DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GOA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

LABORATORY WORK DOCUMENTATION

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND

INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY
T.E (E&TC ENGINEERING) SEMESTER: VI

2021
SUBMITTED BY:

NAME: VIRAJ KUDAV

ROLL NO: 181104018
Date of Submission: 11/07/2021

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that VIRAJ KUDAV 181104018 has successfully
completed all prescribed experiments conducted as online practical
sessions for the course INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION
during the academic year 2020-21 in partial fulfilment for award of
the degree of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering.

Signature of Lab Instructor Signature of Head of Department

Index:
Sr. Title of the Experiment Date
No.
 1 Input Output characteristics of LVDT 22-03-
21

2 Capacitive Transducer 05-04-

21

3 Study of RTD and LM335 05-04-

21

4 Study of NTC Thermistor 12-04-

21

5 Implementation of Logic Gates, Inter-latch and 26-04-

Interlock 21

6 Implementation of Jogging and conditional logic 03-05-

21

7 Implementation of Timers 10-05-

21

8 Implementation of Counters 17-05-

21

9 Implementation of Counters and Timers 24-05-

21

Experiment No.1 Date:22/03/21

Aim: To determine input output characteristics and sensitivity of LVDT.

Requirements: LVDT Trainer Kit, Probes, CRO.

Theory: LVDTs are used to measure displacement. LVDT works on the principle of a transformer.
LVDT consists of a coil assembly and a core. The coil assembly is typically mounted to a stationary
form while the core is secured to the object whose position is to be measured. The coil assembly
consists of 3 coils of wire wound on the hollow former. A core of permeable material can slide freely
through the center of the former. The inner coil is the primary coil which is connected to an AC
source. Magnetic flux produced by the primary is coupled to the two secondary coils, inducing an AC
voltage in each coil.

Procedure:
1. Turn on the LVDT kit and CRO.
2. Connect the input to CRO and check for proper sine wave.
3. Adjust the micrometer to zero, and then find zero output reading.
4. Note the readings of micrometer in tabulated form for AC output readings (center, extreme left and
extreme right).
5. Note the Phase Shift, and plot the graph.
6. Disconnect the probes to the CRO.
7. Repeat step (3) and take readings varying the micrometer with 1 mm difference.
8. Note the output from the kit in tabulated form.
9. Measure the DC differential voltage between TP6 and TP7 with multimeter in mV range. 10. Find
the sensitivity of the Kit using the formula below.
Sensitivity = [(Differential Voltage at N mm) − (Differential Voltage at N − 1 mm)] / [(N mm) − (N −
1 mm)]

Diagram:

Observations:
Displacement(mm) V1(V) V2(V) Vo(ac)=V1-V2 Vo(dc)
 0 0.9 0.675 0.225 10.2
1 0.875 0.675 0.2 9.3
2 0.85 0.7 0.15 8.5
3 0.825 0.7 0.125 7.5
4 0.825 0.7 0.125 6.5
5 0.825 0.75 0.075 5.5
6 0.8 0.75 0.05 4.4
7 0.8 0.8 0 3.5
8 0.75 0.8 -0.05 2.4
9 0.75 0.8 -0.05 1.4
10 0.75 0.85 -0.1 0.3
11 0.7 0.85 -0.15 -0.6
12 0.7 0.85 -0.15 -1.6
13 0.7 0.85 -0.15 -2.6
14 0.7 0.9 -0.2 -3.6
15 0.65 0.9 -0.25 -4.6
16 0.65 0.9 -0.25 -5.6
17 0.625 0.925 -0.3 -6.6
18 0.6 0.95 -0.35 -7.6
19 0.6 0.975 -0.375 -8.6
20 0.6 0.975 -0.375 -9.5
Result: The input-output characteristics of LVDT was performed and studied.
Experiment No.2 Date:05/04/21

Aim: To convert the water level (ml) and display equivalent output in volts using a Capacitive
Transducer.

Requirements: Water Level Measurement Kit, Connecting Probes, Graduated (ml) Container.

Theory: In Capacitive Transducers, when there is a change in the position of the dielectric between
the capacitor’s plates in the transduction element, or its area between the plates changes, any change
in these two parameters leads to a change in Capacitance. This change in capacitance is proportional
to the quantity to be measured like capacitive displacement with variation in dielectric constant, gap
between plates, and area of capacitors plates. Formula: The capacitance in a parallel plate capacitor is
given by:
C = ↋◦A/d
where A 🡪 area of the plates;
d🡪 distance between the plates.

