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10 views12 pages

Lecture 16 2024

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rv451
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PHY101: Introduction to Physics I

Monsoon Semester 2024


Lecture 16

Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences,


Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR
Previous Lecture

Potential energy
Energy diagram

This Lecture

Oscillation
What is oscillation?
Þ Displacement from position of stable equilibrium that occurs
periodically as a function of time.

Þ Occurs when system is disturbed from the position of stable


equilibrium.

ÞExamples:
(a) Mass on spring
(b) A swinging pendulum
(c) An AC electric circuit
Why do we study oscillation?
Þ A common phenomenon in everyday life
(a) Motion of clock pendulum
(b) Vibration of string on musical instrument
(c) Car suspension
(d) Suspension of a bridge (Solder marching on a bridge!!)

1831: Broughton Bridge, England broke while


a brigade of soldiers was marching across the
bridge.
1850: Angers bridge, France broke while a
brigade of soldiers was marching across the
bridge. 200 people died.
1940: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Washington)
broke because of wind (64 km/h).
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
SHM is an oscillatory motion a system undergoes when subjected
to a restoring force, which is directly proportional to the system's
displacement from the equilibrium position and acts in the
direction opposite to the displacement.
A body that undergoes simple harmonic
motion is called a harmonic oscillator.
It is called “harmonic” because its oscillation generates a “pure”
sinusoidal tone at the frequency ω . Together with its overtones (nω)
it forms a superposition of tones that are felt by human ears as
harmony.
If the amplitude of oscillation is small enough, we can use SHM as
an approximate model for many different periodic motions, such as
Ø vibration of a tuning fork
Ø electric current in an alternating-current circuit
Ø oscillations of atoms in molecules and solids
Equation of motion
Force on a spring,

𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥
" Hook’s law holds good for
!
=> 𝑥̈ + 𝜔 𝑥 = 0, 𝜔= #
small stress or compression.

This a homogeneous (RHS = 0), linear (power of 𝑥̈ or 𝑥 is 1)


differential equation of 2nd order type (double derivative of 𝑥).

Trial solution, 𝒙 = 𝑨𝒆𝜶𝒕 Where A and α are constants to be


determined from boundary conditions.

=>𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 &'( + 𝐵𝑒 )&'( (1)


General solution is the arbitrary linear combination of the solutions.
(Verify if this is really a solution by substituting (1) in the equation
of motion.)
Different form of the solution
Can we write the solution in the form?
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐷 sin 𝜔𝑡 (2)
Use 𝑒 &* = cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 in (1)
Another form of the solution is:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑃 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑+ (3)
Can you obtain (3) from (2) ?
Substitute 𝐶 = 𝑃 cos 𝜑!, 𝐷 = 𝑃 sin 𝜑! .
#
Then 𝑃 = 𝐶 " + 𝐷 " , tan 𝜑! = $

Substitute 𝐷 = 𝑃 cos 𝜑", 𝐶 = 𝑃 sin 𝜑" .


$
where 𝑃 = 𝐶 " + 𝐷 " , tan 𝜑" = # to obtain

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑃 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑! (4)
Forms (3) and (4) are most popular.

Depending on the specific system and situation, the forms can


be chosen for convenient mathematical calculations.

=> Physically, all forms will describe exactly the same motion
as the constants taken in equations will change accordingly.
The parameters in the equation
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(ω𝑡 + ϕ)
1. Angular velocity:
𝑘
ω=
𝑚
2. Phase = 𝜑
"%
3. Period, 𝑇 = , after 𝑇, the position
&
and velocity are back to initial condition
!
4. Frequency : ν = '

5. Amplitude (A): Maximum


displacement from equilibrium position
For 𝜑 = 0
Displacement
𝑥 = 𝐴𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑

Velocity
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = −𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
𝑑𝑡

Acceleration
𝑑"𝑥
a = " = −𝐴𝜔" cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
𝑑𝑡

Image source: https://www.physics.louisville.edu/cldavis/phys298/notes/shm_files/image019.png


Oscillations in an LC Circuit

no resistance

Very similar to a mass-and-spring simple harmonic oscillator with no fricition

Energy stored in a capacitor Energy stored in an inductor


Oscillations in an LC Circuit
Very similar to a mass-and-spring simple harmonic oscillator with no fricition

𝑳
angular frequency of the oscillations 𝝎=
𝑪

"natural frequency" or the "resonant frequency"

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