1

Domesticated thousands of years ago in South America, the potato deviates structurally
from the wild plant it is descended from. Summer squash, another domesticated crop from
the Americas, doesn't closely resemble any wild plant, and genetic research only
recently____ its ancestor to be the wild Johnny gourd.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
(A) petitioned
(B) disclosed
(C) emboldened
(D) augmented

2
Ronyoung Kim creatively captures the Korean American immigrant experience in her novel
Clay Walls by writing about a family from three___ perspectives. The first section of the
novel is from the mother Haesu's perspective, the second is from the father Chun's
perspective, and the last is from the daughter Faye's perspective.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word?
(A) unintended
(B) distinct
(C) required
(D) unknown

3
Ancient Greek and Roman sculpture is sometimes characterized as idealizing human
subjects, but in fact there are many Greco-Roman sculptures that depict people in
decidedly____ ways.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
(A) imprecise
(B) unflattering
(C) superficial
(D) implausible

4
Barn owls and sheep see in three dimensions (3D) by combining two images in their brains,
one from each eye. This produces a sense of depth, helping the animals judge how close or
far away an object is. Researchers have investigated 3D vision in praying mantises as well.
In one study, Vivek Nityananda and his team fitted mantises' faces with two different color
filters, one covering each eye, much like the filters in 3D glasses once worn at movies. By
observing the mantises' reaction to projected images, the team confirmed that mantises do
indeed have 3D vision, but it's unlike that of other animals.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
(A) It describes an earlier use of a tool researchers used in the praying mantis study.
(B) It emphasizes a difference between the research on praying mantis vision and research
on other animals' vision.
(C) It offers a comparison meant to aid understanding of the praying mantis study.
(D) It identifies a potential problem that the researchers faced while studying the praying
mantises.

5
A study by Dr. Paul Hanel and colleagues concluded that people are more likely to behave
politely when listening to ideas they disagree with if they think about values before they
engage in a discussion. Study participants were assigned to one of two groups. The
experimental group spent a few minutes writing about one of their personal values before
they had a group discussion on a controversial topic. And the control group spent a few
minutes writing about a drink (tea, milk, etc.) before their group discussion on that topic.
Hanel and colleagues found that the experimental group's discussion was more civil than the
control group's discussion was.

Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?

(A) To explain a study's conclusion and how a research team arrived at that conclusion
(B) To argue that researchers were the results of a certain study
(C) To suggest ways to improve a certain study's experimental design
(D) To describe a widely held belief and how a study's results support that belief

6
The following text is from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say
Nothing of the Dog). The narrator and two friends are taking a boat down the River Thames
in England.

In a boat, I have always noticed it is the fixed idea of each member of the crew that he is
doing everything. Harris's notion was, that it was he alone who had been working, and that
both George and I had been imposing upon him. George, on the other hand, ridiculed the
idea of Harris's having done anything more than eat and sleep, and had a cast-iron opinion
that it was he - George himself - who had done all the labour worth speaking of.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
(A) It suggests that Harris is focused on helping the group navigate a challenge.
(B) It establishes Harris's feelings about the narrator's idea of how boat trips usually
proceed.
(C) It reveals that Harris is astonished by his experiences on the boat.
(D) It offers Harris's belief as a specific example of a trend the narrator has observed while
boating.

7
Text 1:
Toni Morrison's 1973 novel 'Sula,' a tale of two women's lives set in small-town Ohio from the
1910s to the 1960s, has been described as historical fiction rather than in her own time, Sula
is much richer and more complicated than the mere re-creation of the past suggested by the
term 'historical fiction.'
Text 2:
Some literary critics dismiss historical fiction as a shallow genre in which writers show off
their knowledge of period details rather than tell meaningful stories. But historical fiction can
be used to explore profound themes and complex characters - in fact, many writers find that
writing about the past gives them a creative freedom they'd lack if they wrote about the
present."