Procedure: A] Observing output on varying water level:-

1. On the kit, connect the sensor output F to the Frequency-to-Voltage Converter.
out

2. Connect the output of the Frequency-to-Voltage Converter to the positive end of Digital Voltmeter,
and ground its negative end.
3. Fill the graduated container with water up to 200 ml mark, place the capacitor in it in a stable
position and capacitor output to the Sensor Input port on the kit.
4. Note the reading on the Digital Voltmeter.
5. Now connect the output of the Frequency-to-Voltage Converter to the Gain Amplifier, and output
of Gain Amplifier to the positive end of Digital Voltmeter.
6. Note the reading on the Digital Voltmeter.
7. Now repeat step [2], and vary the water level (increase) and observe the changes in output voltage.
8. Repeat steps [4] to [7] to obtain a set of 6-7 readings.

B] Using Voltage Controller to detect changes in water level:-

1. Fill the graduated container to the maximum water level of part [A].
2. On the kit, connect the sensor output F to the Frequency-to-Voltage Converter.
out

3. Connect the output of the Frequency-to-Voltage Converter to the Vin terminal of ON/OFF
Controller, and also to the positive end of Digital Voltmeter, grounding its negative end.
4. Set a certain Control (reference) Voltage, V , and connect output of the ON/OFF Controller to the
ref

Buzzer and the LED.

5. Vary (decrease) the water level, which increases the output voltage, and when this voltage crosses
the pre-set Control Voltage, the Buzzer and LED will turn ON.
6. Note this water level and output voltage.
Diagram:

Observations:
Water Level (ml) Voltage

Low Water level Mid Water Level High Water level

100 7.1 8.76 9.63

200 6.94 8.33 9.43

300 6.59 7.77 9.12

400 6.14 7.34 8.32

500 5.92 6.80 8.00

600 5.46 6.54 7.34

700 5.13 6.20 7.01

800 5.00 6.00 6.76

 900 4.76 5.71 6.54

1000 4.58 5.49 6.13

1100 4.18 5.03 5.66

1200 3.84 4.60 5.20

Results: The study of Capacitive Transducer was carried out successfully.

Experiment No. 3 Date:05/04/21

Aim: To study the Temperature Transducers: LM335 and RTD

Requirements: Scientech Techbook, Techbook power supply, Mains Cords, Multi-meter, Patch cords

Objective: Study the characteristics of RTD, LM335 and NTC.

Theory:

RTD: An RTD is a temperature sensor which measures temperature using the principle that the
resistance of a metal changes with temperature. In practice, an electrical current is transmitted through
a piece of metal (the RTD element or resistor) located in proximity to the area where temperature is to
be measured. The resistance value of the RTD element is then measured by an instrument. This
resistance value is then correlated to temperature based upon the known resistance characteristics of
the RTD element.

LM335: LM 335 is basically an Integrated Circuit (IC) for precise temperature sensor. LM-335
operates on a current range 400uA-5mA having resistance less than 1 ohm. LM 335 can be used for
each type of temperature sensing purposes. This device is available in different dimensions and in
different sizes. LM-335 is most commonly available in the market due to its unique features including
e.g. large temperature range, cost effectiveness, low dynamic resistance, initial accuracy up to 1
degree Celsius. LM-335 can be used at several different places. Its applications include Heat
Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), power supplies, battery management systems, home
appliances

Procedure: LM335
• Connect a digital multi-meter as voltmeter between the output of Temperature Sensor and
ground.
• Connect the TechBook Power supply to the Scientech 2302. Turn the rocker switch in ON
position.
• Note the output voltage. This (X100) representing the ambient temperature in K. Record the
values in a table.
• Connect +12V supply to the input of heater element and take the voltage reading every
minute.
• Note that C= K – 273
• Turn the rocker switch OFF
• Disconnect the heater element supply. This exercise illustrates the characteristics of the
LM335 transducer, indicates the maximum temperature rise possible using the heater supplied
at +12V, and also gives you an idea of the time scale required for the unit to reach stable
condition
RTD:
• Connect the circuit as shown below. Connect B of slide potentiometer to output of platinum
RTD. Connect C of slide potentiometer to +5V. Connect a digital multimeter as voltmeter
between output of platinum RTD and Ground.
• Set the 10K slider resistance midway
• Connect the techbook power supply to the Scientech 2302. Turn the rocker switch in ON
position.
• Connect a digital multimeter as voltmeter between output of IC Temperature sensor and
ground.
• Check the output of IC temperature sensor for ambient temperature by temporarily connecting
DMM on 20V DC range and find out the resistance in ohms for this particular temperature.
• Say for example: the Ambient is 25 C then platinum RTD reading as per chart is 109.73
0

