MUNG BEAN & URD BEAN

Differences between Phaseolus and Vigna:

Features Phaseolus Vigna

Stipules: Truncate cordate & prolonged

Keel : Spirally twisted Keel erect & incurved
Style: without apical with distinct appendage (beak)
appendage
Fruit: not septate septate
First pair of Leaves Petiolate sessile
Pollen grains: Fine sculptured Open reticulatum

Differences between Mung & Urd Bean:

Character Green gram Black gram

Habit Annual herbaceous, erect (45-120 cm tall), some Annual, herbaceous, (30-100 cm tall), erect
time trailing to trailing types
Root Tap root system, with nodules for fixing atmospheric Tap root system, with nodules for fixing
nitrogen atmospheric nitrogen
Stem Erect or sub-erect, some time twining upper Diffuse, furrowed with dense and long hair
branches, furrowed and branched, less hair, green much branch from base, purple pigmentation
and rarely with purple pigmentation but some time green
Leaves Trifoliate, entire ovate & rarely lobed with large Trifoliate, entire ovate /lobed stipules narrow
petiole, stipules browed
Inflorescence Terminal or axillary raceme crowed in cluster (10-20 An axillary raceme, branched, capitates
florets) per peduncle cluster (5-6 florets) on shorter peduncle
Flower Hermaphrodite, zygomorphic, yellow colour, 5 Same as green gram
sepals, 5 petals, 1 standard , 10 stamens (1+9)
diadelphous, mono carpellary superior ovary with
hairy style
Pods Immature pod green, some time purple Immature pod green, mature pod buff to dark
pigmentation, mature pod gray or brownish colour, brown, 4-6 cm long round erect or sub-erect
4-16 cm long round slender with less pubescence, with long, dense hair and short hooked beak,
9-16 seed per pod 4-6 seed per pod
Seed Globular, green but some time marbelled with yellow Oblong, having square ends, black/green
brown, purple brown or black, surface has fine wavy with brown or black, white concave hilum,
ridges, white hilum, round more or less flat
Germination/ Epigeal / dirty yellow Epigeal / white
Cotyledon
 Green Gram (Vigna radiata)
I. SYSTEMATIC POSITION:
KINGDOM : Plantae
SUBKINGDOM : Phanerogams
DIVISION : Angiospermae
CLASS : Dicotyledonae
SUB-CLASS : Polypetalae
SERIES : Calyciflorae
ORDER : Rosales
FAMILY : Leguminosae
SUB-FAMILY : Papilionatae
TRIBE : Phaseoleae
GENUS & SPECIES: : Vigna radiata

 ORIGIN: Native to the northeastern India-Burma region of Asia Nilevalley

 SUBSPECIES: Three subspecies of Vigna radiata
Var radiata (for mungbean)
Var sublobata (Roxb verdc-wild form form of mung
Var glabra (Roxb.) verdc.

 CHROMOSOME NUMBER: 2n=2x=22

 INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION: Interspecific hybridization is useful in dnhancing

genes of mungbean. Following types of crosses are made by breeders.
1. Vigna radiata x Vigna mungo
2. Vigna radiata x Vigna umbellate
3. Vigna radiata x Vigna angularis
4. Vigna radiata x Vigna trilobata
5. Vigna radiata x Tetraploid vigna glabrescens
6. Vigna radiata x vigna radiata var. sublobata

II. DESCRIPTION:
HABIT: An Annual, semierect to erect or sometimes twining herb
ROOT: Deep rooted, nodulated tap root, nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria
STEM: 25-100 cm tall, stems are branching from base and covered with short fine brownish
hairs.
Leaves: The leaves are alternate and trifoliate, or sometimes with five leaflets.
LEAFLETS: Leaflets are medium to dark green, broadly ovate, sometimes lobed, rounded
at the base and pointed at the apex, 5 to 12 cm long and 2-10 cm wide.
INFLORESENCE: 10 to 25 flowers are borne in axillary clusters or racemes.
 FLOWERS: Flower are greenish to bright yellow with a gray tinged keel, 1 to 1.75 cm in
diameter, bracteate, Pedicellate, hermaphrodite, hermaphrodite, complete, zygomorphic,
hypogynous
CALYX: Bracts re ovate to oblong, sepals 5, connate at the base, valvate aestivation
COROLLA: Petals 5, Polypetalous, Papilionaceous, descending imbricate. Aestivation, one
posterior long standard, two lateral short wings, two anterior petals joined to each other
forming keel.

