Statistics for Data Science - 1

Quiz 2 Mock Test

1. The data from a firm is as shown in Table M.1. What is the sample covariance of this
data? [3 marks]

Number of customers (in thousands) Profit (In lakh Rupees)

12 14
8 11
8 10
10 9
13 11

Table M.1

(a) 1.6
(b) 2
(c) 5.2
(d) 3.5

Answer: b
Solution:
Let, x = Number of customers (in thousands) and
y = Profit(in lakh rupees)
The mean number of customers(in thousands) is
P5
i=1 xi
5
12 + 8 + 8 + 10 + 13
⇒ = 10.2
5
The mean profit (in lakh rupees) is
P5
i=1 yi
5
14 + 11 + 10 + 9 + 11
⇒ = 11
5

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 xi yi (xi − x) (yi − y) (xi − x) (yi − y)
12 14 1.8 3 5.4
8 11 -2.2 0 0
8 10 -2.2 -1 2.2
10 9 0.2 2 0.4
13 11 2.8 0 0

Table M.1

The sample covariance is given by

P5
i=1 (x− x̄)(y − ȳ)
(n − 1)
5.4 + 0 + 2.2 + 0.4 + 0
⇒ =2
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In a college, 100 students entered for the first year of an engineering. A survey is done
to know how many of them have willingness in playing chess. Table M.2 shows the
gender wise distribution who play chess or not.

Gender Willing to play

Yes No
Male 15 40
Female 15 15

Table M.2

2. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true? [3 Marks]

(a). Approximately 50% of students who are willing to play chess are male.
(b). Approximately 27.27% of male are willing to play chess.
(c). There is an association between gender and willingness to play chess.
(d). There is no association between gender and willingness to play chess.
Answer: a, b, c
Solution:
(a) Percentage of students who are willing to play chess are male
15
= × 100 = 50%
(15 + 15)
Thus, option (a) is correct.

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 15
(b) Percentage of students willing to play chess of male = × 100 = 27.27%
(15 + 40)
Thus, option (b) is correct.
(c) Computing row relative frequencies:

Gender Willing to play Total

Yes No
Male 15 40 55
Female 15 15 30
Total 30 55 85

Gender Willing to play Total

Yes No
Male 27.27% 72.73% 55
Female 50% 50% 30
Total 35.29% 64.71% 85

Table:Row relative frequency

As we know that, if the row relative frequencies are different for some rows, then
we say that the two variables are associated with each other.
Thus, There is an association between gender and willingness to play chess.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
(d) Also, from option (c) it is clear that there is an association between gender and
willingness to play chess.
Therefore, option (d) is incorrect.

3. All permutations of the word ”CREATE” (without repetition), with or without mean-
ing, are arranged in lexicographic order (all words in ascending order of alphabets).
What will be the 121st word? [4 marks]

a. EEACRT
b. EACERT
c. CARTEE
d. CAEERT

Answer: b
Solution:
5!
Starting with letter A, there are ways of arranging the remaining 5 letters, of which
2!

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 ’E’ is occurring twice. So total number of words are 60.
5!
61st word will start with C. After starting with letter C, there are again ways of
2!
arranging remaining 5 letters. So total number of words are 60.
Now, 121st word will start from E and the remaining letters will be as per order of
dictionary, i.e. ACERT. So, the 121st will be EACERT.

4. 10 people participated in an online game tournament. Out of which 8 participants

have at most 3 stars out of 5 stars. The game development company wants to take
the opinion from these participants about the game environment. In how many ways
can they choose 5 participants, without replacement, such that at least 3 participants
must have at most 3 stars? [3 marks]
Answer: 252
Solution:
The game development company wants at least 3 participants who must have at most
3 stars.
That means company can choose 3 or 4 or 5 participants who have at most 3 stars
among 8 participants.
And remaining 2 or 1 or 0 participants from 2 participants.
Therefore, the total number of ways company can make these choices is,
8
C3 ×2 C2 +8 C4 ×2 C1 +8 C5 = 252

5. Select the steps from the following options, that you will use for selection of participants
to get the opinion of the game environment.
Note: This question is optional. We will check your answer to this question if you
make a mistake in the previous one. [0 Marks]

(1). Selection of participants will occur simultaneously.

