T and D of Power

UEE-307
Cables
BY

Dr. Pawan Kumar

Energy Manager cum Auditor
Assistant Professor
EIED, TIET
 Today’s discussion

■ Types of Cable
■ Grading of cables
 Insulated Cables
■ All electric cables consist of three essential points.
– The conductor for transmitting electrical power.
– The insulation, an electrical insulating medium, needed to insulate
the conductor from direct contact with earth or other objects, and
– External protection against mechanical damage, chemical or
electro-chemical attack, fire or any other dangerous effects
external to the cable.
■ The main requirements of the insulating materials used for
cable are:
– High insulation resistance.
– High dielectric strength.
– Good mechanical properties i.e., tenacity and elasticity.
– It should not be affected by chemicals around it.
– It should be non-hygroscopic because the dielectric
strength of any material goes very much down with
moisture content.
 f f f
ε1rG1 = ε2r1G2 = ε3r2G3
uptive failure can be prevented by designing the cable such that the m
r2, ε1G1 > ε2G2 > ε3G3 (9.6)
which occurs at the surface of the conductor) is below that required
he material with highest product of dielectric strength and permittivity
f thetodielectric.
arest the conductorIn andcase thelayers
the other potential gradient
should be is taken a low value, th
in the descending
Electrostatic Stresses in Single Core Cable
eofabove 11strength
dielectric kV becomes relatively
and permittivity. So this islarge. Also, ifofthe
one arrangement the gradient is taken
■ Let
all size of the cable the dielectric losses increase very much which may
d alternative as is– said
r beearlier is when
the radius all the
of the materials are subjected to
conductor,
own
stress.of the cable.
– R theSoinner
a compromise between the two has to be made and
radius of the sheath,
king stress is– taken
angement, about one-fifth
ε the permittivity of the breakdown value for design
of the dielectric,
– the charge per unit length,
Stressesgmax
in=Single = Core = Cable
2
– πε r 2 πε 2 1 2of
r
V 1the potential r2 conductor with respect to the sheath and
πε 3the
ius of the conductor, R the
– g the gradient at inner radius of the sheath, ε the permittiv
a distance
charge per –unit
x from the centre of the conductor within the dielectric
length, V the potential of the conductor with respe
material
he gradient –atEais distance x from
the electric field the centre of the
intensity.
Con
n the dielectric material. g = = E, where E is R
D
2πεx
d intensity. r

r R
 c Stresses in Single
dielectric,Core Cable
the charge per unit length, V the potential of the conductor with respect Condu toCondu
the
radius
within theconductor,
of the dielectric
conductor R material.
sheath andwithin
g the gradient
the the g=
at a distance
dielectric
inner radius material.
of the
x=from
gE,
= where
sheath, ε E,Ewhere
the centre
=the ofis
the E is R
permittivity of
R
the Diel
2πεx 2πεx Conductor
Diel
he charge
ic field pertheunit length,
conductor
intensity. field V
within
electric thethe potential
dielectric
intensity. material.of gthe= conductor
2πεx
= E, wherewith
E is respect
R rto the
r Dielectric S S
the gradient at the a distance
electric field
r
x fromRthe rcentre of
intensity. R the r Sheath

w V =Now–
Now R
thin the dielectric material.
! 2 πε x
! !! ! !
E dx = V = – r R E dx
g = V =r – 2=Rπε
EE,
dx=R r 2πεx dx
xdxwhere
=
R r 2πεx
E dx
is R
Conductor
Dielectric
gmax
R = ln
R r (9.1) gmax
eld intensity. = ln = 2 πε
ln (9.1)
r (9.1)
gmax
Sheathg gmin
2πε r 2πε r gg gmin gmin
r Since R g= ,
nce !
V = – g =ESince
dx = ,
R 2πεx r 2πεx
g=
dx2πε
g
g= =
!
2πε,x

