or belongs to the 𝑙∞

space. We must check the following:

Convergence of x n:
A sequence x n is convergent if there exists a limit L such that
lim ¿n → ∞ x n=L ¿
In the given case, the sequence x n=(−1)n , oscillates between 1 and -1 for the successive values of
n like x 1=−1 , x 2=1 , x 3=−1 , x 4=1 and so on.
Since x n does not settle towards a single value, it does not have a limit.
Therefore, the sequence is not convergent.

Cauchy Property of x n:

A sequence is called Cauchy if, for every ∈>0, there exists an integer N such that for all m , n≥ N , we
have
|x n−x m|< ∈
In this case, because 𝑥n = (−1)n , the distance can be either 0 or 2, depending on whether n and m
are both odd, both even, or one is odd is odd and the other is even:
 If n and m have the same parity (both even or both odd), xn = xm ,so
|x n−x m|=0
 If n and m have different parity (one is odd and the other is even),
|x n−x m|=2
This means that for any ∈<2, we cannot find an integer N
such that |x n−x m|< ∈ for all m , n≥ N .

Therefore, the sequence is not Cauchy.

Membership in 𝑙∞:

A sequence (xn) is in the space 𝑙∞ if it is bounded, meaning there exists a constant M such that
|x n|< M for all n.

In this case, x n=¿ oscillates between 1 and -1 , so |x n|≤1 for all n. This implies that the sequence is
bounded.

Thus , ( x n ) ∈l with ‖x n‖∞=1.

∞

Conclusion :
The sequence x n=¿
 is not convergent
 is not Cauchy
 but belongs to l ∞ with ‖x n‖∞=1.