(2). Selection of participants will not occur simultaneously.
(3). With replacement.
(4). Without replacement.
(5). Order matters.
(6). Order does not matter.
(7). Permutation is used.
(8). Combination is used.

Answer: 1,4,6,8
Solution:
The participants will be chosen simultaneously and without replacement, as it is men-
tioned in the question itself.
Since, we have to choose 5 participants and there is not any difference in the selection
of a player at first pick, or if he/she is selected at the fifth pick. Hence, the order in

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 which the game development company choose the 5 participants does not matter.
In other words, here we can consider it as a selection of 5 participants out of 8 partic-
ipants. Hence, combination is used.

6. How many numbers can be formed between 999 to 10000 with digits 0 − 9, with
repetition, such that having at least one of their digits as 5? [3 Marks]
Answer: 3168
Solution:
To find out the total 4 digit numbers having at least one of their digits as 5, we will
subtract all the 4 digit numbers which does not contain 5 as their digit from all possible
4 digit numbers.
To have 4 digit number, zero should not be there at thousands place.
Total number of 4 digit numbers which are having at least one of their digit as 5 =
(Total number of 4 digit numbers) - (Total number of 4 digit numbers not having 5 as
their digit)
Total number of 4 digit numbers which are having at least one of their digit as 5 =
(9 × 10 × 10 × 10) − (8 × 9 × 9 × 9) = 3168

7. Select the step(s) from the following options, that you will use to create numbers using
the given digits.
Note: This question is optional. We will check your answer to this question if you
make a mistake in the previous one. [0 Marks]

(1). Selection of digits will occur simultaneously.

(2). Selection of digits will not occur simultaneously.
(3). With replacement.
(4). Without replacement.
(5). Order matters.
(6). Order does not matter.
(7). Permutation is used.
(8). Combination is used.

Answer: 1,3,5,7
Solution:
The selection of digits will be simultaneous and with replacement, as repetition of
digits is allowed. Also, order of digits do matter as the number 1230 is not the same
as 1320.
In other words, we can consider it as an arrangement of digits. Hence, permutation is
used.

8. Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed from five
distinct alphabets taking two or more alphabets at a time. Repetition of alphabets is

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 not allowed. [3 Marks]
Answer: 320
Solution:
From the given condition, we can choose either 2 alphabets or 3 alphabets or 4 alpha-
bets or 5 alphabets from 5 distinct alphabets and arrange them.
The number of ways of choosing these alphabets and arranging them = 5 C2 × 2! +
5
C3 × 3! + 5 C4 × 4! + 5 C5 × 5!
This can be rewritten as,
⇒5 P2 +5 P3 +5 P4 +5 P5 = 320

9. Select the step(s) from the following options, that you will use for forming the words
using the given alphabets.
Note: This question is optional. We will check your answer to this question if you
make a mistake in the previous one. [0 Marks]

(1). Selection of alphabets will occur simultaneously.

(2). Selection of alphabets will not occur simultaneously.
(3). With replacement.
(4). Without replacement.
(5). Order matters.
(6). Order does not matter.
(7). Permutation is used.
(8). Combination is used.

Answer: 1,4,5,7
Solution:
The selection of alphabets will be simultaneous and without replacement, as repetition
of alphabets is not allowed. Also, order of alphabets do matter as the word ’AB’ is not
the same as word ’BA’.
In other words, we can consider it as an arrangement of alphabets. Hence, permutation
is used.

10. In a bin, 45% of the balls are blue while 55% are red. Among all the balls in the bin,
40% are metallic, and the remaining ones are of plastic. A ball is randomly chosen
from the bin. What is the probability that the ball is blue and metallic if, out of all the
metallic balls, 60% of balls are red?(Enter the answer correct up to 2 decimal places)
[3 Marks]
Answer: 0.16 ; Range: 0.12 to 0.20
Solution:
Let B represent the event that the ball is blue.
P (B) = 0.45

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 Let R represent the event that the ball is red.
P (R) = 0.55
Let M represent the event that the ball is metallic.
P (M ) = 0.40
Let P represent the event that the ball is plastic.
P (P ) = 0.60
Given, 60% of metallic balls are red.
So, P (R | M ) = 0.60

Therefore, remaining 40% of metallic balls will be blue.

Therefore, P (B | M ) = 1 − 0.60 = 0.40
Probability that the ball is blue and metallic is given by P (B ∩ M ).

