4-1 Special Segments

in Right Triangles
Geometric Mean in Right Triangles
The geometric mean between two B
numbers is the positive square root of
their product. In the diagram, △ ABC ∼
△ ADB ∼ △ BDC. An altitude to the A C
D
hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two
right triangles. The two triangles are similar and each is
similar to the original triangle.
Geometric △ ADB ∼ △ BDC so _ AD BD
=_
Mean BD CD
(Altitude) In △ABC, the altitude is the geometric mean
Theorem between the two segments of the hypotenuse.
△ ABC ∼ △ ADB and △ ABC ∼ △ BDC,
AC AB AC BC
Geometric so _ = _ and _ = _
AB AD BC DC
Mean (Leg) In △ ABC, each leg is the geometric mean between
Theorem the hypotenuse and the segment of the hypotenuse
adjacent to that leg.
EXAMPLE Use Geometric Mean
Find x, y, and z.
15 = √$$$
RP % SP Geometric Mean (Leg) Theorem
15 = √$$25x RP = 25 and SP = x R
225 = 25x Square each side. y
25
9=x Divide each side by 25. z S
Find y. x
y = RP – SP Given Q P
15
= 25 – 9 RP = 25 and SP = 9
= 16 Simplify.
Find z.
z = √$$$
RS % RP Geometric Mean (Leg) Theorem
= $$$
√ 16 % 25 RS = 16 and RP = 25
= √$$400 Multiply.
= 20 Simplify.
So, x = 9 , y = 16, and z = 20.
Special Segments in Right Triangles 233
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 4-1 Exercises
4-1

Find x, y, and z to the nearest tenth.

EXERCISES

1.
x

1 3

Geo-SG07-01-03-860180-B
2. 2

y 5
x

Geo-SG07-01-04-860180-B
3. y
x z

1 8

Geo-SG07-01-05-860180-B
4. √#
12

√3 x
y

Geo-SG07-01-06-860180-B
5.
z y
2

2 x

Geo-SG07-01-07-860180-B
6.
x z
y

2
6

Geo-SG07-01-08-860180-B

234 HotTopic 8
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 M4-1 Independent Practice #1

Student Name: _____________________ Class Name: G9 IM2 - 2

Number of Questions: 2 Instructor Name: Bodanske, Daniel

Question 1 of 2

In the figure below, there are three right trangles. Complete the following.

F (a) Write a similiarity statement relating the three right triangles.

H △H G F ∼ △ ∼ △
(b) Complete each proportion.

EF HF HG
= =
G E EG HE HG

Question 2 of 2

In the figure below, find the exact value of y. (Do not approximate your answer.)

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 4-2 The Pythagorean
Theorem and Its
Converse
The Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem states that in a right triangle, the
sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs equals the
square of the length of the hypotenuse.
B
c
a

A C
b

If △ ABC is a right
Geo-SG07-02-01-860180-B
triangle,then a 2 + b 2 = c 2.

If the three whole numbers a, b, and c satisfy the equation

a 2 + b 2 = c 2, then the numbers a, b, and c form a
Pythagorean triple.

EXAMPLE Use the Pythagorean Theorem

Find a.
B
13
a
C A
12

a2 + b2 = c2 Pythagorean Theorem
Geo-SG07-02-03-860180-Bb = 12, c = 13
a + 12 22
= 132

a 2 + 144 = 169 Simplify.

a 2 = 25 Subtract.
a=5 Take the positive square root of each side.

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse 235

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 Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem
4-2

The converse of the Pythagorean Theorem can be used to

determine whether a triangle is a right triangle given the
measures of all three sides.
THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM AND ITS CONVERSE

If the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two shorter sides
of a triangle equals the square of the length of the longest side,
then the triangle is a right triangle.
C
b a

A c
B

If a + b = c , then
2 2 2
Geo-SG07-02-11-860180-B
△ABC is a right triangle.

You can also use the lengths of sides to classify a triangle.