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim about
'Sula' advanced by the author of Text 1?
A: "By claiming that the author of Text 1 has underestimated the richness and complexity of
Sula."
B: "By conceding that the genre of historical fiction contains many works that are less
sophisticated than Sula is."
C: "By arguing that Morrison displays a thorough knowledge of historical details in Sula."
D: "By asserting that dissatisfaction with describing Sula as historical fiction reflects a
misunderstanding of the genre."

8
The following text is adapted from Armando Palacio Valdés's short story 'The Love of
Clotilde, originally published in Spanish in 1884.

It was said that in [Don Jerónimo's] youth he once wrote a play which won him nothing but
hisses and free entry for life behind the scenes of the theaters. Whether resigned or not to
the verdict of the public, he ceased to write plays and assumed instead the nobler role of
patron to unrecognized authors and artists and to ruined managers. Any youth from the
provinces who arrived in Madrid with a drama in his pocket could take no surer road to
seeing it produced than that which led to the home of Don Jerónimo. One and all, he
received them with open arms, the good and the bad alike."

According to the text, what change coincided with Don Jerónimo becoming a patron of the
theater?
A: He stopped writing plays.
B: He accepted a new job as a director.
C: He moved to a town outside of Madrid.
D: He achieved public recognition for a novel he had written earlier.

9
Like all species of baleen whales, the humpback whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill
by filtering water through bristlelike keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way,
baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would
call the humpback whale small-it can have a mass as high as 30,000 kg-it is one of the
smaller baleen whales and is much smaller than the blue whale, which can weigh a
whopping 150,000 kg and consume as much as 45,000 kg of krill per day.

Based on the text, what can most reasonably be concluded about krill consumption among
humpback and blue whales?
A: The quantities of krill consumed by blue whales has made it difficult for humpback whales
to find sufficient food.
B: Both the humpback whale and the blue whale can eat as much as 45,000 kg of krill per
day.
C: Most baleen whales include krill in their diets, but the humpback whale is less likely than
the blue whale to do so.
D: The blue whale is able to eat more krill per day than the humpback whale is

10

A team of scientists wants to improve the recycling of two of the most common types of
lithium-ion batteries used in electronic devices. The team tested two new processes that
involve grinding battery materials and aluminum foil together. The highest percentage of
lithium recovered in the tests was closest to ____
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?
A) 45%
B) 75%
C) 20%
D) 10%

11
Lin-Tai Ho and colleagues monitored fish populations in a tide pool in Taiwan. They found
that some species were entirely absent from the tide pool at particular times of the year; for
example, they did not observe even one ___

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?
A) barred flagtail in October of 2001.
B) Indo-Pacific sergeant in July of 2001.
C) Indo-Pacific sergeant in October of 2001.
D) striated rockskipper in January and April of 2001.

12
The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by Edith Wharton set in New York City in the 1870s. In
the novel, Newland Archer attends an opera. Newland compares his intellect favorably to
that of other men of New York City society who are in the audience:____

A) "Singly [the men around Newland] betrayed their inferiority; but grouped together they
represented 'New York,' and the habit of red masculine solidarity made him accept their
doctrine on all the issues called moral."
B) "Newland Archer felt himself distinctly the superior of these chosen specimens of old New
York gentility; he had probably read more, thought more, and even seen a good deal more of
the world, than any other man of the number."
C) "An unalterable and unquestioned law of the musical world required that the German text
of French operas sung by Swedish artists should be translated into Italian for the clearer
understanding of English-speaking audiences."
D) "To come to the Opera in a [carriage for hire] was almost as honourable a way of arriving
as in e one's own carriage.”

13

In a college course on urban affairs, a student asserts that increased traffic congestion in the
United States in the 1990s was present both in very large cities such as New York City, New
York, and smaller areas such as Allentown-Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Boise, Idaho;
though those smaller areas may have been less affected by traffic congestion than very
large cities, this congestion also worsened in them over time.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the student's claim?
A) In 1992, the amount of traffic delay in the New York City, New York, area was less than 30
hours per commuter per year.
B) In at least one of the four urban areas shown, the amount of traffic delay was less than 20
hours per commuter per year at one point between 1990 and. 2000
C) While the annual number of hours of traffic delay per commuter was always higher in the
New York City, New York, area than in the Boise, Idaho, area for each year between 1990
and 2000, the amount of traffic delay rose in both areas during this period.
D) Even though the amount of traffic delay per commuter per year was greater in the
Allentown- Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, area than in the New York City, New York, area
throughout the period from 1990 to 2000, the amounts were nearly identical in 1996.