P (B ∩ M ) = P (B | M )P (M )

⇒ P (B ∩ M ) = 0.40 × 0.40 = 0.16

Students from 3 colleges X, Y , and Z have participated in a competition, where 30%

of the participants are from college X, 20% from college Y , and 50% from college Z.
If 50%, 40% and 60% of the participants from colleges X, Y, and Z respectively are
girls, then based on the given information, answer questions (11) and (12).

11. What is the probability that a randomly selected participant is a girl?(Enter the answer
correct to 2 decimal accuracy) [4 Marks]
Answer: 0.53 ; Range: 0.49 to 0.57
Solution:
Let X, Y , and Z represent the events that a randomly selected student is from college
X, Y , and Z respectively.
Given, P (X) = 0.30, P (Y ) = 0.20, P (Z) = 0.50
Let G represent the event that a randomly selected participant is a girl.
Also, it is given that P (G | X) = 0.50, P (G | Y ) = 0.40, P (G | Z) = 0.60
Therefore,

P (G) = P (G | X)P (X) + P (G | Y )P (Y ) + P (G | Z)P (Z)

⇒ P (G) = (0.50 × 0.30) + (0.40 × 0.20) + (0.60 × 0.50)

⇒ P (G) = 0.15 + 0.08 + 0.30
⇒ P (G) = 0.53

12. If a girl is randomly selected, what is the probability that she is from college X ?(Enter
the answer correct to 3 decimal accuracy) [3 Marks]
Answer: 0.283 ; Range: 0.279 to 0.287

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 Solution:
Here we have to find P (X|G)
Now,
P (G | X)P (X)
P (X | G) =
P (G | X)P (X) + P (G | Y )P (Y ) + P (G | Z)P (Z)
0.50 × 0.30
⇒ P (X | G) =
(0.50 × 0.30) + (0.40 × 0.20) + (0.60 × 0.50)
0.15
⇒ P (X | G) =
0.15 + 0.08 + 0.30
⇒ P (X | G) = 0.283
Therefore, if a girl is randomly selected, the probability that she is from college X is
0.283.

13. A machine learning model detects whether the given image is an image of a dog or not.
It is found that given an image of a dog, the model predicts it to be a dog in 95% of
the cases. On the other hand, if the image is not actually a dog, it shows the image to
be dog 30% of the time. Suppose an image is randomly selected from a group of 100
images in which 40 are dogs. If the machine learning model predicts it as a dog, what
is the probability that it is actually a dog.(Enter the answer correct up to 4 decimal
places) [4 Marks]
Answer: 0.6785 ; Range: 0.6780 to 0.6790
Solution:
Let A denote the event that the machine learning model predicts the image to be of a
dog.
Let B denote the event that the image is actually a dog.
Given, P (A|B) = 0.95, P (A|B c ) = 0.30, P (B) = 0.40, P (B c ) = 0.60
Probability that the image is actually a dog given the machine learning model predicts
it to be a dog is given by,

P (A | B)P (B)
P (B | A) =
P (A | B)P (B) + P (A | B c )P (B c )
0.95 × 0.40
⇒ P (B | A) =
(0.95 × 0.40) + (0.30 × 0.60)
⇒ P (B | A) = 0.6785

14. Raju wants to collect rain water. So, that he can use the water for future irrigation
purposes. His land is of the area 1000 meter square. There is a large well of radius
10 meters constructed in his land of 1000 meter square. What probability of water
that fell into his land is collected by Raju using the well? (Enter the answer up to 2
decimals accuracy) [4 Marks]
Answer: 0.31 ; Range: 0.27 to 0.35

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 Solution:
Area of his land = 1000 meter square. Area of well = πr2 = π10 × 10= 314.15 meter
square approximately. The proportion or probability of him collecting rain water that
314.15
fell in his land is = 0.31
1000
15. If P (A) = 0.2, P (B ∪ C) = 0.6, and P (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 0.7, then what is the value of
P (A ∩ (B ∪ C))? [3 Marks]
8
(a)
10
5
(b)
10
2
(c)
10
1
(d)
10
Answer: d
Solution:
Given P (A) = 0.2, P (B ∪ C) = 0.6, P (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 0.7

P (A ∪ (B ∪ C)) = P (A) + P ((B ∪ C) − P (A ∩ (B ∪ C))) (1)

It can be rewritten as,

P (A ∩ (B ∪ C))) = P (A) + P ((B ∪ C) − P (A ∪ (B ∪ C)) (2)

Putting the values in equation (2),

P (A ∩ (B ∪ C)) = 0.2 + 0.6 − 0.7 (3)

1
⇒ P (A ∩ (B ∪ C)) = 0.1 =
10
Hence, option (d) is correct.