V
x
V
gmax (9.2)
!"#$%&$'+$2345674+85
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79+:+879;23+4<63+4:=23>
(9.2)79+:+879;23+4<63+4:
RV x lnRR
= g =ln x ln (9.1) (9.2)
2πε xrln R r r
g gmin
From
From thethe aboveequation
r above equation (9.2)
(9.2) for for gradient
gradient it is itclear
is clear thatgradient
that the the gradient is ma
is maximum
■ when
when xx, = r that
g =Here, gradient that
is
isisititisismaximum
maximum maximum
when x
at at
=
thethe
r that surface
surface
is it
of the
is of conductor
the conductor
maximum at the and
and its
surface its
value
of value
is givenisby
the given
om the above2πε equation (9.2)
x and its value is given byfor gradient V V
it is clear that the gradient
!"#$%&$'+$2345674+856388 is ma
conductor gmax = of (9.3)
r that is it is maximum at the surface gmax = theR Rconductor and its value is given
V
79+:+879;23+4<63+4:=23>
r ln
g= r ln
r (9.2)
R gradient V r
and
lnthe
■ thexgradient g
is minimumis =
minimum at the inner radius
at the inner radius of the sheath of the where
sheathitwhere it is
is given bygiven by
max Rat the inner radius of the sheath where it is given by
and the gradient is minimum
r r ln V
rgmin = V
R
(9.4)
the above equation (9.2) for gradient it gisminclear
= ln that the gradient is maximum
R R sheath where it is given by
radient is minimum at the inner radius of rthe
R ln
at is it is maximumInatorder
thetosurface of the conductor and its value is given by
keep a fixed overall size of ther cable (R) for a particular operating voltage V,
V
Inaorder
there is gmin
to
particular=value
Vkeep a fixed
of the overall
radius ofsize
the of the cable
conductor (R) for
which a particular
gives operating
minimum gradient vol
at the
gismax
surface of = conductor. R (9.3)
there a the
particular The
value
RR objective
lnof here is
the radius oftothe
findconductor
the minimum value
which of gmax
gives i.e.,
minimum to maximise.
gradien
 V
gmin = V
R gmin =
R ln R
r R ln
r
In order■toInkeep a fixed
order overall
to keep size
a fixed of the to
overall
In order cable
size (R)the
of
keep afor a particular
cable
fixed (R) forsize
overall operating
of thevolta
a particular cab
operating voltage V, there is a particular value of the radius of the
is a particular value of the gives
radiusis
conductor whichthere
ofa the
minimum
conductor
particular which gives
gradientvalue
at theofsurface
minimum
the radius
of the of
gradient
the condua
conductor.
ce of the conductor. The objective
The objective is tohere
surface
here is
of the
find thetominimum
find the value
conductor. minimum
The value
i.e.,oftohere
of gobjective
max gmaximise.
max i.e.,
is totofind
maxit
R R
r ln since V is fixed. f(r) = r ln since VVisis fixed
Here, fixed.
r r
df ( r) r R
df (r) r R R = − r. . 2 +
= − r . . 2 + ln = 0 dr R r
dr R r r
R
or R ln =1
ln = 1 r
,%(# r
R
=e
r
s it is clear that to have minimum value of gradient at the surface of the c
us of the sheath and the conductor radius are related by the equation
dient at the surface of the conductor and the ratio r/R is given in Fig.
 !"#$%&'()* +&,%(#

R
or =e
r
■ Minimum value of gradient at the surface of the conductor the
From this itradius
inner is clear that
of tothe
have minimum
sheath value
and of gradient
the at theradius
conductor surface ofare
the cond
the inner radius of the sheath and the conductor radius are related by the equation (9
related by the equation. A plot of the gradient at the surface of
plot of the gradient at the surface of the conductor and the ratio r/R is given in Fig. 9.2.
the conductor and the ratio r/R is given in Fig.

Stable Unstable
g

p Q!

p! Q a
r +
R

r
0.365
R

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Here study is made of the stable operation of the cable for particular ratios r/
 Grading of cables
■ By grading of a cable is meant the distribution of dielectric material
such that the difference between the maximum gradient and the
minimum is reduced, thereby a cable of the same size could be
operated at higher voltages or for the same operating voltage a cable of
relatively smaller size could be used.
There are two methods of grading:
– Capacitance grading where more than one dielectric material is
used.
– Inter-sheath grading where the same dielectric material is used but
potentials at certain radii are held to certain values by interposing
thin metal sheaths.
 There
smaller
1.size
There are
are two
could
two methods
bemethods
Capacitance used. of grading:
of
grading grading:
where more than one dielectric materia
1.1.There are two grading
Capacitance
Capacitance methods of grading:
grading where
where more than one dielectric
dielectric material
material is
is us
us
2. Intersheath grading where the same dielectric material is used
1.Intersheath
Capacitance
2.2.Intersheath gradingwhere
grading
grading wherethe
where more
the than
same one dielectric
dielectric material
material
material is is but
isused
used used.
but po
po
radii are held to certain values
2. IntersheathCapacitance
by interposing
Grading
grading where the same
thin metal sheaths.
dielectric material is used but potent
radiiare
radii areheld
heldto
to certain
certain values
values by
by interposing
interposing thin metal
metal sheaths.
sheaths.
radii are held toGrading
Capacitance certain values by interposing thin metal sheaths.
Capacitance
Capacitance
■ Let Grading
Grading
Capacitance Grading
Let
Let be
Let be
bebethe
the the
the charge
charge
charge
charge perper
per
per unitunit
unit
unit length.
length.
length.
length. If weIfhave
we have one single
one single
single dielectric
dielectric
dielectric
LetIf we
be have
the charge per unit length. If we have one single dielectric
material
material
material the
the the gradient
gradient
one single
gradient at at any
atdielectric
any
any radius
radius
material
radius xthe
x will will
be be at any radius x will
gradient
material
be the gradient at any radius x will be
ggg === g =
πεxx
2πε
22 2πεx
where
where εεisis
where ε the
the
is the permittivity
permittivity
permittivity of
of
of the material.
the
the material.IfIfwe
material. wecould
could use
use anan
an infinite
infinite
infinite
where ε is the permittivity of the material. If we could
■ where ε is the permittivity of the material. If we could use an infinite
number
use an infinite
number
number ofofof
number
materials
materials
materials
of materials
with
with
with
with
varying
varying
varying
varying
permittivitiesgiven
permittivities
permittivities
permittivities
given
given byby
by by
number of materials with varying permittivities given by
kkk
εε ==
xxx k
the gradient at any radius x now
ε = (Fig. 9.4)
becomes
the
■ gradient at any radius now becomes x (Fig. 9.4)
,23"*,23"* &
!"#+ !
the gradient at any radius x now becomes
the gradient at any radius x now becomes ,23"*
9:2
the gradient at any radius xg now
= becomes
== (Fig. 9.4)
= constant
gg == kk =2πk = constant
constant
22ππ. . . .xx 2 π k
2 x
g= x = = constant
i.e., for a particular operating voltage the overall k size of
2 π k
the cable is minimum. Th
i.e.,for
i.e., foraaparticular
all right
particularoperating
operating voltage the
but practically it is voltage
2πoverall
. . xinfinite
impossible to have
size of the
the cable
cableofis
number
minimum
isdielectric
minimum m
x
all right but practically it is impossible to have infinite number of dielectr
■ for a particular operating voltage the overall size of the cable is minimum. This
looks quite all right but practically it is impossible to have infinite number of
dielectric materials with varying permittivities as given above.
■ Normally two or three materials are used. Let there be three materials with
permittivities ε1,!"#$%&'()*
ε2 and ε3 placed at radii r, r1 and r2 respectively
+&,%(# -./