ANDROECIUM: 10 stamens, diadelphous, 9 fused with each on anterior side, one free on
posterior side, anther lobes bilocular, dorsifixed, introrse.
GYNOECIUM: Monocarpellary, unilocular, marginal placentaton, ovary superior.
FRUIT: Fruit is a pod, cylindrical, straight to strong uc. Curved, pointed at the tip and radiate
horizontally in whorls. When mature, the pods are glabrous or have short hairs brown to
black, 5 to 14 cm long and 4 to 6 mm side, and may burst open when dry shattering the
seeds.
SEED: Seeds, borne 8-20 per pod, are globose, glossy or dull, with green, yellow, brown,
black or mottled testa. Dull seeds are coated with a layer of the pod inner membrane which
may be translucid or pigmented and which covers a shiny testa. The testa is reticulated with
numerous fine wavy ridges and cross walls. Seeds vary in weight 15 to 85 milligrams,
generally averaging 25 to 30 thousand seeds per kilogram. The hilum is round, flat (non
concave) and white. Seed germination is epigeal.
III. POLLINATION: Flowers are self fertile and highly self pollinated flowering is determinate
and may continue over a period of sever4al weeks. Pods mature about 20 days after
flowering.

IV. MORPHOLOGICAL DISTINCTION:

1. Pods spreading or reflexed
2. Seeds of Mungbean are marked by many five wavy ridges, which may be prominent to faint,
but always present.
3. Mungbean pods have short hairs.
4. Seeds nearly globular and hilum non concave.
5. Mungbean has four pairs long and seven pairs medium length chromosomes.
6. chemotaxonomic evidence show that seeds have free dipeptide Y-glutamyl-S-methylcy
steine and its sulfoxide

V. BREEDING OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of the breeding programme determine the characteristics of new cultivars
emerging from it. Broad breeding objective are:
1. SEED YIELD ENHANCEMENT:
Breeding for improved seed yield involves (A) concentration of combinations of genes for
genetic potential to produce high seed yields. (B) Incorporation of genes for tolerance to stress
condition into genotypes with high yield potential.

2. IDEAL PLANT TYPE APROACH:

Aim of reconstructing plant type with more compact type with high harvest index, reduced
photoperiod sensitivity, determinate growth habit.

3. EARLY MATURITY AND UNIFORM MATURITY:

Early maturity has been referred to in relation to plant type and for utilization of mungbean
as a short duration crop in multiple Cropping systems. Thus, genotypes with low photoperiod
sensitivity are required.

4. TOLERANCE AND INSECT RESISTANCE:

Drought tolerance, water logged condition tolerance, saline tolerance are required to be
induced in new cultivars.

5. DISEASE AND INSECT RESISTANCE:

Breeding for resistance is an economical and practical method of reducing cost of cultivation

6. QUALITIY:
Quality seed which brings the highest price in the market, Nutritional properties & cooking
characteristics are to be improved in new cultivars. The aim for increasing total protein as
well as yield is of prime importance.

VI. BREEDING PROCEDURES IN MUNGBEAN:

Breeding procedures of self pollinated crops are used here. The initial steps are:

1. INTRODUCTION:
Collection of germplasm with a wide ranges of genetic variability. Is tis used as a direct or
indirect potential material in improvement of mungbean.

2. SELECTION:
Selection is done to sort out individual genetic entities from a heterogeneous mixture. Two
types of procedures are used.
A. MASS SELECTION:
B. PURE LINE SELECTION:
3. HYBRIDIZATION:
Hybridization is used to combine the desirable characteristics or more lines into one strain.
Self pollination being the rule in theis crop artificial cross pollination requires emasculation.
 Emasculations is performed by pushing of the standard and the corresponding wing petal
outward with a dissecting needle and……half of the keel petal and the anthers with forceps
taking care not to injure the , ……..flower shedding being, common, large number of flowers
re emasculated and pollinated in a cross.

Following type of crosses are made.

1. Intervarietal crosses
2. Interspecific crosses
3. Multiple crosses
4. Back crosses

4. HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS:

Following selection procedures are followed in Mungbean.
A. PEDIGREE SELECTION
B. BULK PEDIGREE SELECTION

C. SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD

WITH SELCTIVE INTERMATING IN EARLY GENERATIONS:

5. MUTATION BREEDING:
Mutation breeding is directed towards increasing the range of genetic variability by mutation
induction or chemical mutagens.

