Operating System with LINUX–

MCA I

Practical File
GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
Affiliated to GGSIPU
(Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)

Faculty Name: Swati Tomar

Prof. Shubhra Saggar Roll No: 02729704424

1 |P a g e
 INDEX
S.No TOPIC PAGE NO
1) Execute general purpose commands pwd, cat, ls, mkdir, rmdir, cd, date,
time, cal, clear,
3
2) Work with Linux terminals and basic commands : who, whoami, login,
passwd, su, banner, tty, diff, chmod, ln
4
3) Execute process commands - ps, wait, sleep, exit, kill, jobs, fg, bg, rm, mv,
cp, join, split, cat, head, tail, touch
5
4) Write and execute Shell Script to
a) Find out whether-Given file exits, File has read, write and execute
6
permissions?
b) To generate mark sheet of a student. Take 3 subjects, calculate and
display total marks, percentage and Class obtained by the student.
c) To find factorial of given number n.
d) To accept a number b and display first n prime numbers as output.
To generate first n Fibonacci numbers like: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 13,…

5) Created n child processes using for loop and print the PID and PPID of each
child processes.
9
6) Write a C program to calculate total waiting and turnaround time of n
processes with FCFS CPU Scheduling algorithm.
10
7) Write a C Program for Priority CPU Scheduling
11
8) Write a C Program for CPU Scheduling - Pre-emptive and Non-Pre-emptive.
13
9) Write a C Program for Priority CPU Scheduling
16
10) Work with Linux memory management commands Top, free,
/proc/meminfo
18
11) Write a C program to simulate the following contiguous memory allocation
Techniques
19
a) Worst fit
b) Best fit
c) First fit.

12) Write and execute Shell Script and C program to

a) Find out whether-Given file exits, File has read, write and execute
24
permissions?

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1) Command : pwd
Pwd command: - displays the name of current/working directory as below.

2) Command : cal(year)
Syntax : cal 2021
Cal command: - Cal is a handy tool that you can invoke any time to see the calendar of any specific month
or a complete year.

3) Command : man(command name)

Man command :- Man command used to display the user manual of any command that we can run on the
terminal. It provides a detailed view.

4) Command : mkdir
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 Syntax : mkdir hrshu
Mkdir command :- it is used to create new directory.

5) command : ls/dir
Ls/dir command: - You can list the names of the files available in this directory with the ls command.

6) command : cat(file name)

Syntax : cat abc
Cat command :- To check whether the shell has actually done the job use the cat command with the filename
as argument.

7)Command : rmdir (file name)

Syntax : rmdir hrshu
Rm command :- its used to remove/delete the directory or file. It can remove only empty directory.

8) Command : cd(file name)

Syntax : cd hrshu
Cd command: - cd stands for "change directory", changes the shell's current working directory.

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9) Command : time(command name)
Time command :- The time command is used to determine how long a given command takes to run. It is
useful for testing the performance of your scripts and commands.

10) Command: clear

clear command : clear is a standard Unix computer operating system command that is used to clear the
terminal screen.

5 |P a g e
4) Write and execute Shell Script to
a)Find out whether-Given file exits, File has read, write and execute permissions?

echo -n "Enter file name : "

read file
[ -w $file ] && W="Write = yes" || W="Write = No"

[ -x $file ] && X="Execute = yes" || X="Execute = No"

[ -r $file ] && R="Read = yes" || R="Read = No"

echo "$file permissions"

echo "$W"
echo "$R"
echo "$X"

b) To generate mark sheet of a student. Take 3 subjects, calculate and display total marks, percentage
and Class obtained by the student.

echo "Enter the three subject marks for the student"

read m1 m2 m3
sum1=`expr $m1 + $m2 + $m3`
echo "Sum of 3 subjects are: " $sum1
per=`expr $sum1 / 3`
echo " Percentage: " $per
if [ $per -ge 60 ]
then
echo "You get Distinction”
elif [ $per -ge 50 ]
then
echo “You get First class”
elif [ $per -ge 40 ]
then
echo "You get Second class"
else
echo "You get Fail"
fi

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 c) To find factorial of given number n
echo "Enter a number"
read num

fact=1

for((i=2;i<=num;i++))
{
fact=$((fact * i)) #fact = fact * i
}

echo $fact

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d) To accept a number b and display first n prime numbers as output.
To generate first n Fibonacci numbers like: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 13,…

echo "The Fibonacci series is : "

for (( i=0; i<N; i++ ))

do
echo -n "$a "
fn=$((a + b))
a=$b
b=$fn
done

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5) Created n child processes using for loop and print the PID and PPID of each child processes.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
for(int i=0;i<5;i++) // loop will run n times (n=5)
{
if(fork() == 0)
{
printf("[son] pid %d from [parent] pid %d\n",getpid(),getppid());
exit(0);
}
}
for(int i=0;i<5;i++) // loop will run n times (n=5)
wait(NULL);
}