(Chart attached below)

• Switch ON the Power Supply and adjust the slider control of the 10K Ohm resistance to the
voltage drop across the platinum RTD is 109 mV as indicated by the Digital Multi-meter.
This calibrates the platinum RTD for ambient temperature of 25 C since the resistance at 25 C
o o

will be 109 ohms. Note that the voltage reading across the RTD in mV is the same as the
RTD resistance in ohms, since current flowing must be 0.109/109 = 1mA.
• Connect the +12V supply to the heater element input and note the values of the voltage across
the RTD with the voltmeter to its 200mV or 2V range and the output voltage from the IC
temperature sensor with the voltmeter set to its 20V range after each minute in a table.
• Disconnect the heater element supply.
• Convert the RTD temperature to C and add in a table.
o

• Plot the graph of RTD resistance in ohms against temperature in C. o

Observations:
LM335
Time (min) Voltage Temperature in C
0 3.020 29
 1 3.045 31.5
2 3.092 36.2
3 3.136 40.6
4 3.173 44.3
5 3.202 47.2
6 3.225 49.5
7 3.246 51.6
8 3.260 53
9 3.272 54.2
10 3.282 55.2

RTD:
Time RTD o/p(mV) RTD resistance(ohm) Ic o/p Temp(Celsius)
0 111.28 111.28 3.020 29
1 112.10 112.10 3.045 31.5
2 113.29 113.29 3.092 36.2
3 114.61 114.61 3.136 40.6
4 115.78 115.78 3.173 44.3
5 116.69 116.69 3.202 47.2
6 117.43 117.43 3.225 49.5
7 118.01 118.01 3.246 51.6
8 118.49 118.49 3.260 53
9 118.86 118.86 3.272 54.2
10 119.18 119.18 3.282 55.2
Result: The LM335 and RTD characteristics were studied successfully.

Experiment No.4 Date:12/04/21

Aim: To Study the characteristics of NTC thermistor.

Requirements: Scientech 2302 Techbook, TechBook Power supply, Mains cords, Multimeter, Patch
Cords.

Theory: NTC stands for “Negative Temperature Coefficient”, NTC thermistors are resistors with a
negative temperature coefficient, which means that the resistance decreases with increasing
temperature. They are primarily used as resistive temperature sensors and current-limiting devices.
The temperature sensitivity coefficient is about five times greater than that of silicon temperature
sensors (silistors) and about ten times greater than those of resistance temperature detectors (RTDs).
NTC sensors are typically used in a range from −55°C to 200°C.

Connection Diagram:
Procedure:
• Connect the circuit as show in the diagram above.
• Set t2.5V output of NTC Thermistor A banana socket using wire-wound
potentiometer.
• The arrangement will act as a voltage divider as shown in the figure below where
R2=5K and Vin= +5V DC.
• Connect the Techbook power supply to the scientech 2302. Turn the rocker switch in
ON position.
• Connect the 12V supply to the heater element input and at 1-minute intervals note the
values and also the temperature from the IC temperature sensor. Record the values in
a table.
• Record the Vout values and temperature in a table.
• Turn the rocket switch in OFF position.
• Disconnect the heater element supply (+12V)
• Now using the voltage divider formula find the value of R1. Value of R1 will be the
NTC resistance.
• Vout=Vin*R2R1+R2

Observations:

Time Thermistor o/p Thermistor resistance (k-ohm) Ic o/p Temperature

0 2.5 5 3.020 29
1 2.635 4.487 3.045 31.5
2 2.950 3.47 3.092 36.2
3 3.230 2.74 3.136 40.6
4 3.438 2.27 3.173 44.3
5 3.588 1.96 3.202 47.2
6 3.692 1.77 3.225 49.5
7 3.769 1.63 3.246 51.6
8 3.823 1.53 3.260 53
9 3.865 1.468 3.272 54.2
10 3.897 1.41 3.282 55.2
Result: The characteristics of NTC Thermistor was studied successfully
Experiment No. 5 Date:26/04/21
Aim: To Implement Logic gates, Inter-Latch and Interlock in Ladder Logic.