VII. QUALITY AND UTILIZATON:

Mungbean average about 24 percent protein. Protein contains about one third of methionine
content and is lower in cystine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan, valine. Carbohydrates,
combined with proteins make it a rich source of food energy. Mungbean seeds are good
source of minerals viz. CalCium, Iron and Potassium Mung bean seeds are good source of
vitamins viz. thiamin, niacin, panthothenic acid, folacin, and A.

UTILIZATION FOR FOOD:

Mungbean is utilized in many form of food products as
1. Use of boiled immature pods & seeds.
2. Use in from of dehusked, splitted dhal
3. Use in form of flour products
4. Isolated mungbean starch, proteins
5. Sprouted form of seed
6. Baked and roasted seeds.
VIII. DISEASES OF MUNGBEAN:
1. Bean rust caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) unger.
2. Bean leaf spot caused by Cercpspora cruenta Sacc.
3. Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani kuhn
4. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium sp.
5. Bean Blight caused by Fusarium sp.
6. Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni D.C.
7. Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Sacc. And Magn
8. Mungbean yellow Mosaic virus
9. Mungbean yellow Mosaic virus
10. Cowpea rust caused by Uromyces vignae Barcl.
11. Halo blight caused by Pseudomonas phaseolicola (Burk.)
12. Bean common Mosaic virus
13. Root-Knot nematode- Meloidogyne incognita chitwood

IX. INSECTS OF MUNGBEAN:

1. Stem borer-Stomopteryx nertaria meyrick
2. Aphid-Aphis craccivora Koch.
3. White fly-Bemisia tabaci Gennadius
4. Thrips- Megalurothrips distalis Karny
5. Pod borers-Maruca testulalis Geyer
6. Seed weevils-Callosobruchus maculates F.

X. GUIDE FOR GREEN GRAM CULTIVATION

SOILS: Red loamy, alluvial and black soils are suitable.

CLIMATE: It can be grown in areas which receive a rainfall of 25 to 35. It is mainly grown as
rainfed crop.

SEASON: Kharif-June to July

Summer-February to March

SEED RATE: 15 kg to 20 kg/ha

FERTILIZER: DAP@100 kg/ha
SOWING: Sow the seed, 30 cm x 5-7 cm. in rows.
Keep the land free from weeds.

PLANT PROTECTION SCHEDULE: Spray with recommended insecticides. Whenever, insect

infestation is noticed.

EXPECTED YIELD: 5-10q/ha rainfed crop

10-12 q/ha in irrigated crop
XI. MUNGBEAN VARIETIES
Type 1, Type 44, Co 1, Khargone-1, Type 51, BR-2 Pusa Baisakhi, Amrit, Jawahar-45, ML-
1, ML-5 ML-5, ML-131, ML-267, Co 2, Co 3, KM-1, Co 4, PS-7, PS-10, Pusa 105,
Sabarmati, ML 337, LGG 407 PS 16, Lam M2, LGG450, ML-13, PSI 6, LGG 435, PDM
143, ML 667, Kopergaon, LGG 450, ML 13, PS 16, MI 613, ML 267, K 851, Jyoti, Sujata,
Dhavti, Sunaina Panna, LGG 402, Sona.

VARIETIES FOR SPRING AND SUMMER SESASON: PDM 11, Pusa Baisakhi, PDM 54,
SML 134, S-8, PS-7, PS-10, PS-16 Pusa 105, Pusa 9072, Type 44, Narendra Mung-1

VARIETIES FROM PANTNAGAR UNIVERSITY:

Pant Moong 1, Pant Moong 2, Pant Moong 3. Pant Mung 4, Pant Mung 5, Pant Mung 6, Pant
Mung 7, Pant Mung 8, Pant Mung 9,

LAB EXCERCISE NO.

Practical Study:
1. Study plant specimen and draw various parts and label them.
2. Study inflorescence provided and hybridization techniques being in the crop.
3. Study/germplasm, breeding material and yield evaluation trials during field visit.
4. Study various types of diseases and pest of the crop.
5. List the most conspicuous differences between the important varieties studied during field
visit.
6. List below any difficulties you encountered in the study of the corp.