14
Conventional theories of rhetoric hold that presenting information as coming from
credentialed experts increases that information's credibility. When communications
researcher Sungkyoung Lee and her colleagues tested messages seeking volunteers for
clinical trials, however, they found that participants more credibly judged recruitment
messages from former trial volunteers as significantly more credible than those from doctors
(i.e., credentialed experts). One reason for this may be that the doctors' status as
credentialed experts wasn't ignored but rather was outweighed by participants' views of the
experiential relevance of e the two types of messengers; that is, participants may have
reacted the way they did because___

A) participants regarded the experiences of both the doctors and former trial volunteers as
relevant to the subject of clinical trials but were skeptical of the doctors' status as
credentialed experts.
B) the fact that former trial volunteers went through the same experience that participants
were contemplating while doctors did not was more important to participants than the
doctors' status as credentialed experts was.
C) messages from former trial volunteers depicted clinical trials as being more positive
experiences than did messages from doctors.
D) participants did not have enough experience to evaluate the credibility of the doctors'
messages but did have enough experience to evaluate the credibility of former trial
volunteers' messages.

15
On February 1, 2018, Florida-based researchers Martha A. Scholl, Maoya Bassiouni, and
Angel J. Torres-Sánchez___ climate data from several sites in Puerto Rico's Luquillo
Mountains. At 8:30 a.m., the air temperature was 16°C at site CC1, the site with the highest
elevation, and it had shifted to 16.8°C by 11:00 p.m.

A) compiled:
B) compiled
C) compiled,
D) compiled;

16
Over several years, anthropologist Lívia Barbosa surveyed individuals in Brazil about their
eating habits, collecting data, for example, on what days of the week respondents were more
likely____ common Brazilian foods, such as carne-de-sol (a cured meat dish) and
pé-de-moleque (a traditional peanut brittle candy).

A) to eat
B) ate
C) will be eating
D) eaten

17
Among the world's largest deserts are the Syrian Desert, ranked___ twenty-sixth. and the
Atacama Desert, ranked twenty-sixth.
A) ninth in size; the Karakum Desert; ranked twelfth;
B) ninth in size the Karakum Desert, ranked twelfth
C) ninth in size, the Karakum Desert; ranked twelfth,
D) ninth in size; the Karakum Desert, ranked twelfth;

18
Castor oil reaches its smoke point at around 392 degrees Fahrenheit. At this temperature,
the substance cannot absorb any more heat energy. As result,___ will begin to combust,
emitting smoke.

A) it
B) that
C) they
D) those

19
On August 21, 1986, American astronomers detected an extremely bright light, which they
identified as a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) occurring 30 million light-years
from Earth. It began to dim over the next few___ although they are extremely powerful,
supernovas are short-lived phenomena.

Which choice.completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) weeks, however,
B) weeks, however;
C) weeks. However,
D) weeks; however,

20
The constitution of Ireland, enacted in 1937, enshrines 31 total rights across 16,007 words of
text. According to constitutional scholar Keith Whittington, who examines the implications of
constitutional length on civil rights,___ 95th in a global ranking of the shortest constitutions.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) they're
B) their
C) its
D) it's

21
Most sand is beige because of deposits of gray- and tan-hued minerals, such as quartz and
feldspar. The sand at Kourou Beach in French Guiana is a more unusual ___deposits of
crushed olivine crystal and other organic matter lend the sand a unique green hue.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) shade, though
B) shade, though,
C) shade, though
D) shade; though
22
William Shakespeare likely arrived in London as early as 1585, at the age of 21, to pursue a
career in the theater. Little is known of his early years there, but by 1592 he was becoming
known for plays such as Titus Andronicus.____ in 1597, he would delight audiences with
The Merry Wives of Windsor, considered by some to be one of his greatest works. Which
choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Conversely,
B) Thus,
C) Later,
D) In other words,

23
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at science museums all over the world.
● Many dinosaur fossil specimens are given nicknames.