g R
r2
r1
r
!1
!2
!3

■ Let the dielectric strength and working stresses79155* this material be G1, G2, G3 and
ofA275142<BC
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g1, g2 and g3 respectively. The objective
Let the dielectric strength now
and working stresses ismaterial
of this to findbe G , Gout
, G and the
g , g locations of these
1 2 3 1 2

materials with respect to The

and g respectively.
3 the conductor
objective now is to find outof the cable.
the locations We with
of these materials
to the conductor of the cable. We can’t keep any material anywhere we like. There must be
can’trespectkeep any material

anywhere we like. Thereotherwise

some criterion, mustthe be resultssome
of gradingcriterion,
may be offset. There otherwise the results of grading
are two possibilities:
may be offset. There(i) The arefactor
two possibilities:
of safety for all the materials be same, thereby the working stress of the
various materials different.
– The factor of safety forworking
(ii) The same all stress
the formaterials be same, thereby the working stress of
different materials.
the various materials different.
(i) The gradient at the surface of the conductor will be
G
– The same working stress for different 2πε r
= materials.
f 1
1

where f is the factor of safety.

G2
The gradient at radius r1 = =
2πε 2 r1 f
G3
The gradient at radius r2 = =
2πε 3 r2 f
From these three relations,
 s different. some criterion, otherwise the be results ofthereby
gradingthe may be offset. There
working stress (i) The factor
for different of safety
materials. for all the
various materials
materials same,
different. working stress of
some criterion, otherwise the results of grading may be offset. There are two possibilities:
me working variousstress for different
materials different. materials.
(i) The factor of safety for all the materials be same, thereby
(i) The
ent at the surface of the conductor factor of safety
various for
willall the
materials
(ii) Thebesame
be materials
different. same, working
thereby thestress working forstress
different
of the ma
adient at the surface
(ii) The
various of the
same
materials conductor
working
different. stresswill be
for different materials.
G (ii) The same (i)
working The gradient
stress for at the surface
different materials. of the conduc
(i)(ii)TheThegradient 1
= at the
same working surface
G1stress of the conductor
for different materials.will be
(i) The2πε Case-1: Same factor of safety
1r
gradient f= the
at (i)surface
The gradient of the at the
conductor G surface
will be of the conductor will be =
G1
2πε 1r f = 1
r of safety. G G1 2πε 1r f
■ The gradient at the surface of the conductor 2 πε r f will be =
ctor of safety. 1= 1
where 2πε 1fr is the f factor of safety. 2πε 1r f
where f is the
f fisisthe factorG of safety.
at radiuswhere factor ofsafety.
safety.
2 G
rwhere
= the =
factor of
where 2 f is the factor ofGsafety. G2
ent at radius 1 r 2=
πε r =
f =
■ The 1
The 2 1
2 πε 2 r1 atatradius
gradient
gradient fradiusr1 r1 == The
=G2 2 gradient at radius r =
The gradient at radius r1 = 2 πε 2 r1= f G2 1 2πε 2 r1 f
G3 The gradient
2πε 2 r1 at f radius r = =
at radius r = = G3 G
1 2πε 2 r1 f G3
ent at radius rThe2
2= πε r =
f G 3
=
■ The2 gradientThe gradient
23πε2 r at at
gradient
3 2 radius atfradius
radius r2rr22=== 2πε 3 r2= The = 3 gradient at radius r2 =
f G3 πε
2 3 r2 f
The gradient2πε 3 r2 atf radius r = =
hree relations,
se three relations,
■ Therefore,
2
2πε 3 r2 f
From From these
thesethree
three relations,
relations, From these three relations,
G1 G FromG these
2 G three G G G3 G G G
relations, G3 G3
= 2πε r = 12 πε 2 r1
= πε = 22 πε r
1 1
= =
πε πε
r 3 r2
= 2 πε= πε
3 2 3 r2
r G1
1=1r πε 2 2
= 2πε
1 r 2 r = 2πε
= 2πε r 23 2 2 r 2
1f f f f f f
2 12 1
= 2πε r =2
f f f= 2πε r fG1 =f 2πε 2 r1 G2 1= 2πε
2 1 3 2
f f 3 r2
or ε rG = ε r G = ε r G 1
or ε1rG = ε2=r1εGr2 G = ε3=r2εGr3 G ε11rG11 = 2ε21r12G2 =3 ε23r32G3 f f
ε11rG 1 r < r2 < 1 r 2, 3 2ε G 3 or ε1rG1 = ε2r1G 2 = ε3r
Since or > ε2G2 > ε3G3 ε rG = ε r G = ε r G (9.6)
<r r< ,r , ε1G Since > εr2>G < r1><εr2G
1 ,
2 ε1G1 > ε2G2 > ε3G3
1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3(9.6)
2 3 (9
2 ε 1 G
1This ε
1 means
2 G 3> ε3
2 2the material G Since r < r < r , ε G (9.6)
> ε G > ε G
1 2
This means the
3 3 Sincewith
material r < rhighest
with < r2, product
1highest product
