KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

KNF 1013
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1

FUNCTIONS

http://morpheus.calm.unimas.my Jethro Henry Adam

Today’s Objectives

At the end of the class, students would be able to:

 Identify different type of functions (circular,
exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions)
and solve problems regarding functions.
 Solve engineering application problems on functions.

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Today’s Topic

Circular Function

Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

Hyperbolic Function

Engineering Application

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function
Revision

360o = radians
180o = radians

150o = ?? radians – 45 o = ?? radians

 radians 150  radians  45

  45  
o
o
 150 o  radians o
radians
180 180 180 180
5 1
  radians   radians
6 4

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

3π / 5 radians = ?? degree

180 o 3 180 o  3
 radians 
 radians 5  5
 108 o

– π / 3 = ?? degree

180 o 
 radians 
 radians 3

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
B

Opposite (c)
θ
C A
Adjacent (b)

sin θ = cos θ =

tan θ =

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Other circular functions
1 hypotenuse a
Secant : sec θ =  
cos  adjacent b
1 hypotenuse a
Cosecant : csc θ = sin   opposite  c

1 adjacent b
Cotangent : cot θ =  
tan  opposite c
B

Opposite (c)
θ
C A
Adjacent (b) KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
B
 Sine Rule
(c)
θ
C A
(b)

 Cosine Rule  Tangent Rule

Complicated  AB 
tan  and 
a &
sine b cosine rules
2 

doathe
 b samething
A  Bin

tan  
simpler way
 2 

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Consider the arc of a circle,

• Usually we denote the angle, θ in radian (where 180o = π)

• The length of the arc is define as r
• The area of a circle is  r 2
• The area of the sector is
• The circumference of a circle is 2 r
KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Consider the circle where the center of the circle is (a, b)
and the radius is r,

• The circle equation in standard form is

 x  a 2   y  b 2  r 2
• The circle equation in general form is

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Example

Change the circle equation in general form given into

standard form.
x2  y2  2x  4 y  4  0

Complete the square!

x  
2

 2x  y2  4 y  4
x  2 x  (2 / 2)   y  4 y   4  (2 / 2)
2 2 2 2

x  2 x  ( 1)   y  4 y  (4 / 2)  
2 2 2 2

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

x 2
  
 2 x  ( 1) 2  y 2  4 y  (  2) 2  4  (  1) 2  ( 2) 2

x  12   y  2 2  3 2

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Sine Function

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

 The graph replicates every . It is periodic with a

period equal to radians.

 sin (x + 2k) = sin x, k ≠ 0,

 It range is such that – 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1

 sin (– x) = – sin (x)

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Cosine Function

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

 It is periodic with a period equal to 2 radians.

 cos (x + 2k) = cos x, k ≠ 0.

 It range is such that – 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1

 cos(– x) =

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

Example

Find all solutions of

a) 2 sin x – 1 = 0

b) cos2 (x) – 3cos (x) + 2 = 0

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

a) 2 sin x – 1 = 0

2 sin x = 1
sin x = ½
 5  5
x  , ,  2 ,  2 ,......
6 6 6 6

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

b) cos2 (x) – 3cos (x) + 2 = 0

(cos x – 1)(cos x – 2) = 0
cos x = 1 or cos x = 2

Since – 1 cos x  1 for all x, cos x = 2 has no solution.

cos x = 1,

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Tangent Function

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

 tan (x + k) = tan x, k ≠ 0.

 tan(– x) =

 tan x = sin x / cos x

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

Note that :

 Graph of y = sin x is that of y = cos x by moving

1
 units to the right.
2
 Graph of y = cos x is that of y = sin x by moving
1
 units to the left.
2
1 1
 sin x = cos (x –  ) or cos x = sin (x +  )
2 2

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Also remember,

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Trigonometric Identities

 The following is a trigonometric identity

(1) sin2 + cos2 = 1
 Identity (1) can be manipulated into a variety of forms.
(2) Dividing throughout by cos2 θ

tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

(3) Divide both sides by sin2 θ

sin 2  cos 2  1
2
 2  2
sin  sin  sin 

1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
 The formulae (identities) that you must be able to use
are:
sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
sin( A  B ) 
cos( A  B ) 
cos( A  B )  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B

1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A tan B

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Double Angle formulae

 By letting B = A, the previous formulae become what

are known as the “Double Angle Formulae”.

sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A

cos 2 A  cos2 A  sin 2 A
cos 2 A  1  2 sin 2 A
cos 2 A  2 cos 2 A  1

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Example
Solve 2 cos2 x + 3 sin x = 3

Using cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 → cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x

Thus
2(1 – sin2 x) + 3 sin x = 3
2 sin2 x – 3sin x + 1 = 0

Quadratic function
Let sin x = λ
2  2  3  1  0
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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
factorize (2  1)(  1)  0

 , 

We know that λ = sin x

sin x = ½ & sin x = 1
if sin x = ½ if sin x = 1
x = π/6, 5π/6 x = π/2
Three solutions : π/6, 5π/6, π/2
or in degree o, o, o

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Example
Proof that
a) sin2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ
b) cos2θ = cos2 θ – sin2 θ

a) sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a

sin (θ + θ) = sinθ cosθ + sinθ cosθ
sin 2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ
b) cos(a + b) = cos a cos b – sin a sin b
cos (θ + θ) = cos θ cos θ – sin θ sin θ
cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ – sin2 θ
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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