● The Burpee Museum of Natural History in Rockford, Illinois, houses a dinosaur fossil
specimen nicknamed Jane.
● Jane lived in the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more than 65 million years
ago.
● It is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.

The student wants to provide an example of a dinosaur fossil specimen's nickname. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more
than 65 million years ago, is housed at the Burpee Museum of Natural History.
B) Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at museums all over the world, and many of
these specimens are given nicknames.
C) Nicknames are given to many dinosaur fossil specimens, including one housed at a
museum in Rockford, Illinois.
D) Jane is the nickname of a Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen housed at the Burpee Museum
of Natural History in Rockford, Illinois.

24
● Historian Isabel Wilkerson's book The Warmth of Other Suns is about the Great
Migration.
● The Great Migration was a period in twentieth-century US history when over six
million African Americans moved from the rural South to cities such as Milwaukee,
Wisconsin.
● To document this period, Wilkerson narrates the personal journeys of George
Swanson Starling and Robert Pershing Foster, among others.
● The book won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in 2011.
● It also won the Hillman Prize in 2011
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize how
Wilkerson documents the Great Migration?

A) The personal journey of George Swanson Starling is featured in the award-winning book
The Warmth of Other Suns
B) Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is one of the cities whose African American populations grew
during the Great Migration.
C) Isabel Wilkerson chronicles the complex history of the Great Migration in such riveting,
personal detail by narrating the journeys of individuals, such as George Swanson Starling
and Robert Pershing Foster.
D) In 2011, Isabel Wilkerson's book The Warmth of Other Suns won not only the
Anisfield-Wolf Book Award but also the Hillman Prize.

25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
● Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including tuna and garlic.

● Participants in a study tasted a sample of sea palm, a type of brown seaweed.

● They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
● The participants tasted a sample of ma-konbu, another type of brown seaweed.
● They rated its umami intensity as high.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two seaweeds. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Some types of brown seaweed, like sea palm and ma-konbu, trigger umami flavor in
human taste buds.
B) Although sea palm and ma-konbu are types of brown seaweed, the latter's umami flavor
is more intense.
C) Although sea palm and ma-konbu are types of brown seaweed, the latter's umami can
also be found in tuna and garlic.
D) Sea palm is a type of brown seaweed, but so is ma-konbu

26
● Calida Garcia Rawles is an African American painter.
● She is known for her large-scale, hyperrealistic paintings depicting African American
figures in water.
● The painting Deep Surrender (30 x 24 in) depicts a woman in a white dress floating
at the top of the canvas. T
● The Space in Which We Travel (84 x 144 in) depicts two young girls in white dresses
floating in the center of the canvas.
● She paints the water with vivid blue colors, including periwinkle and sapphire blue.
● The mood in the paintings is calm.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the
location of the figures in The Space in Which We Travel?
A) In Rawles's painting The Space in Which We Travel, two young girls are depicted in the
center of the canvas.
B) At 84 by 144 inches, Rawles's The Space in Which e We Travel is even larger than the
sizable 30-by-240 inch painting Deep Surrender.
C) Rawles captures the water in paintings such as Deep Surrender and The Space in Which
We Travel in vivid hues of periwinkle and sapphire blue.
D) While the number of figures may differ, the constant among Rawles's hyperrealistic works
is the calm mood that the paintings evoke.

27
● The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given by the Association for
Computing Machinery (ACM).
● The ACM gives the award for "major contributions of lasting importance to
computing."
● Butler W. Lampson won the award in 1992 for contributions to the development of
computing environments.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize
when Butler W. Lampson won the A.M. Turing Award?
A) It was in 1992 that Butler W. Lampson won A.M. Turing Award.
B) Butler W. Lampson is one winner of the A.M. Turing Award.
C) The prestigious A.M. Turing Award is given for "major contributions of lasting importance
to computing."
D) For contributions to the development of personal computing environments, Butler W.
Lampson won the A.M. Turing Award.

