Applications of Integration – Formula Sheet:

Area under the Curve: Antiderivatives:

𝑛
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴 = ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 = 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛
𝑖=1

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 → [𝑎, 𝑏] ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑎

Summation Formulas: Rectilinear Motion:

𝑛 𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠 ′ (𝑡)
∑ 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑛 ∑𝑖=
2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣′(𝑡)
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
∑ 𝑖2 = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠(𝑡) + 𝐶
6
𝑖=1

𝑛 ∫ 𝑎(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑡) + 𝐶
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2
∑ 𝑖3 = [ ]
2
𝑖=1

Summation Formulas: Definition of the Definite Integral:

𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
6𝑛5 + 15𝑛4 + 10𝑛3 − 𝑛
4
∑𝑖 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) ∆𝑥
30 𝑎 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Summation Formulas: Evaluating Definite Integrals:

𝑛 𝑏
2𝑛6 + 6𝑛5 + 5𝑛4 − 𝑛2
∑𝑖 = 5 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
12 𝑎
𝑖=1

Area – Riemann Sums: (Left, Right, & Midpoint) Properties of Definite Integrals:

𝐴𝐿 = ∆𝑥[𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 )+. . . 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )] 𝑏 𝑎

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑀 = ∆𝑥[𝑓(𝑥0.5 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1.5 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2.5 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−0.5 )]
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑅 = ∆𝑥[𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 𝑓(𝑥3 )+. . . 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )] ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ∫ 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
∆𝑥 =
𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

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Area – Trapezoidal Rule: (Approximate Integration)

∆𝑥
𝑇𝑛 = [𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥3 )+. . .2𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]
2
𝑏
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝑇𝑛 ∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑖∆𝑥
𝑎 𝑛
Area – Simpson’s Rule: (Approximate Integration)

∆𝑥
𝑆𝑛 = [𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 4𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 4𝑓(𝑥3 )+. . .2𝑓(𝑥𝑛−2 ) + 4𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]
3

𝑏−𝑎
𝑛 → 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∆𝑥 =
𝑛
Error Bounds – Trapezoidal & Midpoint: |𝑓′′(𝑥)| ≤ 𝐾 Error Bounds – Simpson’s Rule:

𝐾(𝑏 − 𝑎)3 𝐾(𝑏 − 𝑎)3 𝐾(𝑏 − 𝑎)5

|𝐸𝑇 | ≤ |𝐸𝑀 | ≤ |𝐸𝑆 | ≤ |𝑓 (4) (𝑥)| ≤ 𝐾 𝑜𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]
12𝑛2 24𝑛2 180𝑛4

Integral of Even Functions: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus – Part 1:

𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 0 𝑑 𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
Integral of Odd Functions:
If f(x) is continuous on the interval [a, b], then
𝑎
g(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝑎 and differentiable on the open interval (a, b).

Natural Log defined as an integral: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus – Part 2:

𝑥 𝑏
1
ln(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝑥>0 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
1 𝑡 𝑎

U-Substitution: Net Change Theorem:

𝑏
∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) ∫ 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

𝑏 𝑔(𝑏)
𝑏
∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑉′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉(𝑏) − 𝑉(𝑎)
𝑎 𝑔(𝑎)
𝑎

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Area Between Curves: Area Between Curves:

𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑜𝑝 − 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
𝑎

𝑑
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)
𝑐

Disk Method: Disk Method:

𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑅 2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑅 2 (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Washer Method: Washer Method:

𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑅𝑜 2 (𝑥) − 𝑅𝐼 2 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑅𝑜 2 (𝑦) − 𝑅𝐼 2 (𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Shell Method: Shell Method:

𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑅(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑑
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑅(𝑦) ℎ(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Improper Integrals: Volume by Cross Sections:

∞ 𝑡 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑠 ⊥ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑎 𝑡→∞ 𝑎
𝑎

𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑠 ⊥ 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
−∞ 𝑡 → −∞ 𝑡
𝑐

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Work done by a Force: Arc Length:

𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Note: 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2
F(x) is a function of force with respect to position. 𝐿 = ∫ √1 + [𝑔′(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦 𝐿 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐 𝑑𝑦

Gravitational Force: Area of a Surface of Revolution:

𝐺𝑀1 𝑀2 𝑏
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 𝐹= 𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) √1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑅2 𝑎

Restoring Force of Springs – Hooke’s Law:

𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝐹(𝑥) = −𝑘𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥

Work required to pump water out of a tank: Area of a Surface of Revolution:

𝑏 𝑑
𝑊 = 𝑝𝑔 ∫ 𝑉(𝑥) 𝐷(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦) √1 + [𝑔′(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑐

Density of Water:
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑝𝐻2𝑂 = 62.5 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑐 𝑑𝑦

Work done by an expanding gas: Average Value of a function:

𝑉2 𝑏
1
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑉1 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎

Mean Value Theorem for Integrals: Mean Value Theorem for Integrals:

𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎

𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑐)

𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒

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 Moment around the x-axis:

𝑀𝑥 = 𝑚𝑦

Moment around the y-axis:

𝑀𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥

Center of Mass: Coordinates of the Center of Mass: (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅)

𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑦̅ =
𝑚𝑇 𝑚𝑇
𝑛 𝑛

𝑀𝑦 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑀𝑥 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑖 =1 𝑖=1

𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2 𝑚1 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦2
𝑥̅ = 𝑦̅ =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

1
Centroid: 𝐶𝑖 (𝑥̅𝑖 , 2 [𝑓(𝑥̅𝑖 ) + 𝑔(𝑥̅𝑖 )] Coordinates of the Center of Mass: (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅)

1 𝑏
𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝑎

1 𝑏1 2
𝑦̅ = ∫ [𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑔2 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝑎 2

Mass of the Plate: (𝑝 → 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦) Moment of the system around the x-axis:

𝑏 𝑏
1 2
𝑚 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑝 ∫ [𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑔2 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 2

Area of the Plate / Laminar: Moment of the system around the y-axis:

𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑝 ∫ 𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

Surface Density: Linear Density: (Not used in the formulas above)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑝= (𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 ) 𝑝= (𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

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Hydrostatic Force: Hydrostatic Force:

𝑑
𝐹 = 𝑊 ∫ ℎ(𝑦) 𝐿(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Weight Density:

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑔 𝑚
𝑊= = = ( ) 𝑔 = 𝑝𝑔
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑉

𝑊𝐻2𝑂 = 9800 𝑁/𝑚3 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3

Normal Density:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑝= (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑝𝐻2𝑂 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Note: 𝐿(𝑦) → 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ℎ(𝑦) → 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

Probability Density Functions:

∞
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
−∞

𝑏
𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Probability Density Functions: Probability of Exponential Distributions:

The Mean: 0 𝑡<0

.
∞ 𝑓(𝑡) = {1
𝑢 = ∫ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑢 𝑡≥0
𝑢
−∞

∞
1 −𝑡/𝑢
The Median: 𝑃(𝑡 > 𝑎) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑢
∞
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏
1 −𝑡/𝑢
𝑚 2 𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑢

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Probability of a Normal Distribution: Probability of a Normal Distribution:
2 ⁄2𝜎 2
𝑒 −(𝑥−𝑢)
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝜎√2𝜋

∞ 2 ⁄2𝜎 2
𝑒 −(𝑥−𝑢)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 1
−∞ 𝜎√2𝜋

𝑏 2 ⁄2𝜎 2
𝑒 −(𝑥−𝑢)
𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝜎√2𝜋

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