Requirements: WPL Software

Ladder Logic:

Logic Gates

X0, X1 🡪 AND Gate 🡪 Y0

X2, X3 🡪OR Gate 🡪 Y1

X4, X5 🡪NAND Gate 🡪 Y2

X6 🡪 NOT Gate 🡪 Y3

X7, X10 🡪NOR Gate 🡪Y4

X11, X12 🡪 XOR Gate 🡪 Y5

X13, X14 🡪 XNOR Gate 🡪 Y6

2. Inter-Latch
X0 🡪 ON Switch 🡪 Y0

X1 🡪 OFF Switch 🡪Y0

3. Interlock

X0 🡪 ON Switch for Output Y0

X1 🡪 OFF Switch for Output Y0
X2 🡪 ON Switch for Output Y1
X3 🡪 OFF Switch for Output Y1

Observation:
1) LOGIC Gates:
AND Gate:
X0 X1 Y0
OFF OFF OFF
OFF ON OFF
ON OFF OFF
ON ON ON

OR Gate:
X0 X1 Y1
OFF OFF OFF
OFF ON ON
ON OFF ON
ON ON ON

NAND Gate:
X0 X1 Y2
OFF OFF ON
OFF ON OFF
 ON OFF OFF
ON ON OFF

NOR Gate:
X0 X1 Y3
OFF OFF ON
OFF ON OFF
ON OFF OFF
ON ON OFF

XNOR Gate:
X0 X1 Y4
OFF OFF ON
OFF ON OFF
ON OFF OFF
ON ON ON

XOR Gate:
X0 X1 Y5
OFF OFF OFF
OFF ON ON
ON OFF ON
ON ON OFF

2) Inter-latch:
Sr No. X0 X1 Y0
1 OFF OFF OFF
2 ON OFF ON
3 OFF OFF ON
4 OFF ON OFF
5 ON ON OFF
6 OFF ON OFF

3) Inter-Lock
Sr No. X0 X1 X2 X3 Y0 Y1 Y2
1 OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
2 ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
3 ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
4 ON ON OFF OFF Set OFF ON OFF
5 OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF
6 OFF OFF ON OFF OFF Set OFF ON
7 OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF
Conclusion: Logic Gates, Inter-Latch and Interlock ladder logic was implemented and executed using
WPLSoft successfully.

Experiment No. 6 Date: 03/05/21

Aim: To implement the following:

6.1. Jogging… run, stop, jog

6.2. For the output 7 to be ON, input 6 must be OFF, either or both of the inputs 11 or
12 must be ON. In addition, one or all of the inputs 1,2,3 must be ON.

6.3. There are four hazard inputs to the system that go on as some operational
malfunction occurs. The System operates as follows:
• If one input is ON, nothing happens.
• If any two inputs are ON, Red pilot light goes ON.
• If any three inputs are ON, Alarm siren sounds.
• If all four inputs are ON, Fire Department is notified.

Ladder Logic:

6.1. Jogging

6.2 For the output 7 to be ON, input 6 must be OFF, either or both of the inputs 11 or
12 must be ON. In addition, one or all of the inputs 1,2,3 must be ON.

X1, X2, X3, X6, X11, X12 – Inputs

Y7 - Output
6.3 Hazard problem

X1, X2, X3, X4 – Hazard Inputs

Y0🡪 Red Pilot Light
Y1🡪Alarm Siren
Y2🡪Fire Dept. notified.
Observations:
Problem 1:
Sr. No. X0 X1 X2 Y0 Y1
1 OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
2 ON OFF OFF ON OFF
3 ON OFF ON ON ON
4 ON ON ON ON ON
5 ON ON OFF OFF OFF

Problem 2:
X6 X11 X12 X1 X2 X3 Y7
OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
ON ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON
ON OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON
ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON
ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON
 ON ON ON ON ON ON ON

Problem 3:
X1 X2 X3 X4 Y0 Y1 Y2
OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF
ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF
OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF OFF
OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF OFF
OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF
ON ON ON OFF ON ON OFF
ON OFF ON ON ON ON OFF
OFF ON ON ON ON ON OFF
ON ON OFF ON ON ON OFF
ON ON ON ON ON ON ON

Conclusion: All the problem statements were implemented and executed successfully on WPLSoft.