of dielectric
ε11Gof1 >
2 ε G strength
dielectric G31 and
2 2 > ε3strength
1 permittivity
2 2
and
3 3
permittiv
thethe
ns material
material with
Thisshould
means with highest
betheplaced
highest
material product
nearest to theofconductor
withproduct
highest dielectric
of
product and
dielectric
of This strength
the
dielectric other
strength
means strength and
layers
the and andpermittivity
should
material be in
permittivity
permittivity the descending
with
should highest
be placedprod
should be placed nearest to This
the means
conductor the material
and the with
other highest
layers product
should be of
in dielectric
the ofdescend s
earest to
d nearestorder the
nearest
to the conductor
order toofthe
theconductor
conductor and
product the
ofand other
dielectric
the other layers
strength
layers and should
should be inbe
permittivity. thein Sothethisdescending
descending is one
orderarrangement
of the product the
of
of strength
dielectric
dielectricthe product ofand
should the
be
dielectric
and permittivity.
materials.
other
So placed should
strength
this layers
is onenearest
and
arrangement should
be placed to the
permittivity.
of the bedielectric
nearest inSothe
conductor and
this descending
tomaterials.
the
istheconductor
one other andsho
layers
arrangement th
of
t of dielectric
duct of dielectric strength
strength andand permittivity.
order permittivity.
of the order
product
So this
So
ofof this
the is product
dielectric
one
is arrangement
one arrangement
of
strength dielectric
and
of strength
the
of the and
permittivity. So this per
dielectric(ii) materials.
The second alternative as is said earlier is when all the materials are subjected to is
.
als. the same maximumdielectric stress. dielectric materials.
materials.
(ii) The second alternative as is said earlier is when all the materials are subjected
nd alternative as is said earlier is when all the materials are subjected to
 f the product of dielectric strength and permittivity. So this is one arrangement of the
ric materials.
ii) The second alternative as is said earlier is when all the materials are subjected to
me maximum stress. !"# Case-2: Same maximum stress. $%$&'()&*%+ ,-.$(
With this arrangement,
■ With this arrangement,
# or !"# ε1r = ε2r1 = ε3r2 $%$&'()&*%+ ,-.$(+ /0/'$1/
$%$&'()&*%+ ,-.$(+ /0/
or !"# ε r = ε r = ε r
gmax = Again =since r <1 =r1 2<1r2, 3 2
$%$&'()&*%
ε1r = ε2Again
2πε ε23πε
r11r=since rr 2<2rr11< r2,2πε 3 r2
or ε1r = ε2r1 = ε3r2
$%$&'()&*%+ ,-.$(+
ε1 > εε2 >>ε3ε >ε (9.7) (9.7)
Again since r < r1ε1<r r=2,εThe Again1 since
= ε3r2material
2r1dielectric
2 r <3 r < r ,
with highest
1 permittivity
2 r r 1 r2 R
The dielectric material withε1 >highest
εlayers permittivity r r1
Again since r < r1ε <should 2 > ε3 (9.7)
r , be placed nearest the conductor and other will
1 >
shouldε
2 >
be in2the ε
bedescending
placed
3 nearest
order of the
theirconductor (9.7)
and with
permittivities. otherhighest
layers will
The dielectric material permittivity
ε > ε >
The ε
distribution of voltage using capacitance (9.7)
grading
The dielectric material
■ The dielectricbe
1 2
material with
in the descending
with3 highest
highest
should
(same stress)
beorder ofpermittivity
theirshould
permittivity
placed nearest permittivities.
be placed
the conductor and other layers will r r 1 r2
The dielectric
nearest the conductor andisother
material with highest be shown layers
permittivityin Fig. 9.6.
in the descending will
be in the descending order of their permittivities. r r1
uld be placed nearest
order of their the conductor
The operatingand
Totaldistribution
permittivities. ofother
voltage voltagelayers
(hatched using
area) will
capacitance
of the cable if grading g
d be placed nearest the conductor and other layers will
The distribution of voltage using capacitance grading
gmax is the working stress,
nthe
thedescending
descending (same
order of stress)
their is shown in Fig. 9.6. grading (same
permittivities.
order of
■ The distribution of their permittivities.
voltage(same
using capacitance
stress)r1is shown
r in Fig. 9.6.
2 R
V = gmax r ln + gmax r1 ln + gmax r2 ln
The Total
stress) is shown in Fig
Thedistribution
distribution of of voltage
voltageusing operating
usingcapacitance voltage
r Total
capacitance r1 (hatched
operating grading
voltage
grading
2
area) of the
r (hatched cable
area) if cable if
of the g g
x