If a2 + b2 = c2 then △ABC is a right triangle.
If a2 + b2 > c2 then △ABC is acute.
If a2 + b2 < c2 then △ABC is obtuse.

EXAMPLE Using the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

Determine whether △PQR is a right triangle.
P
20
10

R Q
10 √3

a2 + b2 " c2 Compare c 2 and a 2 + b 2.

10 + (10 √$
2
3 ) " 20
2 2
a = 10, b = 10 √3$, c = 20
100 + 300 " 400 Simplify.
Geo-SG07-02-12-860180-C
400 = 400 ✔ Add.
Since c 2 = a 2 + b 2, △PQR is a right triangle.

236 HotTopic 8
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 4-2 Exercises
Find x.

1. 2. x
3 3
9
15
x

3.
Geo-SG07-02-05-860180-B
4 Geo-SG07-02-06-860180-B
4.
x 9 x
16
5
9
33

Geo-SG07-02-08-860180-B
5. 8
6. Geo-SG07-02-09-860180-B
45
x
x 24
17

Determine whether each set of numbers can represent

the measures of the sides of a triangle. If so, classify the
C08-001A-890517-C
C08-001A-890517-B
triangle as acute, obtuse, or right. Justify your answer.

7. 30, 40, 50 8. 20, 30, 40

9. 6, 8, 9 10. 6, 12, 18

11. SIDEWALKS Construction workers are building a marble

sidewalk around a park that is shaped like a right triangle.
Each marble slab adds 2 feet to the length of the sidewalk.
The workers find that exactly 1071 and 1840 slabs are
required to make the sidewalks along the short sides of the
park. How many slabs are required to make the sidewalk
that runs along the long side of the park?

12. Given: Right triangle ABC with right C

−−
angle C, altitute CY and legs b
h a
a and b with hypotenuse C
A c–x x B
Prove: a2 + b2 = c2 c Y

The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse 237

C008_B001-02_51A_136014-B
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 M4-2 Independent Practice #1

Student Name: _____________________ Class Name: G9 IM2 - 2

Number of Questions: 8 Instructor Name: Bodanske, Daniel

Question 1 of 8

For the following right triangle, find the side length x.

10

24
x

Question 2 of 8

For the following right triangle, find the side length x. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

15
x

12

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 Question 3 of 8

The length of a shadow of a building is 10 m. The distance from the top of the building to the tip of the
shadow is 26 m. Find the height of the building. If necessary, round your answer to the nearest tenth.

26
?

10

Question 4 of 8

In the rectangular prism below, P S = 12, S R = 40, and Q R = 41. Find the length PQ.
If applicable, round your answer to the nearest whole number.

The lengths on the figure are not drawn accurately.

Q R

P S

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 Question 5 of 8

Determine whether a triangle with the given side lengths is a right triangle.

Not a right Not enough

Side lengths Right triangle
triangle information

(a) 10, 26, 28

(b) 16, 30, 34

(c) 8, 10, 13

(d) 9, 12, 15

Question 6 of 8

The side lengths of two triangles are given below.

Answer the questions about each triangle.

(a) One triangle has side lengths (b) The other triangle has side lengths
11 , 7 , and 6. 10 , 26 , and 24.
Compute the sum of the squares of Compute the sum of the squares of the
the shorter lengths. shorter lengths.

2 2 2 2
6 +7 = 10 + 24 =

Compute the square of the longest Compute the square of the longest
length. length.

2 2
11 = 26 =

What kind of triangle is it? What kind of triangle is it?

Acute triangle Acute triangle

Right triangle Right triangle

Obtuse triangle Obtuse triangle

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 Question 7 of 8

Find the area of the right triangle.

Be sure to include the correct unit in your answer.

26 m
24 m

Question 8 of 8

A square has a diagonal that is 36 yd long. What is the area of the square?
If necessary, round your answer to the nearest whole number.