28

Instead of showcasing the____ of archaeological applications of electronic remote sensing,

the pioneering study became, to some skeptics, an illustration of the imprudence of
interpreting sites based on virtual archaeology. Critics argued that the reliance on technology
without sufficient field validation could lead to significant misinterpretations of archaeological
data, undermining the credibility of such approaches.

A. ubiquity
B. limitation
C. promise
D. redundancy

29
Researcher Joshua Gisemba Bagaka determined that the educational outcomes of
collaborative projects and other participatory learning methods in Kenyan mathematics
classrooms were____ ; consequently, these approaches might not be the most effective
means of enhancing mathematics education. This finding suggests that while interactive
pedagogies are often lauded for their engagement potential, their impact on actual learning
outcomes may vary significantly, warranting a closer examination of their implementation
and efficacy.
A. overstated
B. counterintuitive
C. mixed
D. discouraging

30
A unique dialect, or regional variety, of Spanish is spoken in Puerto Rico. It contains many
words borrowed from the language of the Tainos, the Indigenous people of Puerto Rico.
African languages also made important contributions to the Puerto Rican dialect. For
example, the way certain vowel sounds are pronounced in it can be___ to how they are
pronounced in Yoruba, a West African language. Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase?

(A) tendered
(B) abdicated
(C) traced
(D) proclaimed

31

Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online

encyclopedia that almost anyone can freely edit, have quickly been detected and removed, a
few fictitious entries, such as those for the town of Stone Ridge, Maryland, and the World
Bank president Maddi Fairthorne, persisted on the site for many years before they were
finally recognized as___and deleted.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
(A) falsifications
(B) refinements
(C) unveilings
(D) scrutinies

32
Humans aren't the only ones who use tools. Other animals also find tools helpful. Octopuses
use two halves of a seashell to provide protection or a place to hide. And despite sometimes
being thought of as simple, many birds make clever use of tools as well. Woodpecker
finches have been observed using cactus spines to pry insects from hiding places.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence?

A) It explains that humans use tools for many different tasks.

B) It argues that octopuses use tools more often than other animals do.
C) It emphasizes that octopuses are smarter than birds.
D) It provides one example of tool use in a nonhuman animal.

33
President Richard Nixon is most famous for his participation in the 1970s Watergate political
scandal, a convoluted tale of criminality and eroded ethics involving a constellation of
associates such as Chief Domestic Advisor John Ehrlichman and attorney Herbert
Kalmbach. But Nixon's legacy is complex: he has been praised for his role in creating the
Environmental Protection Agency, and he once made an attempt at reforming United States
health care policy that is arguably a precursor to the Affordable Care Act, which became law
during the Barack Obama administration.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A) It compares the achievements of two historical figures.

B) It provides evidence supporting a claim about a historical figure and that figure's
associates.
C) It offers information suggesting that a particular perception of a historical figure is an
oversimplification.
D) It explains why a historical figure's accomplishments are often disregarded by historians.

34

Text 1
Attempts to automate classification of music into genres have not been very successful. It is
also unclear whether categorizing music by genre is useful, since genre categories are
ambiguous, subjective, and simplistic. As Jin Ha Lee and Anh Thu Nguyen argue in their
study of the South Korean band BTS, relationships between pieces of music may be best
understood with concepts other than genre.

Text 2
Tango is a genre of music originally from Argentina and Uruguay that shares some harmonic
and rhythmic similarities with the pagode Automated genre classification systems typically
struggle to draw distinctions in situations like this, but Yandre Costa and colleagues solved
that problem by converting sound to images and having computers compare features of
those images. Their approach could improve genre classification, which could have many
benefits for users.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely respond to the claim about
the potential benefits of Costa and colleagues' research in Text 2?

