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    Chemical Bonding

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    Chemical Bonding

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    ATEF
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    1028250429

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    Chemical Bonding

    Uploaded by

    ATEF

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 20

    Chapter 3

    Chemical Bonding
    3.2 Ions & ionic
    bonding
    Ion

    An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge, due to the loss or gain of an
    electron.
    The overall charge of an atom is zero( neutral)& the charge of an electron is negative so:
    The gain of an electron to a non-metal results in a negative-charged ion , known as
    anion.
    E.g. If chlorine atom gains 1 electron , a chloride ion with a -1 charge is produced.
    Ion

    The loss of an electron from a metal results in a positive-


    charged ion , known as cation.
    E.g. If a sodium atom loses 1 electron , a sodium ion with a
    +1 charge is produced.
    Ionic bond

    Ionic bond forms between a


    cation and an anion , this bond An electron is transferred ( lost)
    is electrostatic attraction from the cation to the anion,
    between oppositely charged which gains the electron.
    ions.
    Formation of ionic bonds
    between group Ι & group Ⅶ

    Group 1 elements(metals) have 1 outer shell electron.


    Group 7 elements (non-metals)have 7 outer shell electrons.
    So if group 1 atom loses one electron & the group 7 atom gains the
    electron, the resulting ions will have full outer shell of electrons.
    An ionic bond is formed between the oppositely charged ions.
    A dot & cross diagram can be
    used to show this/
    A dot & cross diagram can
    be used to show this/
     The 1 outer shell electron of sodium is transferred to the outer shell in chlorine.
    • Since sodium lost 1 electron, a sodium ion with +1 charge is formed.
    • Since chlorine gained 1 electron, a chloride ion with -1 charge is formed.
     Square brackets with the associated charge is used to show that an ion has been
    made.
    A dot & cross diagram can be
    used to show this/
     Use dots to represent the electrons from one element & crosses to represent the
    electrons from the other element.
     The ions are drawn next to each other to indicate an ionic bond in the ionic
    compound.
    E.g. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
    A dot & cross diagram can
    be used to show this/
    E.g./ Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
     Magnesium must lose two electrons to gain the most stable arrangement of noble gas.
     Each chlorine atom will gain 1 electron to gain also the most stable arrangement of noble gas (full outer shell).
     So, two electrons from magnesium are transferred to each chlorine atom.
    This forms two chloride ions with -1 charge & Magnesium ion with +2 charge, with ionic bonding between them.
    Physical properties of ionic
    compounds.
    Physical properties of ionic
    compounds.
     Ionic compounds have high melting & boiling points as they
    have very strong electrostatic attraction forces so, they need
    more energy to overcome them.
     Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in an
    aqueous solutions as the ions are free to move to carry
    charge.
     They are poor conductors of electricity when solids, as the
    ions are fixed in position & can’t move from one place to
    another.
    Physical properties of ionic
    compounds.
     An ionic compound has a giant lattice structure which means the cations & anions are
    arranged alternatively.
     E.g. Sodium chloride shown in the 3D model shown below.
     The ionic lattice is held by strong electrostatic attraction
    forces between anions & cations.
     Ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature
    because of this giant lattice.
     They are often soluble in water(not usually soluble in
    organic solvents like (ethanol& methyl benzene) as water is
    attracted to charged ions& therefore many ionic compounds
    Dissolve.
    Any Questions?
    Now let’s practice
    what we’ve learned!
    Summary questions

    Answer/ C
    Summary questions

    Answer/ A
    Summary questions
    Summary questions

    Answer/ A
    Summary questions

    Answer/ A

    Answer/ C
    Presented by/

    Dr.Eman Yousuf Mohammed

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