36

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 4-4 Special Right
4-4

Triangles
SPECIAL RIGHT TRIANGLES

Properties of 45°-45°-90° Triangles

The sides of a 45°-45°-90° right triangle also have a special
relationship.

The 45°-45°-90° Triangle Theorem states that if the leg of a 45°-45°-

90° right triangle is x units, the hypotenuse is x √2" units.

45° x √2
x
45°
x
Using the Pythagorean Theorem with a = b = x, then
c2 = a2 + b2 Geo-SG07-03-01-860180-B
c =x +x
2 2 2

c2 = 2x2
c = √""
2x2 or x √"
2

EXAMPLE 45° -45 °-90° Triangle

In a 45°-45°-90° right triangle the hypotenuse is √2"
times the leg. If the hypotenuse is 6 units, find the
length of each leg.

The hypotenuse is √2" times the leg, so divide the length

of the hypotenuse by √2".

a=_
6
hypotenuse = leg √"
2
√"
2
= _․_
6 "
√2
Rationalize the denominator.
√"
2 √"
2

= __
6 √"2
2 Multiply.

" units
= 3 √2 Simplify.

238 HotTopic 8
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 Properties of 30°-60°-90° Triangles
The sides of a 30°-60°-90° right triangle also have a special
relationship.

The 30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem states that in a 30°-60°-90° right

triangle the hypotenuse is twice the shorter leg. The longer leg
is √3" times the shorter leg.

△ MNQ is a 30°-60°-90° right triangle, and the length of the

−−−
hypotenuse MN is two times the length of the shorter
−−
side NQ. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find a.
M a Q
30°
x
2x
60°

a2 = (2x)2 - x2 a2 = c2 - b2
a2 = 4x2 - x2 C08-005A-890517-B
Multiply.
a2 = 3x2 Subtract.

a = √""
3x2 Take the positive square root of each side.
"
a = x √3 Simplify.

EXAMPLE 30°-60°-90° Triangle

In a 30°-60°-90° right triangle, the hypotenuse is
5 centimeters. Find the lengths of the other two
sides of the triangle.

If the hypotenuse of a 30°-60°-90° right triangle is 5

centimeters, then the length of the shorter leg is one-half
of 5, or 2.5 centimeters.
The length of the longer leg is √"
3 times the length of the
shorter leg, or __ centimeters.
√
5 3 "
2

Special Right Triangles 239

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 4-4 Exercises
4-4

Find x. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.

1. 2. 3 √2
EXERCISES

45°
45° x
x
45°
8

Geo-SG07-03-02-860180-B Geo-SG07-03-03-860180-B
3. 18 4.
16
x x x

45°
x

Geo-SG07-03-05-860180-B
5. If a 45°-45°-90° triangle has a hypotenuse with a length of 12,
find the length of each leg.
C08-004A-890517-C

Find x and y. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.

6. 7. y
60° x
1
2
x 60°
30° 8
y

Geo-SG07-03-09-860180-B Geo-SG07-03-10-860180-B
8. 9.
y 60° y
x x
30°
9 √3 12

Geo-SG07-03-12-860180-B Geo-SG07-03-13-860180-B
10. An equilateral triangle has an altitude length of 36 feet.
Determine the length of a side of the triangle.

240 HotTopic 8
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 M4-4 Independent Practice #1

Student Name: _____________________ Class Name: G9 IM2 - 2

Number of Questions: 4 Instructor Name: Bodanske, Daniel

Question 1 of 4

Simplify.

7
63

Question 2 of 4

Rationalize the denominator and simplify.

5
10

Question 3 of 4

For the right triangles below, find the values of the side lengths b and d.
Round your answers to the nearest tenth.

30°

45° 4
b
8

45° 60°
d

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 Question 4 of 4

For the right triangles below, find the exact values of the side lengths a and h.
If necessary, write your responses in simplified radical form.