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6) Write a C program to calculate total waiting and turnaround time of n processes with FCFS CPU
Scheduling algorithm
#include<stdio.h>
void findWaitingTime(int processes[], int n,
int bt[], int wt[])
{
wt[0] = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n ; i++ )
wt[i] = bt[i-1] + wt[i-1] ;
}
void findTurnAroundTime( int processes[], int n,
int bt[], int wt[], int tat[])
{
for (int i = 0; i < n ; i++)
tat[i] = bt[i] + wt[i];
}
void findavgTime( int processes[], int n, int bt[])
{
int wt[n], tat[n], total_wt = 0, total_tat = 0;
findWaitingTime(processes, n, bt, wt);
findTurnAroundTime(processes, n, bt, wt, tat);
printf("Processes Burst time Waiting time Turn around time\n");
for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
{
total_wt = total_wt + wt[i];
total_tat = total_tat + tat[i];
printf(" %d ",(i+1));
printf(" %d ", bt[i] );
printf(" %d",wt[i] );
printf(" %d\n",tat[i] );
}
int s=(float)total_wt / (float)n;
int t=(float)total_tat / (float)n;
printf("Average waiting time = %d",s);
printf("\n");
printf("Average turn around time = %d ",t);
}
int main()
{
int processes[] = { 1, 2, 3};
int n = sizeof processes / sizeof processes[0];
int burst_time[] = {10, 5, 8};

findavgTime(processes, n, burst_time);
return 0;

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7) Write a C Program for Priority CPU Scheduling.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int et[20],at[10],n,i,j,temp,p[10],st[10],ft[10],wt[10],ta[10];
int totwt=0,totta=0;
float awt,ata;
char pn[10][10],t[10];
//clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of process:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("Enter process name,arrivaltime,execution time & priority:");
//flushall();
scanf("%s%d%d%d",pn[i],&at[i],&et[i],&p[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
for(j=0; j<n; j++)
{
if(p[i]<p[j])
{
temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[j];
p[j]=temp;
temp=at[i];
at[i]=at[j];
at[j]=temp;
temp=et[i];
et[i]=et[j];
et[j]=temp;
strcpy(t,pn[i]);
strcpy(pn[i],pn[j]);
strcpy(pn[j],t);
}
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 }
for(i=0; i<n; i++)

if(i==0)
{
st[i]=at[i];
wt[i]=st[i]-at[i];
ft[i]=st[i]+et[i];
ta[i]=ft[i]-at[i];
}
else
{
st[i]=ft[i-1];
wt[i]=st[i]-at[i];
ft[i]=st[i]+et[i];
ta[i]=ft[i]-at[i];
}
totwt+=wt[i];
totta+=ta[i];
}
awt=(float)totwt/n;
ata=(float)totta/n;
printf("\nPname\tarrivaltime\texecutiontime\tpriority\twaitingtime\ttatime");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
printf("\n%s\t%5d\t\t%5d\t\t%5d\t\t%5d\t\t%5d",pn[i],at[i],et[i],p[i],wt[i],ta[i]);
printf("\nAverage waiting time is:%f",awt);
printf("\nAverage turnaroundtime is:%f",ata);
getch();
}

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8) Write a C Program for CPU Scheduling
a) (Non-Pre-emptive)
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int bt[20],p[20],wt[20],tat[20],i,j,n,total=0,pos,temp;
float avg_wt,avg_tat;
printf("Enter number of process:");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("nEnter Burst Time:n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("p%d:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
p[i]=i+1;
}

