PROJECT TITLE

"TO STUDY VARIOUS

COMMON DISEASES IN
HUMAN"
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iam very glad to have the opportunity to make this project & express my
profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Tegfaswint Kumawá Mam for
exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout this
project. I would like to thank the people who helped me directly or indirectly to
complete the project.

Iwould also like to extend my gratitude to Mrs. Rahtma Salve principal of

St Thomas School for their valuable encouragement and approval of the project
Runde
work.

Lastly, I thank The Almighty, my parents and friends for their constant
encouragement.
CONTENT:

> Introd1uction

> Types of diseases

> Mode of transmission
> Viral diseases
> Bacterial diseases
> Protozoon diseases

> Some important diseases & dates

> Bibliography
Introduction:

PROJECT REPORT ON HUMAN DISEASES

A disease is a condition of the body or a part of it in which functions are disturbed

or arranged. Diseases may also be defined as morphological, physiological,
psychological disturbance in the body or body parts caused by some external
agencies which may be non-parasitic e.g. deficiency of nutrients or may be
parasitic caused by causes, bacteria , fungi etc. The term disease means DIS
EASE or discomfort. In short it can be defined as 'disease is disorder of body'.
SOURCES OF DISEASES

The reservoirs of human diseases are:

a) Air: It is reservoir of pathogens of many diseases like, measles, mumps,

tuberculosis, diphtheria ete.
b) Food and Water: These are reservoir of pathogens of many diseases
like, cholera, polio, typhoid, roundworm, tapeworm etc.
c) Soil: It is a reservoir of pathogen of tetanus diseases.
d) Animals: These are those living organisms which spread the pathogens from
an infected person of healthy person. These do not suffer from the diseases so are
also called reservoir host.
TYPES OF DISEASES

Diseases are broadly classified into two categories:

A CONGENITAL DISEASES

Diseases present since birth and are caused due to defective development of
inheritance e.g. congenital heart diseases, hemophilia, colour blindness etc.
B Acquired diseases
Diseases developed after birth. They are further classified as
a) Communicable diseases

b) Non-Communicable diseases

Differences between Communicable & Non-Communicable Diseases

Communicable diseases Non-communicable diseases

No.

1 1 The diseases which are not

The diseases which spread
from one person to another. transmitted from one person to
another.

2
They are caused by pathogens,2. They are caused by deficiency of
e.g. malaria, smallpox etc. nutrients, allergy, abnormal
proliferation of cells etc. e.g.
kwashiorkor, cancer etc.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

The diseases are transmitted from the reservoirs of infection to the healthy persons
the following ways:

1) Direct transmission: The pathogens are transmitted from an infected person or

healthy person directly without an intermediate agent. It occurs in following
ways

a) Contact with infected person e.g., small pox and chicken pox.

b) Contact with soil e.g., tetanus.

2. Indirect transmission: The pathogens of some diseases are carried through some
intermediate agents. It occurs in following ways:

a) Air borne diseases.

b) By unclean hands and fingers.

 1. RABIES

Rabies a fatal viral disease that is transmitted to human beings by bite of rabid
dog or cat
A number of wild animals also carry the virus, e.g. Jaundice wolves, foxes, bat,
monkeys, rabbit etc. Disease is not expressed after infection up to 1-3 months.
Symptoms: Rabies is 100% fatal disease. It is characterized by high fever and
pain contraction of muscles of throat and chest. The patient feels restless, has
choking feet and finds difficulty in taking even liquid food. He is afraid of water,
so called hydrophobia. The virus destroys the brain and spinal cord. So, it causes
paralysis and painful death.
Prevention:
V Compulsory immunization of dogs and cats should be done. Pet dogs should
be vaccinated with anti-rabies vaccine.

v Rabid animal should be killed, if it shows excessive salivation and tries

seeking isolation.
Control: There is no treatment until now.