30°
3
a 45°
5

60° 45°
h

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 4-5 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios
The ratio of the lengths of two sides of a right triangle is called a
trigonometric ratio. The three most common S
ratios are sine, cosine, and tangent, which are r t

abbreviated sin, cos, and tan, respectively. T s R

leg opposite ∠R leg adjacent to ∠R
sin R = ____ = _t ; cos R = _____ = _t
r s
hypotenuse hypotenuse
leg opposite ∠R
tan R = _____ = _s
r
leg adjacent to ∠R
By AA Similarity, a right △ with a given acute angle measure is
similar to every other right △ with an acute angle with that
measure. So, trigonometric ratios are constant for a given angle
measure.
EXAMPLE Use Trigonometry
Find sin A, cos A, and tan A. B
13
5
C A
12
opposite leg adjacent leg
sin A = ___ cos A = ___
hypotenuse hypotenuse

=_ =_ =_ =_
BC 5 AC 12
BA 13 ≈ 0.38 AB 13 ≈ 0.92
opposite leg
tan A = ___ = _
BC _5
=
AC 12
≈ 0.42
adjacent leg

EXAMPLE Use Trigonometry to Find Angle Measure

Use a calculator to find ∠T
Inverse trigonometric ratios are S 29 R
used to find the angle when the sides
are given. 34
We are given the opposite leg and
hypotenuse, so use inverse sine. T
opp
sin T = _ sin T = _
29
hyp 34
If sin T = _ -1 _
29 29
34 , then sin 34 = m∠T.
So, m∠T ≈ 58.5.

Trigonometry 241
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 4-5 Exercises
4-5

Find sin J, cos J, tan J, sin L, cos L, and tan L. Express

EXERCISES

each ratio as a fraction and as a decimal. Round to the

nearest hundredth if necessary.
1. J 2. J

32 40
20
16

K 24 L
K 12 L

Use a calculator to find the measure of ∠T to the

nearest tenth. C08-008A-890517-C
C08-008A-890517-B
3. S 4. S 7 R
14 √3
34
R
18

5. S 6. S
C08-009A-890517-C R
32 C08-009A-890517-D
10 √3
101

T T
67 R

7. Explain the relationship between sine and cosine of

complementary angles.
C08-009A-890517-F
C08-009A-890517-G
8. The sine of 30° is _. What is the cosine of 60°? Explain
1
2
your answer.

9. Right triangle ABC has legs a = 3 inches and b = 4

inches. What is sinA? What is cosB? (Hint: side a is
opposite angle A)

242 HotTopic 8
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 M4-5a Independent Practice #1

Student Name: _____________________ Class Name: G9 IM2 - 2

Number of Questions: 6 Instructor Name: Bodanske, Daniel

Question 1 of 6

A right triangle has side lengths 9, 40, and 41 as shown below.

Use these lengths to find sin X, tan X, and cos X.

9
Y Z

40
41

Question 2 of 6

A right triangle has side lengths d, e, and f as shown below.

Use these lengths to find cos x, tan x, and sin x.

e
d

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 Question 3 of 6

Find csc θ, cos θ, and tan θ, where θ is the angle shown in the figure.
Give exact values, not decimal approximations.

3
θ
5

Question 4 of 6

Use a calculator to evaluate each expression.

Round your answers to the nearest hundredth.

tan 47° = _______

cos 38° = _______

sin 76° = _______

Question 5 of 6

Find tan θ, where θ is the angle shown.

Give an exact value, not a decimal approximation.

4
θ
3

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 Question 6 of 6

The three right triangles below are similar.

The acute angles ∠ A, ∠ D, and ∠ X are all approximately measured to be 41.7°.
The side lengths for each triangle are as follows.
Note that the triangles are not drawn to scale.

Z
F
C
10.1 cm 40.4 cm 90.9 cm
6.72 cm 26.88 cm 60.48 cm
41.7 °
41.7 °
A 7.54 cm B 41.7 °
D 30.16 cm E
X 67.86 cm Y

(a) For each triangle, find the ratio of the length of the side opposite 41.7° to the length of the
hypotenuse. Round your answers to the nearest hundredth.

