HEREDITYIntroduction - All living organisms give rise to new individuals (offspring) by a process of reproduction. - The offspring produced as a result is similar to their parent but not identical i.e. they also show some differences. - The mechanism of transmission of character is called Heredity or Inheritance while the differences seen among individuals is called variations - The differences in the characters (or traits) among the parents and their offspring, the offspring or the individuals of same specs is called as variation. - Some amount of variation is produced during asexual reproduction while the number of successful variations are maximized by the process of Sexual Reproduction. Importance of VariationDepending on the nature of variation, different individuals of a species can have different advantages. E.g; Bacteria that can withstand heat will survive better in a heat wave. Main advantage of variation to a species is that it increases the chances of its survival in a changing environment. The transmission of characters from parents to offspring is called heredity. — ~~“ - Traits that are received from parents are called Inherited Traits. - These can be passed on to the next generation. - They occur due to change in DNA. - Inherited traits lead to evolution. - E.g, - Nose Shape, Hair Colour - Traits that are obtained during lifetime are called acquired traits. - They cant be passed on to the next generation ~ No change in DNA is involved. - They don't result in evolution. - Eg, - Learning a new language, playing tennis etc.- Considered as the "Father of Genetics". i - He was the first Scientist to make a systematic study of patterns of inheritance. - He used pea plants Pisum sativum for his experiments. i #]/ es) ee Tall Short Round Yellow Green ‘ Wrinkled Seed Col Plant Height eed Color fesse Important Terms Factor/Gene - It is a segment of DNA that determines a particular | character. Genes are represented by letters. A capital letter shows that | the gene is dominant, and a small one that it is recessive. | 1 Alleles - Alternate forms of a gene. E.g, Pea plant height - Tall(T) & Short (+) Allele a i a ng a ag py aDominant Allele - A dominant allele expresses itself in the presence or absence of recessive allele. Example - Allele for tallness (T). Recessive Allele - A recessive allele is able to express itself only in the absence of a dominant allele. Example - Allele for shortness (t) Genotype - It is the genetic composition of an individual. Example TT, Tt or tt Phenotype - It is the characteristic which is visible in an organism. Example Tall or Short plant height. Homozygous - An individual having identical alleles. Example TT or tt Heterozygous - An individual having contrasting alleles. Example Tt ee ~~ - Inmonohybrid cross, we consider one pair of contrasting trait. 1. Mendel selected true breeding tall pea plant (TT) and crossed it with Short (tt) plant. 2. The plants formed as a result of the cross represented first filial or Fi generation. 3. All the Fi plants obtained were tall. 4. Mendel self-pollinated the F: plants (selfing) and observed that plants in the Fe generation were 75% tall and 25% Short i.e. phenotypic ratio 3:1Parental Generation Tall x Short TT tt Gametes 7 a c t F, Generation Tt a Tt Tt Phenotype - All tall Genotype - Tt Selfing Fi Tall x Tall Generation Tt Tt Gametes T t a t AE t Fe Generation . TT Tt Tall Tall : Tall Short Phenotypic Ratio - 3 Tall : 1 Short Genotypic Ratio-1TT:2 Tt: 1tt ot 1:2:1- In Dihybrid cross, We consider two pairs of contrasting traits. (Seed shape and Seed Colour) 1) Mendel crossed pea plants bearing Round & Yellow seeds (Rryy) with wrinkled green (rryy). 2) He obtained F1 generation with all pea plants having Round and Yellow seeds (RrYy). 3) On Selfing F1 offspring, Mendel obtained 4 different types of progeny in F2 generation: Round & Yellow, Round and Green, Wrinkled & green and Wrinkled green in the ratio 9:3:3:1Parental Generation Round & Yellow X Wrinkled & Green rryy aa ry ny. Phenotype - Round & Yellow Rryy mH RRYY Gametes Ry Ry Y ry F, Generation : py | pevy | Revy Ry RrYy Rrvy Selfing F: RrYy x Generation Gametes Ry Ry iy ty RY Fz Generation Ry Ry ry ry RRYY RRYy Rryy RrYy py | Round Round Round Round Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow RRYy RRyy Rryy Rryy Ry | Round Round Round Round Yellow | Green Yellow Green ry | Boy Rey, rev rey Round Round Wrinkled | Wrinkled Yellow | Yellow Yellow Yellow ry RrYy Rryy rvy rryy Round Round} Wrinkled | Wrinkled Yellow Green Yellow Green Ry ry ry Round & Yellow 9 Round &Green 3, Wrinkled & Yellow 3 Wrinkled & Green 1 Phenotype Ratio- 93:31Mendel's Law of dominance states that in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait. Eg. Tall (TT) x Short (tt) Tall (Tt) When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is randomly. This is known as the law of Segregation. Eg. - Tall (Tt) Gamete v a Mendel's law of independent assortment that the alleles of two more (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. Eg. - Ina dihybrid cross, the shape of seed doesn't depend on the colour of seed.- Cellular DNA is the information source for making proteins in the cell. - Apart of DNA that provides information for one particular protein is called a gene for that protein. - Example Height of a plant depends upon growth hormone which in turn is controlled by the gene. If the gene is efficient and more growth hormone is secreted, the plant will grow tall. If the gene gets altered and less hormone is secreted, then the plant will remain short. Thus, genes control characteristics or traits. - The process by which sex of a new born individual is determined is called Sex Determination.- Environmental cues: In turtles, Alligators, Crocodile, temperature at which fertilized eggs are kept determines sex. - In Snails, individuals can change sex. - In humans, genes inherited from parents decide the sex of the offspring. - In humans, sex of the child depends on the father or we can say, the male gamete that fuses with the female gamete. - Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes out of which one pair comprises the sex chromosomes. (XX in females - perfect pair) (XY in males - Mis-matched pair)- At the time of fertilization, the egg cell fuses with sperm resulting in the formation of Zygote. - During fertilization, i) ii) If the egg cell carrying X chromosome fuses with sperm carrying X chromosome, the offspring would be a girl. If the egg cell carrying X chromosome fuses with sperm carrying Y chromosome, the offspring would be a boy. fA a, Fi