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‫قسم الهندسه الميكانيكية‬

‫‪Report about‬‬
‫‪Mechanical Failure due to Static load‬‬

‫‪ -‬الطالب ‪ /‬احمد محمد احمد محمد الشين‬

‫‪ -‬الفرقة ‪ /‬الثانية‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ -‬السكشن ‪/‬‬
‫‪ -‬الرقم ‪7 /‬‬
‫‪ -‬اشراف د ‪- /‬‬

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Contents:-
1.Introduction
2.Summary
3.Yield criteria
4.The Theories of Failure
(A) Tresca Theory
(B) Von mises Theory (Ductile Material)
(C) Rankine Theory (Brittle Material)
5.References

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Summary:-
Mechanical failure due to static load typically occurs when a structure
or component is subjected to a constant or slowly applied force without
significant dynamic changes. Static loads can lead to various types of
failures, depending on the material properties, design, and other
factors….

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Introduction :-
• When an engineer is faced with the problem of design using a specific material, it
becomes important to place an upper limit on the state of stress that defines the
material’s failure. If the material is ductile , failure is usually specified by the initiation
of yielding , whereas if the material is brittle , it is specified by fracture . These modes of
failure are readily defined if the member is subjected to a uniaxial state of stress, as in
the case of simple tension; however, if the member is subjected to biaxial or triaxial
stress, the criterion for failure becomes more difficult to establish.

• In this section we will discuss four theories that are often used in engineering practice
to predict the failure of a material subjected to a multiaxial state of stress. No single
theory of failure, however, can be applied to a specific material at all times , because a
material may behave in either a ductile or brittle manner depending on the
temperature, rate of loading, chemical environment, or the way the material is shaped
or formed.

• When using a particular theory of failure, it is first necessary to calculate the normal
and shear stress at points where they are the largest in the member. Once this state of
stress is established, the principal stresses at these critical points are then determined,
since each of the following theories is based on knowing the principal stress.

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Yield criteria:-
A yield criterion is a postulated mathematical expression of the states of stress
that will cause yielding. The most general form is
For isotropic materials, this can be expressed in terms of principal stresses as

For most isotropic ductile metals the following assumptions are commonly made:
1. The yield strengths in tension and compression are the same.
That is, any Bauschinger∗ effect is small enough so it can be ignored.
2. The volume remains constant during plastic deformation.
3. The magnitude of the mean normal stress
does not affect yielding.

The yield criteria to be discussed involve these assumptions.. The assumption that
yielding is independent of σm is reasonable because deformation usually occurs by
slip or twining, which are shear mechanisms. Therefore the yield criteria for
isotropic materials have the form

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 The Theory of Failures
Ductile Material
Tresca Theory Von Mises

Tresca Theory
The Tresca yield criterion, also known as the maximum shear stress theory or
Tresca's distortion energy theory, is a material failure theory used in the field of
mechanics of materials to predict yielding and failure of ductile materials under
complex stress states. This theory is named after the French engineer and scientist
Henri Tresca, who introduced it in the late 19th century.
The Tresca yield criterion is a simpler alternative to the Von Mises yield criterion
and is primarily applicable to materials that exhibit plastic deformation or yielding
without a distinct yield point. The Tresca criterion states that failure occurs when
the maximum shear stress in a material surpasses a critical value.

According to the Tresca criterion, failure occurs when the difference between the
maximum and minimum principal stresses reaches a critical value. In a two-
dimensional stress space (plane stress), this criterion can be represented on a
Mohr's circle.
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It's important to note that the Tresca yield criterion is conservative and tends to
predict failure at higher stress levels compared to the Von Mises criterion.
Engineers often choose between these criteria based on the material's behavior
and the desired level of conservatism in the analysis. While the Von Mises criterion
is more commonly used for its mathematical simplicity and suitability for isotropic
materials, the Tresca criterion can be applied to materials that exhibit a more
pronounced sensitivity to shear stress.

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Von Mises:-
The von Mises theory, also known as maximum-distortion-energy theory, is a mathematical
formulation used in materials science and engineering to predict yielding of ductile materials
under various loading conditions. It is named after the Austrian engineer Richard von Mises,
who developed the theory in the early 20th century.
The von Mises yield criterion is a criterion for yielding that is often used in the design of
structures and mechanical components. It is based on the concept of equivalent stress, which
is a single scalar value that represents the combined effect of normal and shear stresses on a
material.

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 Tresca Theory VS Von Mises
In practice, the choice between Tresca and von Mises depends on the material
properties, the nature of loading, and the desired level of conservatism in design.
Engineers often use von Mises for ductile materials.

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11
Rankine Theory (Brittle Materials)
The Rankine theory, also known as the maximum normal stress
theory, is a criterion used in materials science and engineering to
predict yielding and failure of brittle materials. Unlike the von Mises
and Tresca theories, which are primarily applied to ductile materials,
the Rankine theory is more suitable for brittle materials that fail in
tension rather than exhibiting significant plastic deformation.
Rankine Theory (Maximum Normal Stress Theory) for Brittle
Materials:
1. Criterion:
• Yielding is predicted to occur when the maximum normal
(tensile or compressive) stress at a point exceeds a critical
value.

2. Principal Stress Consideration:

• Focuses on the magnitudes of the principal stresses,
particularly the maximum normal stress.
3. Shape of Yield Surface:
• The yield surface is a cone in stress space.
Application:
• Brittle Materials:
• Rankine theory is particularly suitable for brittle materials,
such as some ceramics and certain types of cast iron, which
fail in tension without significant plastic deformation.
• Failure in Tension:
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 • Predicts failure based on the maximum tensile stress
reaching a critical value.
• Conservatism:
• Like other brittle material theories, Rankine tends to be
conservative in predicting failure.
Limitations:
• Neglects Shear Stress:
• Does not consider shear stress components explicitly, which
can limit its accuracy for materials that may exhibit complex
stress states.
• Brittle Failure Assumption:
• Assumes that failure occurs when the maximum normal
stress reaches the critical value, which may not accurately
represent the actual failure mode for some brittle materials.
In engineering practice, the choice of yield criteria depends on the
material properties, loading conditions, and the desired level of
conservatism. The Rankine theory is a simple approach suitable for
brittle materials, but more sophisticated criteria, such as the Mohr-
Coulomb criterion or other fracture mechanics-based approaches, are
often used for a more accurate representation of brittle material
behavior and failure.

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References:-
• W. F. Hosford, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Cambridge University Press,
2005. F. A. McClintock and A. S. Argon, Mechanical Behaviour of Materials,
Addison-Wesley, 1966. (reference)
• Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition (reference)
• https://www.fidelisfea.com/post/brittle-and-ductile-failure-theories-in-fea-
which-ones-should-we-
choose#:~:text=Tresca%20Criterion%20(Maximum%20Shear%20Stress,a%20
simple%20uniaxial%20tension%20test.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV6xB0bLJwM (video)

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