SHERSHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SASARAM

DEPARTMENT: Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Class: EEE -VI Semester
LABORATORY: Digital Signal Processing Laboratory (PCC-EEE24)
Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet

Experiment No. 01

Aim: - Generation of Discrete-time signals-Impulse, Step, Ramp, Sinusoidal and Exponential.

Apparatus Required: MATLAB Software.

Theory:
A discrete signal or discrete time signal is a time series consisting of a sequence of quantities. In other
words, it is a time series that is a function over a domain of integers. Unlike a continuous time signal, a
discrete time signal is not a function of a continuous argument; however, it may have been obtained by
sampling from a continuous time signal, and then each value in the sequence is called a sample. When a
discrete time signal obtained by sampling a sequence corresponds to uniformly spaced times, it has an
associated sampling rate; the sampling rate is not apparent in the data sequence, and so needs to be
associated as a characteristic unit of the system.
Discrete-time signals are represented mathematically as sequences of numbers. A sequence of numbers
x, in which the nth number in the sequence is denoted x[n], is formally written as
x = {x[n]}, −∞ < n < ∞,
where n is an integer. In a practical setting, such sequences can often arise from periodic sampling of an
analog (i.e., continuous-time) signal xa(t). In that case, the numeric value of the nth number in the
sequence is equal to the value of the analog signal, xa(t ), at time nT : i.e.,
x[n] = xa(nT ), −∞ < n < ∞.
The quantity T is the sampling period, and its reciprocal is the sampling frequency.

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Program 1(a):

% Unit Impulse discrete Signal

close all;
clear all;
clc;
N=input('Enter Number of Samples, N = ');
n=-N:N

delta=zeros(1,2*N+1)

disp( '.....OUTPUT for Unit Impulse discrete Signal ......... ');

for i=N+1
delta(1,i)=delta(1,i)+1
end

stem(n,delta,'color','red');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Impulse discrete Signal');

Output 1(a):

Enter Number of Samples, N = 10

n=

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

delta =

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

.....OUTPUT for Unit Impulse discrete Signal .........

delta =

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Program 1(b):

% Unit Step discrete Signal

close all;
clear all;
clc;
N=input('Enter Number of Samples, N = ');
n=-N:N

u=zeros(1,2*N+1)

disp( '.....OUTPUT for Unit Step discrete Signal ......... ');

for i=N+1:2*N+1
u(1,i)=u(1,i)+1
end

stem(n,u,'^-
','LineWidth',3,'color','green','MarkerSize',7,'MarkerFaceColor','cyan','Mar
kerEdgeColor','magenta');
axis([-7 7 -0.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Unit Step discrete Signal');
grid on;

% Sinusoidal discrete Signal

y=(10*cos(0.125*pi*n)).*u
figure(2)

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 subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n,y,'o-
','LineWidth',1,'color','black','MarkerSize',8,'MarkerFaceColor','yellow','M
arkerEdgeColor','blue');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Sinusoidal discrete Signal');
grid on;

% Exponential discrete Signal

a=input('Enter the base, a = ');
x=(10*(a.^n)).*u
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,x,'o-
','LineWidth',1,'color','black','MarkerSize',8,'MarkerFaceColor','yellow','M
arkerEdgeColor','white');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Exponential discrete Signal');
grid on;

Output 1(b):

Enter Number of Samples, N = 7

n=

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

.....OUTPUT for Unit Step discrete Signal .........

u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

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u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

u=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

y=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0000 9.2388 7.0711 3.8268 0.0000 -

3.8268 -7.0711 -9.2388

Enter the base, a = 0.4

x=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0000 4.0000 1.6000 0.6400 0.2560

0.1024 0.0410 0.0164

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Program 1(c):

% Unit Ramp discrete Signal

close all;
clear all;
clc;
N=input('Enter Number of Samples, N = ');
n=-N:N

r=zeros(1,2*N+1)

disp( '.....OUTPUT for Unit Ramp discrete Signal ......... ');

for i=N+1:2*N+1
r(1,i)=n(1,i)
end

stem(n,r,'o-
','LineWidth',3,'color','green','MarkerSize',2,'MarkerFaceColor','cyan','Mar
kerEdgeColor','magenta');

xlabel('Time --->');
ylabel('Amplitude .....>>');
title('Unit Ramp discrete Signal');
grid on;

Output 1(c):

Enter Number of Samples, N = 12

n=

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

.....OUTPUT for Unit Ramp discrete Signal .........

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

r=

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 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 0 0
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0
0 0

r=

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 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 0

r=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12

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Conclusion:

Questions:

Q.1: Write a command to generate a column vector having five zeros.

Answer:

Q.2: What will be happen if base a of exponential signal function is taken as unity?

Answer:

Q.3: Write a command which will convert a discrete graph into a continuous graph.
Answer:

Assessment:
Cognitive Affective Psychomotor Total
(Out of 3) (Out of 3) (Out of 3) (Out of 9)

Sign of the faculty with Date

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