Matrix protein IRNA genome

helical coil
Host-derived
lioid membrane "Nucleoprotein Ribonucleoprotein
Envelope complex or
T Glycoprotein Phosphoprotein nucleocapsid
RNA polymerase
 2. AIDS

Aids stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It is caused by HIV

(Human immune-deficiency virus). It was firstly detected in June 1981 in USA.
This virus weakness the human body's immunity or self defense mechanism.
Hence the aids virus reduces the natural immunity of the human body; therefore,
the body saving AIDS becomes prone to many other infections.
Modes of transmission:

V It spreads through sexual contact with an infected person carrying AIDS virus.

V It spread though the transfusion of blood infected with AIDs virus.

It spread though the use of infected needles for injections, blade or razors and
other equipment of barbers.
The children of AIDS infected mother get this disease from mother's blood.

Retrovirus
Viral RNA core
Virus infccts
Viral protein normal cell
coat
Plasma
membrane
Animal eell
Viral RNA is introduoed into cell
Viral DNA is Cytoplasm
produced
Viral DNA is incorporated
b reverse into host genome
transcriptase,
New viral RNA
is produoed by
the infected cell

New viruses
arc produoed
Nucleus DNA
New viruses
can infect other cells
Svmptoms: The important symptoms are
V Severe brain damage which may lead to loss of memory, ability to speak and
think.

V Swollen lymph nodes.

Decreased count of blood platelets causing hemorrhage.
v Sweating at night and weight loss.
AIDS patient also become more susceptible to infections of any body.
A full blown AIDS patient dies within three years and mortality is 100%.
Prevention: No absolutely satisfactory vaccine is yet available. So, we can
prevent AIDS only preventive measures like
Use of disposable syringes.
v Using condoms and adopt clean sex habits.
V People should be educated about AIDS.
Blood test must be done in pregnant woman, blood donor's organ donors.
Dentists should use sterilized instrument.

The common razor at the barber shop should be used.

Control: Tilltoday there is no specific therapy against HIV infection. Some

medical have been discovered which can suppress AIDS virus.
National AIDS control program was started in 1987.
World AlDS day: December 1.
BACTERIAL DISEASES

TYPHOID

TYPHOID: Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhoid bacteria, commonly found

in interterm of man. It is most common communicable diseases. This is common is
age group of 1-15 years. Every year about 2.5 million people suffer from typhoid.
Modes of transmission: Contaminated food and water and house flies.

Symptoms: It is characterized by
Headache and rise in body temperature.
Lesions of intestinal mucosa.
y Diarrhea which becomes hemorrhagic.
Rose coloured rash on the upper abdomen.
Control: Antibiotics can treat the diseases.
Prevention:
v Underground disposal of human faces.
v Disinfection of water and proper cooking of food.
Typhoral oral vaccines also prevent typhoid.
TAB- Vaccine provides immunity for 3 years.
Typhoid is diagnosed by widal test.
PROTOZOAN DISEASES

MALARIA

MALARIA: Malaria is more common in tropical and subtropical countries,

especially in Africa and Asia. It is estimated that about 300 million people are
infected with malaria every year and more than 2 million people die annually due
to this diseases.

Causes: Malaria is caused by the toxins produced in the human body by the
malaria parasite Plasmodium. Presence ofmalarial parasite can be checked by
blood test.

Modes of transmission: Plasmodium of transmitted byfemale Anopheles

mosquito. When this mosquito bites man to suck blood, it introduces its saliva
containing the malarial parasite into the blood stream of the man.
Svmptoms: Malaria attack is preceded by headache, nausea and muscular pain.
Total period of malarial attack is of 6-10 hour and can be divided into3 stages:
Cold stage- Characterized by chilling and shivering.
Hot stage- Characterized by high fever, faster rate of breathing and heart beat,
etc.

v Sweating stage- It is characterized by lowering down of temperature to

normal.

After the malaria attack, the patient feels weak, exhausted and anemic. The malaria
may secondarily cause engagement of lever and splee.
Prevention:
Use of insect repellants to prevent mosquito bite.
V Wire- gauzing of doors, windows, etc. to check the entry of mosquitoes.