A) By arguing that some genres are more easily recognized by classification systems than
others
B) By emphasizing that humans do not necessarily enjoy every recording in a genre they
claim to prefer
C) By asserting that genre classifications may not be the most helpful way to think about
music
D) By suggesting that future research may provide substantial advancements in the field of
automated genre classification

35
In a groundbreaking discovery, marine biologists have identified what might be the earliest
known symbiotic relationship between marine species, dating back to the Cambrian period.
This revelation emerged from fossil analysis conducted on specimens excavated from the
Burgess Shale in Canada. The fossils, estimated to be over 500 million years old, depict tiny
shrimp-like creatures known as Waptia fieldensis living in close association with ancient
sponges. Dr. Emily Roberts, a leading marine paleontologist, posits that this early symbiosis
could provide profound insights into the evolutionary pathways that led to complex marine
ecosystems. Furthermore, advanced scanning electron microscopy techniques allowed the
researchers to observe minute details of the fossils, corroborating the hypothesis of a
mutualistic relationship. The presence of this symbiotic interaction so early in the
evolutionary timeline challenges existing theories about the development of interspecies
cooperation in marine environments.

Which choice best states the main topic of the text?

A) Evolutionary adaptations of Cambrian marine species

B) A novel fossil discovery in the Burgess Shale
C) The application of scanning electron microscopy in paleontology
D) Dr. Emily Roberts's contributions to marine paleontology

36

The Girl Scouts of America is a youth organization that had about 1.4 million members in
2019-2020. A student is writing an essay on the history of the organization and wishes to
determine the number of members from 5 to 6 years old who were in the Girl Scouts in 1995.
According is to the table, the number (in thousands) is _____

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 784.
B) 195.
C) 272.
D) 190.

37
Life Among the Paiutes is an 1882 autobiographical narrative by Sarah Winnemucca
Hopkins. In the work, Winnemucca creates suspense by emphasizing her physical response
to an event, writing ____

Which quotation from Life Among the Paiutes most effectively illustrates the claim?

A) "Late in that fall, there came news that my grandfather was on his way home. Then my
father took a great many of his men and went to meet his father, and there came back a
runner, saying, that all our people must come together."
B) "Oh, how my heart jumped when I heard a noise close by. It was a horse running towards
us. We had to lie down close to the ground. It came close to us and stopped. Oh, how my
heart beat! I thought whoever it was would hear my heart beat."
C) "Oh, what a pretty dress my sister got! I did not get anything, because I hid all the time. I
was hiding under some robes. No one knew where I was
D) "The day we were to start we partook of the first gathering of food for that summer. So
that morning everybody prayed, and sang songs, and danced, and ate before starting."

38
A student is writing an essay on the subject of cultured meat, which is grown in a laboratory
and is intended to help reduce the number of livestock harvested for food. The student
wishes to make the case that people have mixed feelings about cultured meat that may be a
barrier to its worldwide adoption.

Which quotation from a publication by a researcher would most effectively support the
student's claim?

A) "Lab-grown meat will have to compete for consumer interest with other meat substitutes
that are made from plants."
B) "Consumers tend to believe that using less packaging when selling meat products in
stores would have a significant effect on the environment."
C) "Advocates of lab-grown meat claim that it's better for the environment than conventional
meat because it requires less water consumption."
D) "Many consumers who were surveyed believed that cultured meat would be good for the
environment if widely available, but few of those same consumers were willing to try eating
cultured meat themselves."

39
Evan MacLean and colleagues evaluated behavioral and genetic data from over 14,000
dogs, representing more than 100 breeds, and found that certain similarities in behavior
between breeds correspond to genetic similarities between those breeds, suggesting a
genetic basis for breed differences in behavior. This was the case for both separation
problems and excitability but was especially pronounced for attachment and
attention-seeking, which can be seen when a dog solicits affection or attention. A different
study found that the boxer and the French bulldog breeds exhibit similar attachment and
attention-seeking behavior, suggesting that____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) individual boxers likely display higher levels of attachment and attention-seeking than
individual French bulldogs.
B) boxers and French bulldogs show a greater tendency toward attachment and
attention-seeking than most other dog breeds do.
C) their similarities with respect to that behavior could result from a shared aspect of their
genetics.
D) the two breeds will likely become less genetically similar over time.