Example
Given that 4 sin x + 3 cos x = 5 sin (x + β) for some
constant β. Estimate the value at β.

sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a

5 sin (x + β) =
= 5 sin x cos β + 5 sin β cos x

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

4 sin x + 3 cos x = 5 sin x cos β + 5 sin β cos x

Equating the term

4 sin x = 5 sin x cos β 3 cos x = 5 sin β cos x

4 = 5 cos β 3 = 5 sin β
cos β = 4/5 sin β =
β = cos-1 (4/5) β = sin-1 (3/5)
= = 36.87
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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Example
Express y = 4sin 3t – 3cos 3t in the form of
y = Asin (3t + α)

Asin (3t + α) = A(sin 3t cos α + cos 3t sin α)

= A cos α sin 3t + A sin α cos 3t

4sin 3t – 3cos 3t = A cos α sin 3t + A sin α cos 3t

4 = A cos α …….(1)
– 3 = A sin α …….(2)
KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Square (1) and (2)
16  A2 cos 2  …..(3)

9  A2 sin 2  …..(4)
(3) + (4) : 
16  9  A 2 cos 2
  sin 2
 
25  A 2 1 
A 

(2) / (1) : A sin  3


A cos  4
3
tan   
4
  radian
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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

y  4 sin 3 t  3 cos 3 t
 A sin 3 t   
 5 sin 3 t  0 . 64 

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)
Inverse Trigonometry Function

 x = sin y
y = arcsin (x) or y = sin-1 (x)
 x = tan (y)
y = arctan (x) or y = tan-1(x)
 x = cos (y)
y = arccos (x) or y = cos-1(x)

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Circular / Trigonometric
Function (continued)

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions
Index rules/ Rules of exponents for any real number

a m a n  a m  n 
am
 a m  n 
an
a 
m n


abm  a mbm
m
a am
   m
b b
ao 
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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

1 1
a n  or an 
an a n
1
an  n a
m
a n  (n a )m

ab  a b ***remember ab  a  b

a

b
n
ab  n a n b
KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

a na
n 
b nb

a a a

( a  b )( a  b  a  b

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Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)
Logarithmic rules

 the logarithm function with base b, written

logb x, is defined by
y = logb x if & only if x = by.

 That is, the logarithm logb x gives the exponent to

which you must raise the base b to get the given
number x.

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)
Example
 log10 10 = 1 (since 101 = 10)
 log10 100= 2 (since 102 = 100)
 log10 1000 = 3 (since 103 = 1000)

 Usually abbreviate log10 x as log x

and loge x as ln x

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)
(1) loga a = 1

The logarithm (to any base) of 1 equal to zero

(2) loga 1= 0

Adding logarithms of 2 numbers gives the logarithm

of the product of these numbers
(3) loga m + loga n = loga (mn)

Subtracting one logarithm from another gives the

logarithm of the one number divided by each other
(4) loga m – loga n = loga (m/n)
KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

From this, it follows that

(5) loga mP = P loga m

(6) loga (1/m) = loga m-1 = – 1 loga m

(7) loga m = (logb m) / (logb a)

(8) loga m = (logm m) / (logm a) = 1 / logm a

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

Logarithms to base e are sometimes called natural

logarithms or Napierian Logarithms and are written as
loge x or ln x
(9) eln x = x

Using the rules of exponents and logarithms, we can

rewrite any exponential as an exponential with base e
as follows
For any base a > 0, we have
x
(10) ax = eln (a ) = exlna

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

We note that the following properties are satisfied by

the exponential function :

(11) ex1 ex2 = ex1 + x2

(12) ex+c = ex ec

(13) ex1 / ex2 =

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)
Example
Determine

1
1) log 
 10 
 
 log 10 1  1 log 10 

2) log 0.001  
 log 10 3  3 log 10 

3) ln e 3  
 log e e3  3 log e e 

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

Example
Solve ex+4 = 7 for x.

 
ln e x  4  ln 7
x  4  ln 7
x

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)
Rewriting Exponentials as Exponentials with Base e

Rewrite the exponentials 2x & (2/5)x as exponentials

with base e.
2 x  e ln 2   e e ln 2
x

x
x  2 2
2 ln  
5
x ln  
5
  e   e  
5

For any positive base b (b ≠ 1)

log b x 
KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

Example : Simplifying Logarithmic Expressions

Write each as a single logarithm

(a) log 2 27 x  log 2 3 x

(b) 1
ln 8  3 ln 
2

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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

(a) log 2 27 x  log 2 3x

 log 2 33 x  log 2 3x
 3 x log 2 3  x log 2 3



KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)

(b) 1
ln 8  3 ln 
2
 
 ln 23  3 ln 2 1
 3 ln 2  (  3 ln 2 )

 6 ln 2



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KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

Logarithmic, Exponential &

Power Functions (continued)
Example :
Use the rules of logarithms to expand the expression
 x3 y 4 
ln  5 
 z 
ln  
x3 y 4
z5

  
 ln x 3 y 4  ln z 5 
  
 ln x 3  ln( y 4 )  ln z 5 

KNF1013 Engineering Mathematics 1

KNF 1013

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Jethro Henry Adam

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