ingmax is the working stress,

■ isTotal operating voltage gmax ris
(hatched the working
1 area) rof the stress,
cable if g is the
me stress)
e stress) is shown
shown in Fig.
Fig.
working stress,
9.6.
9.6.
g
!
= max # r ln + r1 ln 2
r
+
R$
r2 ln & volts max
r1
(9.8) !"#$% &$(+ &8=8>;382>4+ 958:;29?
" 1 r rr2 % r @AB3894+R:;635;CD3;A2<
Total operating voltage (hatchedV r1area)
= gmax r of
ln the r1 ln if + gR
cable
+ 2gmax 2
Total operating voltage V(hatched
= gmax
Intersheath r ln area)
Grading + gmaxofr1the
ln + gmaxifrr21 ln max r2 ln r2
r cable g
g
s the working stress,An auxiliary transformer r1 the metal sheath
r is used to maintain r2 and the power conductor at
is the working stress, !#
1 r r R $&
r1 r2thereby
certain potentials; gmax
=the r ln
stress +Rr1 lnis 2forced
distribution + r2 ln
to be different
volts from the one which
(9.8) !"#$% &$(+ &8=8
V = gmax r ln r + gmax r1beln
it would r#
!
without the
g
= will r ln
r1max r rThe
+ intersheaths.
g
+ r ln 2lnrobjective
+" r R
ln
Rnow
r1 here isrto
2r2without volts
$&
2 show that the gradient %
!"#$% &$(+with
intersheath(9.8)
@AB3894+
r 2
r1
&8=8>;382>4
21 smaller than1 the gradient
V = gmax r ln +g r
intersheath
max ln " + g
maxbe
r
Intersheathr
max r
Grading1 ln r2
for the same overall radius
%
r and the 1operating voltage. Since a2homogeneous material is being used the maximum value of
r r
@AB3894+ :;635;CD3
!# r1 1
r2at various $&
the stress An auxiliary
intersheaths is same. 2 is used to maintain
R transformer the metal sheath and the po
= g max r ln +Intersheath
r1 ln + Grading
r2 ln volts (9.8) !"#$% &$(+ &8=8>;382>4+ 9
r r1
"!r ln r1 +Anr auxiliary
r2 R $% r2
certain potentials; thereby the stress distribution is@AB3894+ forced to be different fr
:;635;CD3;A
= gmax # ln 1 + r ln be without
transformer
it would
2 is used
thetointersheaths.
maintain the
& volts Themetal sheath
objective
!"#$%
V
&$(+now andisthe
(9.8)
here power
to show
&8=8>;382>4+ co
that
958:
Metal
 ntersheath Grading
d the operating voltage. Since a homogeneous material is being usedorthe maximum value
ε1r = ε2rof
1 = ε3r2
Again since r < r1 < r2,
An auxiliary transformer is used to maintain the metal sheath and the power conductor at
e stress at various intersheaths is same. ε > ε > ε3 (9.7)
ertain potentials; thereby the stress distribution is forced to be different from the 1one2 which
The dielectric material with highest permittivity r
t would be without the intersheaths. The objective now here is to show should that the
be placed gradient
nearest withand other layers will
the conductor
ntersheath will be smaller than the gradient without intersheath for be inthe
the descending order of their
same overall permittivities.
radius
V
nd the operating voltage. Since a homogeneous Inter-sheath Grading
material is being
Metal used
The distribution of voltage using capacitance grading
the maximum
(same stress) is shown in Fig.value
9.6. of
he stress at various intersheaths is same. sheaths
■ An auxiliary transformer is used to maintain
g
Total operating voltage (hatched area) of the cable if
the metal sheath and the g
is the working stress,
max
power conductorV2 at certain potentials; thereby
V=g r ln
the
r
+g
stress
r ln
r
+g
distribution
1
r ln
R is 2
max
max
forced to be different
V r r1 the
from r2 RoneMetal
which it would r max
be rwithout rthe inter-
1
1
2
2

sheaths = g !#r ln r + r ln r + r ln R $& volts (9.8)

sheaths. V1 " r r
max
r %
1
1
2
!"#$% &$(+ &8=8>;382
1
2
2
@AB3894+ :;635;
V2 !
Intersheath Grading
■ The objective now
0 here is to
!
r show
r1 r2 that
R the gradient with inter-sheath will be
An auxiliary transformer is used to maintain the metal sheath and the power
V1
smaller than the gradient without
!! inter-sheath for
certain potentials; thethe same
thereby overall
stress distribution radius
is forced to be different from t
it would be without the intersheaths. The objective now here is to show that the
and the operating0 voltage. ! intersheath will be smaller than the gradient without intersheath for the same
! and the operating voltage. Since a homogeneous material is being used the maxi
■ Since a homogeneous material is being used the maximum value of the
!"#$%&$'+)2345674837+958:;29< the stress at various intersheaths is same.

stress at various inter-sheaths

!"#$% &$'+ is same.
)2345674837+ 958:;29<
Let the thickness of the materials be such that V Metal
Let the■thickness of the materials be such that
Let the thickness of the materials be such that
sheaths

V
r1 r1 r2 r2 R R
2
r r r R 1 2

= == == = V
!
1

r r
r r1 1 r2 2 r 0 !
!

With this arrangement,

■ arrangement,
With the gradient at the surface
this arrangement, of the
atconductor
With this the gradient at thethe gradient
surface the surface of the !"#$%
of the conductor conductor
&$'+ )2345674837+ 958:;29<

V − V2 Let the thickness of the materials be such that

gmax = (9.9)
V −r Vln2 r1 r1 r2 R
= = =
gmax = r (9.9) r r1 r2
r With this arrangement, the gradient at the surface of the conductor
r ln 1
r gmax =
V − V2
r
r ln 1
r
 1 2
V2 − V1 V1
and
r2 R
!"#$%&'()* +&,%(# -..
ln
ln radii r andr2 r respectively are
r1 at
Similarly !"#$%&'()*
gradients +&,%(# r1 1 2 r2 -..