16. In the Statistics paper of a qualifier exam, there are five multiple choice questions, each
of which has four possible answer options. Find the probability that a student will not
get all the answers correct. [3 Marks]
1
(a)
1024
1023
(b)
1024

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 1
(c)
15
1
(d)
4
Answer: b
Solution:
Total number of multiple choice questions = 5
Each question has 4 possible answer options.
Therefore, total number of ways a student can solve all questions = 45 = 1024.
There is only one way that a student will get all the answers correct since each question
will be having only one correct answer.
Therefore, number of ways a student will not get all the answers correct = 1024 − 1 =
1023
1023
Thus, probability that a student will not get all the answers correct =
1024
Hence, option (b) is correct.

17. In a family, 4 boys and 4 girls are there. In how many ways, the seating arrangement
can be made in a row of 8 seats, such that no two boys and no two girls should sit
together. [3 Marks]
Answer: 1152
Solution:
As there are 8 seats and 4 boys and 4 girls.
Since, no two girls can sit together that is they can take seats on either even number
places or odd number places.
As there are 4 seats at even number places (seats numbered 2, 4, 6, 8) and 4 seats at
odd number places (seats numbered 1, 3, 5, 7)
Thus, 4 girls can be arranged at even number seats in 4! ways and remaining 4 boys
can be arranged at odd number places in 4! ways.
Therefore, number of ways of arrangement of girls at even number places and boys at
odd number places is 4! × 4!
Similarly, 4 girls can be arranged at odd number seats in 4! ways and remaining 4 boys
can be arranged at even number places in 4! ways.
Therefore, number of ways of arrangement of girls at odd number places and boys at
even number places is 4! × 4!
Hence, the number of ways people can be seated in a row of 8 seats such that no two
girls sit together = (4! × 4!) + (4! × 4!) = 2 × 4! × 4! = 2 × 24 × 24 = 1152

18. Select the steps from the following options, that you will use for arranging family
members in a row of 8 seats.
Note: This question is optional. We will check your answer to this question if you
make a mistake in the previous one. [0 Marks]

(1). Selection of family members will occur simultaneously.

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 (2). Selection of family members will not occur simultaneously.
(3). With replacement.
(4). Without replacement.
(5). Order matters.
(6). Order does not matter.
(7). Permutation is used.
(8). Combination is used.

Answer: 1,4,5,7
Solution:
The selection of all members for sitting will be simultaneous and without replacement,
as one member can take only one position.
Let, the eight family members be B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 , G1 , G2 , G3 and G4 , then sitting
arrangement B1 ,G1 ,B2 ,G2 ,B3 ,G3 ,B4 ,G4 is not the same as G1 ,B1 ,G2 ,B2 ,G3 ,B3 ,G4 ,B4 .
Thus, order of sitting arrangement in a row of eight seats do matter.
In other words, we can consider it as an arrangement of boys and girls at eight places.
Hence, permutation is used.

19. Suppose box A contains 6 red and 8 black balls and box B contains 5 red and 4 black
balls. A ball is chosen at random from box A and placed in box B. Now, a ball is
chosen at random from box B. What is the conditional probability that a black ball
was transferred from box A to box B given that the ball chosen from box B is red? [4
Marks]
5
(a)
19
12
(b)
19
8
(c)
19
10
(d)
19
Answer: d
Solution:
Given, box A contains 6 red and 8 black balls and box B contains 5 red and 4 black
balls.
There is a possibility that either a black ball or a red ball is transferred from box A to
box B.
Let R denotes an event that a ball chosen is red and Let B denotes an event that a
ball chosen is black.
Let M be an event that a black ball is transferred from box A to B and N be an event

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that a red ball is chosen.

P (M ∩ N )
P (M |N ) =
P (N )
P (BR)
P (M |N ) =
P (RR) + P (BR)
8 5
14 10
P (M |N ) = 6 6 8 5
14 10
+ 14 10
10
P (M |N ) =
19
Hence, option (d) is correct.

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