Experiment No. 07 Date:10/05/21

Aim: To implement the following:

7.1. When the process circuit is ON, the coolant motor is turned ON. Eight Seconds later, the
grinding process begins.

7.2. When the start is pressed the oil pump motor starts immediately. The main motor will be
started after a 10 second delay and then auxiliary motor after a 5 second delay. In addition,
stopping all the motors immediately when STOP is pressed.

7.3. Light number 1 flashes ON and OFF for 5 seconds and Light No.2 flashes ON and OFF
for 8 seconds continuously.
Ladder Logic:
7.1.

X0-ON switch
Y0- Coolant motor
T0 – Timer with 8 sec Delay
Y1 – Grinding Process

7.2.

7.3

Observation:
Problem 1
Time X0 T0 Y0 Y1
0 ON OFF ON OFF
8 ON ON ON ON

Problem 2
Time X0 X1 T0 T1 Y0 Y1 Y2
0 ON OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
10 ON OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF
15 ON OFF OFF ON ON ON ON

Problem 3
Time T0 T1 T2 T3 Y0 Y1
 0 OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
5 ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF
8 ON ON ON ON ON ON
10 OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON
15 ON ON ON ON ON ON
16 ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF

Conclusion: The programs were implemented and executed successfully on WPLSoft.

Experiment No. 8 Date:17/05/21

Aim: To implement the following:

8.1. Develop the ladder logic that will turn ON a light after Switch A has been closed 10
times. Use Push button B to reset the Counter.

8.2. An output indicator is to go ON when 6 of Part C and 8 of part D are on conveyor belt.

8.3. A 24-Hour Clock (using M1013)

Ladder Logic:
8.1

X0🡪Switch A
C0🡪Counter set to 10 counts
X1->Switch B to reset the counter

8.2
X0🡪Part C Sensor
X1🡪Part D Sensor
C0🡪Set to 6 Counts
C1🡪Set to 8 Counts

8.3

M1013🡪1 second pulse (0.5 second ON, 0.5 Seconds OFF)

C0🡪Counts Seconds
C1🡪Counts Minutes
C2🡪Counts Hours
Observations:
Problem 1
Count X0 X1 C0 Y0
0 OFF OFF OFF
10 OFF ON ON
Reset ON OFF OFF

Problem 2
Count X0 Count X1 C0 C1 Y0
0 0 OFF OFF OFF
6 3 ON OFF OFF
3 8 OFF ON OFF
6 8 ON ON ON

Problem 3
Time C0 C1 C2
0hr 0min 0sec OFF OFF OFF
0hr 0min 60sec ON OFF OFF
 0hr 60min 0sec OFF ON OFF
1hr 00min 0sec OFF OFF ON

Conclusion: The programs were implemented and executed successfully on WPLSoft.

Experiment No.9 Date:24/05/21

Aim: To implement the following:

9.1. When the daily production limit reaches 500, Output indicator goes HIGH. When the
Clear button is pressed, the counter starts counting from 0.

9.2. After a count of 20 from a sensor, a paint spray runs for 20 seconds.

9.3. After counting 150 items detected by a sensor, the output indicator goes ON. The counter
starts one hour later after the switch button is pressed.

Ladder Logic:
9.1

X0-Daily production detector

C120- Set to 500 counts, stores the count even if the power is turned off and on.
X1-Clear button.

9.2
X0-Sensor
C0-Counter set to 20
T0-Timer set to 20 seconds (200 ms)

9.3

X0 – Push Button
X1 – Sensor
Y0 – Output Indicator
M0 – memory element
T0 – 1 hour timer

Observations:
Problem 1
Count X0 X1 C120 Y0
0 OFF OFF OFF
120 OFF ON ON
Reset ON OFF OFF

Problem 2
Condition C0 T0 Y0
Initial OFF OFF OFF
Count 20 ON OFF OFF
Count 20 Time 20 sec ON ON ON

Problem 3
Condition X0 M0 T0 X1 C0 Y0
Initial OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
Time 0 ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF
Time 1 hour ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF
 Time > 1 hour and count = 150 ON ON ON ON ON ON

Conclusion: The programs were implemented and executed successfully using WPLSoft.