//sorting of burst times

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
pos=i;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(bt[j]<bt[pos])
pos=j;
}

temp=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[pos];
bt[pos]=temp;

temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[pos];
p[pos]=temp;
}

wt[0]=0;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
wt[i]+=bt[j];

total+=wt[i];
}

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 avg_wt=(float)total/n;
total=0;

printf("nProcesst Burst Time tWaiting TimetTurnaround Time");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
tat[i]=bt[i]+wt[i];
total+=tat[i];
printf("np%dtt %dtt %dttt%d",p[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
}

avg_tat=(float)total/n;
printf("nnAverage Waiting Time=%f",avg_wt);
printf("nAverage Turnaround Time=%fn",avg_tat);
}

b) Pre-emptive .
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int arrival_time[10], burst_time[10], temp[10];
int i, smallest, count = 0, time, limit;
double wait_time = 0, turnaround_time = 0, end;
float average_waiting_time, average_turnaround_time;
printf("nEnter the Total Number of Processes:t");
scanf("%d", &limit);
printf("nEnter Details of %d Processesn", limit);
for(i = 0; i < limit; i++)
{
printf("nEnter Arrival Time:t");
scanf("%d", &arrival_time[i]);
printf("Enter Burst Time:t");
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 scanf("%d", &burst_time[i]);
temp[i] = burst_time[i];
}
burst_time[9] = 9999;
for(time = 0; count != limit; time++)
{
smallest = 9;
for(i = 0; i < limit; i++)
{
if(arrival_time[i] <= time && burst_time[i] < burst_time[smallest] &&
burst_time[i] > 0)
{
smallest = i;
}
}
burst_time[smallest]--;
if(burst_time[smallest] == 0)
{
count++;
end = time + 1;
wait_time = wait_time + end - arrival_time[smallest] - temp[smallest];
turnaround_time = turnaround_time + end - arrival_time[smallest];
}
}
average_waiting_time = wait_time / limit;
average_turnaround_time = turnaround_time / limit;
printf("nnAverage Waiting Time:t%lfn", average_waiting_time);
printf("Average Turnaround Time:t%lfn", average_turnaround_time);
return 0;
}

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 9) Write a C Program for Priority CPU Scheduling.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int bt[20],p[20],wt[20],tat[20],pr[20],i,j,n,total=0,pos,temp,avg_wt,avg_tat;
printf("Enter Total Number of Process:");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\nEnter Burst Time and Priority\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nP[%d]\n",i+1);
printf("Burst Time:");
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
printf("Priority:");
scanf("%d",&pr[i]);
p[i]=i+1; //contains process number
}

//sorting burst time, priority and process number in ascending order using selection sort
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
pos=i;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(pr[j]<pr[pos])
pos=j;
}
temp=pr[i];
pr[i]=pr[pos];
pr[pos]=temp;

temp=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[pos];
bt[pos]=temp;

temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[pos];
p[pos]=temp;
}
wt[0]=0; //waiting time for first process is zero

//calculate waiting time

for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i]=0;
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 for(j=0;j<i;j++)
wt[i]+=bt[j];

total+=wt[i];
}
avg_wt=total/n; //average waiting time
total=0;

printf("\nProcess\t Burst Time \tWaiting Time\tTurnaround Time");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
tat[i]=bt[i]+wt[i]; //calculate turnaround time
total+=tat[i];
printf("\nP[%d]\t\t %d\t\t %d\t\t\t%d",p[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
}
avg_tat=total/n; //average turnaround time
printf("\n\nAverage Waiting Time=%d",avg_wt);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time=%d\n",avg_tat);

return 0;
}

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10) Work with Linux memory management commands Top, free,

Top :

Free :

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11) Write a C program to simulate the following contiguous memory allocation Techniques
a) Worst fit
b) Best fit
c) First fit.
a) Worst fit
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - First Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
{
ff[i]=j;
break;
}
}
}
frag[i]=temp;
bf[ff[i]]=1;
}
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printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}

INPUT

Enter the number of blocks: 3

Enter the number of files: 2

Enter the size of the blocks:-

Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files:-

File 1: 1
File 2: 4

b) Best fit.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,lowest=10000;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
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scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
if(lowest>temp)
{
ff[i]=j;

lowest=temp;
}
}
}
frag[i]=lowest;
bf[ff[i]]=1;
lowest=10000;
}
printf("\nFile No\tFile Size \tBlock No\tBlock Size\tFragment");
for(i=1;i<=nf && ff[i]!=0;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}

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c) First fit.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,highest=0;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - Worst Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
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for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1) //if bf[j] is not allocated
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
if(highest<temp)
{
ff[i]=j;
highest=temp;
}
}
}
frag[i]=highest;
bf[ff[i]]=1;
highest=0;
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}

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12) Write and execute Shell Script and C program to
a) Find out whether-Given file exits, File has read, write and execute permissions?

echo -n "Enter file name : "

read file
[ -w $file ] && W="Write = yes" || W="Write = No"

[ -x $file ] && X="Execute = yes" || X="Execute = No"

[ -r $file ] && R="Read = yes" || R="Read = No"

echo "$file permissions"

echo "$W"
echo "$R"
echo "$X"

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