BC EF YZ
= = =
AC DF XZ
(b) Use the ALEKS Calculator to find sin 41.7°, cos 41.7°, and tan 41.7°.
Round your answers to the nearest hundredth.

sin 41.7° = cos 41.7° = tan 41.7° =

(c) Which trigonometric function gives each ratio of sides in part (a)?

sine
cosine
tangent
none of these

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 Question 1 of 8

The figure below is a right triangle with side lengths x, y, and z.

Suppose that m ∠ X does not equal m ∠ Y.

z
x

Z y X

Complete the following.

Part 1: In △ X Y Z, ∠ X and ∠ Y are

- complementary.
- supplementary.
- neither complementary nor supplementary.

Part 2: Use x, y, and z to fill in the blanks.

Make sure to use the appropriate upper-case or lower-case letters.

sin X = cos Y =

sin Y = cos X =

Part 3: Select all of the true statements.

sin X = cos Y
cos X = cos Y
sin X = sin Y
cos X = sin Y
None of the above is true.

Part 4: Fill in the blank.

sin 28° = cos ______°

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 Question 2 of 8

In the figure below, △ A B C ∼ △ Y X Z.

Find tan X, cos X, and sin X.
Round your answers to the nearest hundredth.

A Y
21.9
B
16.5
14.4

Z X
C

tan X =

cos X =

sin X =

Question 3 of 8

Solve for x in the triangle. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.

50°
8

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 Question 4 of 8

A kite flying in the air has an 89-ft string attached to it, and the string is pulled taut. The angle of
elevation of the kite is 64°. Find the height of the kite. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.

89
?

64°

Question 5 of 8

Find x. Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree.

14

x
10

Question 6 of 8

Solve the right triangle.

Round your answers to the nearest tenth.

c
a

49°

20

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 Question 7 of 8

Find the area of the given triangle.

Round your answer to the nearest tenth. Do not round any intermediate computations.

41°

19

Question 8 of 8

Find the area of the triangle below.

Carry your intermediate computations to at least four decimal places. Round your answer to the
nearest hundredth.

6 in

44°
10 in

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 4-6 Angles of Elevation
and Depression
Angles of Elevation and Depression
Many real-world problems that involve looking up to an object
can be described in terms of an angle of elevation, which is
the angle between an observer’s line of sight and a horizontal line.
ht
sig
of
line

angle of
elevation

When an observer is looking down, the angle of

depression is theGeo-SG07-05-01-860180-B
angle between the observer’s line of sight
and a horizontal line.
angle of
horizontal depression

ght
of si
line Y

You will use what you know about right triangles and
trigonometry to solve problems involving angles of elevation
Geo-SG07-05-07-860180-B
or angles of depression.
EXAMPLE Angle of Elevation
The angle of elevation from point A to the top of a cliff
is 34°. If point A is 1000 feet from the base of the cliff,
how high is the cliff?

Let x = the height of the cliff.

x
tan 34° = __
x _
opposite
1000 tan = adjacent
34°
A
1000 ft
1000(tan 34°) = x Multiply each side by 1000.

674.5 ≈ x Use a calculator. Geo-SG07-05-02-860180-C

The height of the cliff is about 674.5 feet.

Angles of Elevation and Depression 243

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 Two Angles of Elevation or Depression
4-6
Angles of elevation or depression to two different objects can
be used to estimate the distance between those objects. The
angles from two different positions of observation to the
ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

same object can be used to estimate the height of the object.