■ Similarly gradients
Similarly Vatat−
gradients V r1r1
radii
radii andand rV21respectively
r2 respectively are are
nce gmax are same at the various
2
radii,
1
and
V −V r22 1 and V1 R
r1 ln r2 r2 ln R
V − V2 V2r11− V r ln
r1 1 r2V
r2 ln r
21
arersame
= =−
Since
■ gSince
max are same
gSince gmax at
max are same
the
1 atvarious
at the r2radii,
the various
variousradii,radii, R
r ln r1 Vln− V = V − V r=2 −lnV
r V − V2r ln=rrV12 r−lnVr1 = −r lnr2V
2 2 1 1
1 R1 2
r1 r2r1 R
1
2
r r2
V − V2 r lnV −V r1 lnV r2 ln
2rV − V2 1= V2 −rV11 = 1 V1 r2
or = =
r ln r1 ln r2 ln
r ln V − rV1Vln r2 lnV V
− V V2 V− −VV
2 1 = 1
or or = = = 2 2 1 1 (9.10)
V − V r lnV − Vr1 ln V r2 ln
r r r 1 2
2
We want to compare = the 2gradients
1 under1the two conditions; therefore, we must express
= (9.10)
r V − V 2r1 V − V withVintersheath we express V in terms of V
= 2 r12 = 1
them in terms of V, r and . To find the gradient
or and then V2 in terms of V.
1 2
(9.10)
r r1 r
equation 2(9.10) we have
e want to compare the gradients under the two conditions; therefore, we must express
To determine V1 in terms of V2, from
We ■
want to compare
to compare thethe gradients
gradients Vunder
V − V under thethe
twotwo conditions;
conditions; therefore,
express them we must of
in terms V, r
express
erms of V, r and
and . . To find the gradient r with intersheath we express V1 in terms of V2
2 1 1
=
them in terms of V, r and . To find rthe gradient with intersheath we express V1 in terms of V2
1 2

Vand
2 inthen
terms of
V■2 in V.
Toterms
find the gradient withVinter-sheath
of V. & V1 in terms of V2 and then V2
! 1 1 $ we! rexpress
=V # + &=V #
+r $
2 1 2
in terms of V. r1
1
" r1 r2 % 1 " r1r2 %
determine■ VTo
1 in
To determineterms
V1 inof
determine V1Vin
terms
2, terms
from
of V2, equation
from
of V 2,
! r1 $ (9.10)
equation! 1 $ we have
(9.10) we have
or V2 = V1 #1 + & = V1 #1 + &
V2 − V1V2 −V1V1 = V1 " 2 % " %
r

= r1 r21 = V2 !#
V
$& (9.11)
r1 r2 "1 + %
V of V from
To express V in terms !
+r
1 (9.10) wer have
1 equation $ ! $
 them in terms of V,tor compare
We want and . Tothefind the gradient
gradients with
under the twointersheath we express
conditions; therefore, V1 inexpress
we must terms of V2
and then
them V in terms
in2 terms of V,of V. . To find the gradient with intersheath we express V1 in terms of V2
r and
and then V2 in terms of V.
To determine V1 in terms of V2, from equation (9.10) we have
To determine V1 in terms of V2, from equation (9.10) we have
V2 − V1 V1
V2 − V1= V1
r1 = r2
r1 r2
VV22 !#! $$& ! !# $ $&
1 1
==VV11 1 ++ 1 ==VV r1 r+1 r+2 r2
11
r1r1 " &%% #" " &% %
rr11 rr22 r1rr21r2

or or
! rr $$ ! ! 1 $1 $
11
VV ==VV #1 + &&==VV #1#1+ + & & 11
22 11
" rr %% " " % %
22

V = V !#
! $&$ (9.11)
V = V #" 1 + %&
1 2 (9.11)
To express V
1
"1 + %
2
in terms of V from equation (9.10) we have
■ To express V2 Vin
To express terms
2
2 in ofVVfrom
terms of from equation
equation (9.10) we have
V −V
2 2 1V −V
V − rV2 = V2 r− V1
= 1
r r
V2 −1 V1
or V – V2 =
V2 − V1
or V – V2 =
or V – V2 =
V2
−
1!#V 2 .
$& = V − V = 2 2 V2
2
V2 1"! 1+ % $ V 1+ V 2 2
+ V2
or V – V2 = − #V"V . 1 +! 1 +&% = + −$ 1 +
2
2 2
=
+ 2
or V = V2 + =V #
+
V2
2
" (1 + ) &%
2

!# 1 + + $&2
or V = V + (1 + )2 = V2
or V2 = V 2. + 2 " (1 + ) % (9.12)
1+ +
(1 + )
or V2 = V . 2
(9.12)
1+ +
 ( + )
V −V 2
V − V 2 ( 1 + + )
!""
gmax = = #$#%&'(%)$* +,-#'* ./.&#0.

Now
■ Now substituting for
substituting
r ln (9.9) for gradient,
forVV22ininequation
equation
r lnwe have
!"" #$#%&'(%)$* +,-#'* ./.&#0.