V Killing of adult mosquitoes by spraying insecticides likes D.D.T and B.H.C.

 Sleeping under mosquito nets.
v Destroying breeding places of mosquitoes.
Control: Anumber of anti-malarial drugs are available. The commonest anti
malarial drug is quinine. Efforts are being medicine for the development of an
anti-malarial vaccine.

Gametocytes fuse and

sporozoites develop

Mosquito

Lymph vessel

Lynph
Sporozoitos node
Skin
Capillary
Liver cell rupture
merozoite release
Liver cel
entry Liver
Uptake during
blood meal
RBC
penetration

Development
into gametocytes
Asexual
reproduction
Cancer:
It is the uncontrolled and unwanted growth of cells.
Cause:

1. No definite cause has been arrived at so far. However, it is found that body
has proto-oncogenes. These are activated by some substances or stimulus,
which convert these into active cancer-causing oncogenes.
2. Heavy smoking and alcoholism.
3. Chewing of tobacco.
4. Consistent irritation of skin or repeated injury at the same point. Cancer is a
kind of tumorous growth.
Tumours can be classified into two categories:
a) Benign tumour: It remains confined to the place of origin and does not
spread to other body parts. It is relatively harmless.
b) Malignant tumour: It spreads to other parts of the body and growth is
rapid. This is serious and may cause death of the patient.

Primary Neoplasm Metastases

TRANSFORMATION TUMOR EVOLUTION METASTASIS TUMOR EVOLUTION

AND PROGRESSION AND PROGRESSION
Symptoms:
1. Persistent lump or thickening in tissues, especially in tongue, breast and
uterus.
2. Any irregular bleeding or blood-tinged discharge from anybody opening.
3. Any sore that does not heal quickly.
4. Change in the form of mole or
5. Persistent hoarseness in voice, cough or difficulty in swallowing.
Prevention and cure:

1. Cancer check up should be done once a year.

2. Treatmnent should be taken under medical advice.
3. Avoid smoking, taking alcohol and chewing of tobacco.
4. Observe regularity in life style to keep body healthy.
Filariasis:
Pathogen: Filarial worm (Wuchereria bancrofti)
Mode of transmission: Bites of mosquitoes - AedesA and Culex.
Symptoms
1. Fever
2. Collection of endothellial cells and metabolites in the wall of lymph vessels.
3. Swelling takes place in certain parts of the body like legs, breasts & scrotum
4. Swelling of legs which appear as legs of elephant, so this disease is also
called elephantiasis.
Prevention and cure

1. Mesh doors and windows in the house to check the entry of mosquitoes.
2. The water collected in tanks or other articles should be properly covered.
3. Sprinkling of kerosene in ditches, etc.
4. Drugs may be administered.
Brugia malayi
0Mosquito takes Human Stages
Mosquito Stages a blood meal
(Llarvae enter skin)

eto head
Bnsouto's proboscit

L3 larvae
2 Adults in lymphatics

6 L1 larvae
9 Adults produce sheathed
croarae that feach
4 Mosquito takee the blood st
a blood meal
(ngests meroane)
neetrate mesees mdoud
and migrate to thoracic muscles.

AIntective Stage
ADiagnostic Stage
SOME IMPORTANT DATES ABOUT DISEASES:

World TB Day- 24 March.

National TB control program was started in 1962.
The incidence of tetanus in India is about 30-50 persons per one lack.
Bubonic Plague is commonest type of plague.
Incidence of Diarrhea diseases is highest in Andhra and Orissa states.
Hepatitis is more dangerous than AIDS.
Macculoch (1827) proposed the name malaria.
Laveran (1880) discovered malarial parasites in the blood of amalarial
patient.
Ronald Ross (1897) proved that malarial parasite is spread by
female Anopheles mosquito.
August 20 is called Malaria Day.
Bibliography:

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