40
In May of 1986, the Philippines liberalized its stock market, meaning that it began allowing
foreign individuals and businesses to invest money in Filipino companies. This was part of a
wave of stock market liberalizations around the world-South Korea in 1987, Colombia in
1991, and so on. The standard view among economists at the time was that liberalization
would make it easier for companies to raise money from investors. Economist Peter Blair
Henry examined the economies of 11 countries that were part of the liberalization wave and
found that, on average, companies based in those countries received significant increases in
investment in the three years following liberalization, suggesting that ____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) economists who held the standard view of liberalization failed to anticipate some serious
negative effects of liberalization.
B) companies did not benefit from liberalization until at least three years after liberalization
occurred.
C) the opening up of stock markets to foreign investment had a positive impact on the ability
of companies to attract capital.
D) companies in South Korea experienced a greater increase in investment following
liberalization than did companies in the Philippines.

41
New Zealand has classified the rainbow lorikeet as an invasive species that could harm
some of the country's native species. But researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason
McLachlan have pointed out that "invasive" and "native" are labels that describe temporary
circumstances. Changes in Earth's climate may force animals from their current ranges.
Climate changes may also create good habitats in areas where a species couldn't live
previously. In the case of New Zealand, these observations suggest that___

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) even if Earth's climate doesn't change in the way scientists predict, the rainbow lorikeet
will likely establish itself in the country.
B) It's useful at present for the country to distinguish between invasive and native species in
some instances but not in the case of the rainbow lorikeet.
C) the country's designation of the rainbow lorikeet as invasive may be appropriate now but
not in the future.
D) the country was previously home to some rainbow lorikeets but they were outcompeted
by invading species.

42
Puffin and Edmund are the unofficial names of two small yet notable rocks found on Mars by
the Opportunity rover. After touching down on January 25, 2004, the rover spent over
fourteen years ___data while on the red planet.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) were collecting
B) collected
C) collecting
D) is collecting

43
Northern Arapaho/Seminole artist Carol Emarthle- Douglas creates intricate baskets. She
typically___ them from cedar bark and pine needles.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) to weave
B) to be weaving
C) weaving
D) weaves

44
Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation's third leading cause of
death, ____ only by heart disease and cancer.

A. surpassing
B. surpassed
C. surpasses
D. having surpassed

45

In 1987, chemist Ahmed Zewail devised a novel technique in optical spectroscopy that
allowed him to study ultrafast chemical reactions occurring within molecules. Years later,
he___ for this groundbreaking research with the Robert A. Welch Award and the Priestley
Medal from the American Chemical Society and hence would become known as the father of
femtochemistry.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) had been honored

B) is honored
C) will be honored
D) would be honored

46
From 2009 to 2019, travelers flew out of major urban airports with increasing ___Newark
Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey, saw a 38.7 percent increase in airline
passengers, from 16,704,844 total passengers in 2009 to 23,171,827 in 2019.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) frequency, for example,

B) frequency, for example;
C) frequency, for example.
D) frequency. For example,

47

In a 2023 study, researchers documented a fascinating behavior in the aquatic plant Elodea
densa. When exposed to low levels of light, the plant's___ the cellular organs that generate
energy from light-reshuffled to form a tightly packed, glass-like surface ideal for collecting
more light.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) chloroplasts,
B) chloroplasts
C) chloroplasts,
D) chloroplasts-

48
Textile artist Amber Joy Greenidge-Sabral wanted to avoid using harsh synthetic dyes that
could be damaging to the environment. ____she began experimenting with more
environmentally friendly natural dye methods, using organic materials like cutch tree and
black locust for their natural brown and blue colors.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) As a result,
B) To sum up,
C) In actuality,
D) Nevertheless,