V
Now substituting for V2 in equation (9.9) for(1 + 2 ) we have
gradient,
=V − V V. − V (1 + + 2 22 )
gmax = r ln 2
= V1− + V
( ++ )
r lnV − V2 r (ln
1+ + ) 2
gmax = =
Now the gradient at the surface
V r ln of1 the
r lnconductor without intersheath
= . (9.13)
r =ln V 1.+ +1 22
V1 + + r ln V (9.13)
Now theNow the gradient at g
gradient at the surface = without
the=surface of the conductor
of the conductor withoutintersheath
intersheath
rVlnVofRthe
■ Now the gradient at the surface / rVconductor
V
3 r ln without inter-sheath
g= g= == (9.14) (9.14)
gmax r lnr Rln /Rr3/ r 3r3rlnln
Therefore, Therefore, == 3 3
gmax gmax (9.15) (9.15)
Therefore, gg =g 1 +11 +++ +2 +2 2
From the geometry of the cable > 1, therefore, the gradient with intersheath is lower
From the
■ FromFromgeometry
the
the
than geometry
geometry
without ofofofthe
intersheath the
the cable
forcable
cable
the >
same> overall 1,
> 1, therefore,
1, therefore,and the
therefore,
size gradient
operating the the ofgradient
with
gradient
voltage intersheath
the withThis
cable. with
is
is lower
inter- inte
thansheath
without
whatisintersheath
we intended
lower tofor
than theThis
prove. same
without overall
means thatsize
inter-sheath and
a cable of operating
for a the
particular
same voltage
size canof
overallbethe cable.
operated
size forThis is
and
than without intersheath
whatoperating
we intended
higher voltages or for
to prove. themeans
for a This same
particular voltageoverall
that a size
the cable size
of
of the and
acable can beoperating
particular size can
reduced. Thebe voltage
operated
voltage of forof t
voltage of the cable.
what we higher
intended towith
the cableor
voltages prove.
forthis This arrangement
means
intersheathvoltage
a particular thethat of a
is given
size cable of a particular size can
by cable can be reduced. The voltage of
the
■ This means that a cable of a particular
the cable with this intersheath arrangement isr1 given rby
!#r ln + r ln + r ln $& size can be R operated for higher
higher voltages or for
voltages a particular
or for a particular voltage
voltage
" r the
the size
V = gmax
size ofr cable
r of the the cable
% can becan
1
2
be reduce
2
reduced.
1 2

the cable with

Thethis intersheath
! r1
V =arrangement
r2
ris
R$
2] given
voltage of the cable with
gmax this
= gmax [r ++ rr11+ln
#rlnln inter-sheath ln by
+ r2arrangement
& is given(9.16)
by
r " r r 1 2 %
There can be other arrangements of intersheaths as well e.g., the insulating material
= gintersheaths
thickness between successive max ln
V =r1 =grmax
There can be other arrangements + d, rof
!#r ln r + r ln r
[r +is rconstant,
1 + r2] i.e.,
1
2 =intersheaths
r + 2d and R = asr + well
1
2
3d e.g.,+ the
r2 ln
R $& (9.16)
insulating material
The grading
thickness between theory intersheaths
successive is more of theoretical" r
interest than
is constant, r
i.e., practical r2 reasons.
1 for the following %
 t we intended to prove. This means that a cable of a particular size can be operated f
blevoltages
er with this intersheath
or for a particulararrangement
voltage the sizeisofgiven by can be reduced. The voltage
the cable
able with this intersheath arrangement is given by
!#r ln r + r ln r + r ln R $&
1 2
V = gmax 1
!#r ln" r + rr ln r + r rln R $& r % 2
1 2
V = gmax 1 2 1 2

=g
" r
ln
r 1
[r + r + r2]
r % 2

= gmaxmax
ln [r + r1 + r21] (9.1
There
There can
can be other
be
■ There other arrangements
canarrangements
be of intersheaths
of intersheaths
other arrangements as wellase.g.,
of inter-sheaths well
thee.g.,
as the insulati
insulating
well e.g., mater
the
ess between
kness between successive
insulating
successive intersheaths
material thickness
intersheaths isbetween
constant,
is constant, i.e.,
i.e.,successive inter-sheaths is
constant, i.e.,
r1r= r=+rd,
+ rd,
2 =rr +
= 2d
r +and
2d Rand
= rR
+ 3d
=r + 3d
1 2
The grading theory theory
is moreis of theoretical interest thanthan
practical for for
thethe
following reason
The grading theory
The grading is more of
more theoretical
of theoretical interest
interest than practical
practical for the follow
following
acitance reasons.
grading is difficult of non-availability of materials with widely varyi
citance grading
mittivities is difficult
ü Capacitance
and secondly
grading of non-availability
is difficult of non-availabilityofofmaterials
materials withwith widely wid
varying permittivities and secondly with time the permittivities ofchange
with time the permittivities of the materials may the as
ttivities
lt this mayand secondly
completely with
materialschange
may time
change
the as athe permittivities
result
potential this may completely
gradient of the
change
distribution andmaterials
the
may evenmay
potential lead
gradient distribution and may even lead to complete rupture of the cable
thisrupture
plete may completely
of dielectric change
the cablematerial
dielectric the potential
material
at normal gradient
at normal
working voltage. distribution
working voltage. and may
case of ü
eteInrupture of In case of inter-sheath,
the cable
intersheath, dielectric
there is there is possibility
material
possibility of at of damage
normal
damage of of inter-sheathduring
working
intersheath
laying operation and secondly since charging current flows through the
during layi
voltage.
ation and secondly since charging
intersheath current
which in case flows
of a long through
cable the in
may result intersheath
overheating.which in case
In case ■ofFor
intersheath, there ispractice
possibility of grading
damage of intersheath du
g cable may result in overheating.
these reasons the modern is to avoid in favour of oil and gas
ion and secondly since charging current flows through the intersheath whi
filled cables.
For these reasons the modern practice is to avoid grading in favour of oil and gas fill
cable may result in overheating.
es.
For these reasons
Example the core
9.2: A single modern practicecable
lead covered is toisavoid grading for
to be designed in 66
favour
kV toof oil a
earth.
 Capacitance of a single cable
■ A single core cable is in effect an electrostatic capacitor because it has
two electrodes, the core of the cable and the sheath separated by a
dielectric material
■ Let be the charge per unit length. By definition capacitance is the ratio
of the charge on one of the electrodes to the potential difference between
the electrodes.