EXAMPLE Use Two Angles of Elevation or Depression

To estimate the height of a building, Lydia sights
the top of the building at a 42° angle of elevation.
She then steps back 20 feet and sites the top at a
10° angle. If Lydia’s eyes are 6 feet off the ground,
how tall is the building to the nearest foot?
A
10°
D x
42° Building
B
6 ft 20 ft C y

△ ABC and △ ABD are right triangles. Let AB = x and

CB = y, and DB = C08-012A-890517-B
y + 20.
Use △ ABC. Use △ ABD.
tan 42° = _ tan 10° = __
x x
y or x = y tan 42° y + 20 or
x = (y + 20) tan 10°
Substitute the value for x from △ ABD in the equation for
△ ABC and solve for y.
y tan 42° = (y + 20) tan 10°

y tan 42° = y tan 10° + 20 tan 10°

y tan 42° − y tan 10° = 20 tan 10°
y (tan 42° − tan 10°) = 20 tan 10°

y = ____
20 tan 10°
tan 42° - tan 10° ≈ 4.87

If y ≈ 4.87, then x = 4.87 tan 42° or about 4.4 feet. Add

the height of Lydia’s eyes, so the building is about 4.4 + 6
or 10.4 feet tall.

244 HotTopic 8
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 4-6 Exercises
1. HILL TOP The angle of elevation from
point A to the top of a hill is 49°. If
?
point A is 400 feet from the base of the
hill, how high is the hill? A 49°
400 ft

Geo-SG07-05-03-860180-B
2. SUN Find the angle of elevation Sun
of the Sun when a 12.5-meter-tall
telephone pole casts an 18-meter-long 12.5 m
shadow. ?
18 m

3. CLIFF Sarah
Geo-SG07-05-04-860180-B
A
stands on the
ground and sights
Steep
the top of a steep x cliff
cliff at a 60° angle
D 30° 60°
of elevation. She B
50m C y
then steps back 1.8m
50 meters and
sights the top of the steep cliff at a 30° angle. If Sarah’s
eyes are 1.8 meters high, how tall is the steep cliff to the
nearest meter? C08-012A-890517-D

4. BALLOON The angle of Balloon

depression from a hot air
balloon in the air to a A
25° 36°
person on the ground is
36°. If the person steps x
back 10 feet, the new D
B
angle of depression is 10 ft y
6 ft C
25°. If the person is 6
feet tall, how far off the ground is the hot air balloon?

C08-012A-890517-F
Angles of Elevation and Depression 245
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 M4-6 Independent Practice #1

Student Name: _____________________ Class Name: G9 IM2 - 2

Number of Questions: 5 Instructor Name: Bodanske, Daniel

Question 1 of 5

A ladder leans against the side of a house. The angle of elevation of the ladder is 73° when the bottom
of the ladder is 16 ft from the side of the house. Find the length of the ladder. Round your answer to
the nearest tenth.

73°
16

Question 2 of 5

A ramp 16 ft long rises to a platform. The bottom of the platform is 11 ft from the foot of the ramp.
Find x, the angle of elevation of the ramp. Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a degree.

Platform

16

x
11 Ground

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 Question 3 of 5

Scott is sitting in a movie theater,11 meters from the screen. The angle of elevation from his line of
sight to the top of the screen is 13°, and the angle of depression from his line of sight to the bottom of
the screen is 49°. Find the height of the entire screen.

Do not round any intermediate computations. Round your answer to the nearest tenth.

Note that the figure below is not drawn to scale.

13°

49°

11 meters

Question 4 of 5

Find the area of the triangle below.

Carry your intermediate computations to at least four decimal places. Round your answer to the
nearest hundredth.

152°
10 ft
4 ft

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 Question 5 of 5

Use △ J K L, as needed, to complete the given parts.

J

5 cm
15 cm
L h cm

12 cm
K

Part 1: Let h be the height of △ J K L.

Find the length of the corresponding base.
_______ cm

Part 2: The measure of angle J is 45.04°.

Fill in the blank to complete the sine ratio.
h
sin 45.04° =

Part 3: Fill in the blanks in the expression for the area of △ J K L.

1 2
Area of △J K L = · · · sin 45.04° cm
2
Part 4: Write the area of △ A B C in terms of b, c, and A.

C c

a
B

Area of △ A B C = ____

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