49
Within a given ecosystem, energy tends to transfer across what ecologists, such as Juan
Carlos Ruiz- Guajardo, call trophic levels.____primary producers, like algae, at the first
trophic level provide energy (i.e., food) for herbivores, like small fish, at the second level;
those at the second level provide energy for carnivores and omnivores, like seals, at the
third; and so on, up the food chain.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) By contrast,
B) For example,
C) However,
D) Likewise,

50
Residents of Nanchang, China, rely on its rapid transit system, the Nanchang Metro, for
millions of trips each year. ____city officials strive to maintain the system's 74 stations to
ensure each of these journeys is as smooth as possible.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Accordingly,
B) However,
C) For example,
D) Alternatively,

51
● Ynés Mexia was a Mexican American botanist.
● Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical samples throughout
the Americas.
● She collected a sample of Grazielia intermedia in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on March 7,
1930.
● She collected a sample of Montanoa bipinnatifida in Jalisco, Mexico, on January 15,
1927.
● These specimens are members of the Asteraceae family.
● They can now be viewed online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize
when she collected both of the samples?

A) Ynés Mexia collected a sample of Grazielia intermedia in March of 1930, after collecting
Montanoa bipinnatifida in January of 1927.
B) On March 7 in 1930, Ynés Mexia added a new specimen to her growing collection of
botanical samples: Grazielia intermedia of the Asteraceae family.
C) While both specimens collected by Ynés Mexia are members of the same family,
Grazielia intermedia was found in Minas Gerais and Montanoa bipinnatifida was found in
Jalisco.
D) Thousands of botanical samples collected by Ynés Mexia can now be found in one place:
online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.

52
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● The Great Salt Lake is one of the world's saltiest bodies of water.
● The lake is located in Utah.
● The northern portion of the lake has a higher concentration of salt than the southern
portion.
● Crustaceans called Artemia franciscana live in the southern portion.
● Bacteria called Bacteroides live in the southern portion.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Artemia franciscana and Bacteroides.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?

A) Artemia franciscana, a type of crustacean, lives in the Great Salt Lake.

B) Crustaceans called Artemia franciscana and bacteria called Bacteroides both live in the
southern portion of the Great Salt Lake.
C) The Great Salt Lake in Utah is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world.
D) Bacteria called Bacteroides live in the Great Salt Lake, which is located in Utah.

53
● The poem “5 haiku (for Sarah Vaughan)” is by African American writer Sonia
Sanchez
● It was published in her 2010 poetry book entitled Morning Haiku.
● The poem is written as a sequence of five haiku.
● According to the book's publisher, Penguin Random House (PRH), the book
"celebrates the gifts of life and mourns the deaths of revered African American
figures."
● According to Sanchez, she chose to write in the form of haiku because it helps
"maintain memory and dignity."

The student wants to describe the format of "5 haiku (for Sarah Vaughan)." Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The poem "5 haiku (for Sarah Vaughan)" was published in the 2010 book Morning Haiku,
which "celebrates the gifts of life and mourns the deaths of revered African American
figures."
B) The poems in Morning Haiku (2010) are each written as a sequence of haiku.
C) Sanchez chose the form used in the poem "5 haiku (for Sarah Vaughan)" because it helps
"maintain memory and dignity."
D) The poem "5 haiku (for Sarah Vaughan)" is written as a sequence of five haiku.

54
● The international Slow Food movement was founded in 1989 with the signing of the
"Slow Food Manifesto."
● The movement promotes universal access to healthy, high-quality food.
● It calls for sustainable food production practices that protect local environments,
ecosystems, and biodiversity.
● It advocates for fair treatment of and compensation for food production workers.
● The Slow Food USA organization was founded in 2000.

The student wants to introduce the Slow Food movement to a new audience. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Goals of the movement include universal access to healthy, high-quality food and
sustainable food practices.
B) The international Slow Food movement, founded in 1989, promotes universal access to
healthy, high- quality food that is produced sustainably by workers who are treated and
compensated fairly.
C) The Slow Food movement advocates for food production workers.
D) The signing of the "Slow Food Manifesto" in 1989 marked the founding of the
international Slow Food movement, while the Slow Food USA organization was founded in
2000
KEY