■ It is to be noted here that the capacitance of a cable is much more

important than that of an overhead line because of the nearness of the
conductors to one another and to the earthed sheath.
■ Also the permittivity of the dielectric material is higher than that of air.
 Capacitance of a 3-Core Cable
■ In a 3-core cable, sheath is at earth potential and the three conductors at
supply potentials.
■ There are six capacitances formed between these systems.
■ Three capacitances are between the sheath and the conductors and the
other three capacitances between the conductors
■ Let C1 be the capacitance between sheath and the conductor and C2 the
capacitance between each conductor. It is desirable to connect this system
of capacitors into an equivalent star connection. The equivalent star of a
delta connection (capacitance between conductors)
■ Since the star point is at sheath potential and the other terminals
correspond to the conductors of the cable, the whole system of capacitors
can be reduced to the following star system of capacitors

■ There are two unknowns C1 and C2 to find out the capacitance per phase of
the cable.
■ Make two measurements:
– (i) bunch the three cores and measure the capacitance between the
bunched conductors and the sheath.
■ Let this be Cx given by Cx = 3C1
– (ii) connect any two cores to the sheath and measure the capacitance
between the remaining conductor and the sheath.
■ The equivalent circuit will be Cy = C1 + 2C2.
■ Therefore,
■ In case the test figures are not available, the following empirical formula
due to Simon gives an approximate value of capacitance for circular
conductors

εr = relative permittivity of the dielectric

d = conductor diameter,
t = belt insulation thickness, and
T = conductor insulation thickness.
all in the same units. The main uncertainty in this formula is that of the
value of εr. An average value of 3.5 may be taken for calculation.
 Heating of cables
■ The temperature rise of a body depends upon the rate of generation and dissipation of heat by the body.
If the rate of generation is greater than the rate of dissipation, the temperature goes on rising and vice
versa.
■ The sources of heat generation are (i) core loss, i.e., copper loss in the core of the cable, (ii) the
dielectric loss, and (iii) sheath losses,
– and the heat is dissipated through the dielectric to the ground and finally to the atmosphere.
Core Loss: In order to find out the core loss the value of the resistance of the cable is calculated as follows:
– (i) Knowing the resistance of the conductor at ambient temperature, 20°C, the resistance is
calculated assuming an operating temperature of 65°C.

– where is the temperature coefficient of the conductor material and t is the difference in
temperature which, in this case, is
t = 65°C – 20°C = 45°C
– (ii) Since the effective area of section of the cable is smaller than the actual physical section, the
effective resistance of the cable is larger. A factor of 1.02 is multiplied to get the resistance.
– (iii) The length of the outermost strand is greater than the central strand. The effect of stranding on
the resistance is obtained by multiplying the resistance as calculated according to the length of the
central strand by a factor of 1.02.
■ Having calculated thus the resistance of the cable the core loss is calculated as I2R where I is the current
carried by the cable.
Dielectric Loss. The cable is a sort of capacitor with the core and the sheath forming the two
plates of the condenser separated by dielectric material. The equivalent circuit for this system
is represented by a parallel combination of leakage resistance R and a capacitance C. The
equivalent circuit with its phasor diagram
■ The loss in the dielectric is due to the loss in the equivalent leakage resistance.

■ where δ is the dielectric loss angle and is the power supply frequency. Since δ is normally
very small, From the phasor diagram, the power factor angle of the dielectric is given by

■ The power factor of a dielectric is a function of the temperature of the dielectric and also
depends upon the voltage stress to which the dielectric is stressed.
Sheath Losses: When single core cables are used for a.c. transmission, the current flowing
through the core of the cable gives rise to a pulsating magnetic field which when links with the
sheath, induces voltage in it. This induced voltage sets up currents under certain conditions in
the sheaths and this results in sheath losses.
According to Cramp and Calder Wood the sheath currents can be divided into two kinds:
– Sheath eddy currents; these are the currents which flow entirely in the sheath of the same cable.
– Sheath circuit currents which flow from the sheath of one cable to the sheath of another cable.
■ The first type of currents will flow through the sheath when the sheaths of the two cables are
not connected at both ends or when they are connected only at one end because the currents
do not find a closed path through the sheaths of the two cables, whereas,
■ The second type of currents flow when the sheaths of both the cables are electrically
connected at both the ends. This is known as bonding of the cables.
Thank you