Glow with the knowledge

GENERAL
ENGLISH
for Re-learners

Grammar &
Pronunciation

Written & Compiled by Do Duy Hung

OVERVIEW OF LEARNING ENGLISH

Vocabulary

Pronunciation

Grammar

4 Skills
 Vocabulary Pronunciation
Features: Spelling (Alphabet ABC), Meaning, Word Class, Word Patterns

Tools: Oxford Dict, Cambridge Dict, TFlat IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)

Principles: See or hear regularly Syllable Stress Liaisons and contraction

Create memories (an image, a sound, a story)
Apply them in the daily life (write a post, talk to other people,...) Word Stress Rhythm and Thought groups
Methods: Note down Intonation Accent
Flash-card
Use some apps to remind of the new words regularly
Communicate in English as much as possible

Grammar 4 Skills

Word Classes
Sentence Structures Listening Reading
Tenses (How to change verbs in a particular time) Speaking Writing
etc. IELTS
INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (IP )

i: ɪ ʊ u: ɪə eɪ

e ə з: ɔ: ʊə ɔɪ əʊ

æ ʌ a: ɒ eə aɪ aʊ

p b t d ʧ ʤ k g

f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ

m n ŋ j l r w h
 WORD CLASSES
modify

Noun Determiner
mo
dify

replace, call

modify
Pronoun Adjective

modify

Verb Adverb
modify
modify

Preposition Conjunction
PRONOUNS Demonstrative
Pronouns Indefinite Pron

This anybody, anyone, anything, each,

Personal Pronouns Possessive Reflexive (singular) either, everybody, everyone, everything,
Pronouns Singular
Pronouns neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one,
SUBJECT OBJECT That
(Singular) somebody, someone, something

myself These
I me mine
(Plural)
ourselves Plural both, few, many, several
We us ours
Those
yourself (Plural)
You you yours Singular or
yourselves all, any, most, none, some
Plural
He him his
himself
She her hers
herself
It it its
itself Interrogative Pronouns: who, whom, what, which
They them theirs
themselves
Relative Pronouns: who, whom, which, that
PRACTICE
 Countable Noun Singular

NOUNS [C]

+ S,ES
Plural

Uncountable Nouns
[U]
 S E L N R E
ADDING S,ES TO NOUN TO MAKE PLURAL

Nouns ending with S, O, CH, X, SH -> +ES

Nouns ending with Y, before Y is a consonant, then change Y -> I+ES

Nouns ending with F, FE then change F, FE -> V+ES

Most of the rest -> +S

There are some IRREGULAR NOUNS

PRACTICE
 NOUN PHRASES

Prepositional
DETE M NE S Adjective NOUN
Phrase

Kinds Examples

Articles a, an, the

Preposition + Noun/Pronoun

Demonstrative this, that, these, those

Possessive my, our, your, his. her. its. their

Quantifiers all, every, most, many, much, some, few, little, any, no…

Numbers one, two, three, first, second, third,…

Interrogative whose, which, what

PRACTICE
 INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (IP )

i: ɪ ʊ u: ɪə eɪ

e ə з: ɔ: ʊə ɔɪ əʊ

æ ʌ a: ɒ eə aɪ aʊ

p b t d ʧ ʤ k g

f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ

m n ŋ j l r w h
 NOUN PHRASES

Prepositional
Determiner Adjective NOUN Phrase

Prepositional
Determiner Adjective 1 Adjective 2 Adjective 3 NOUN Phrase

ADJECTIVE ORDER
 ADJECTIVE ORDER
O S A S C O M P

OPINION SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE

beauti ul big, huge ancient round reddish Vietnamese wooden writing

awful, nice small, little old, new s uare yellow British sil , metal cooking
lovely long, thick young flat pin Thai leather washing

PRACTICE
Prepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun/Pronoun
 Prepositional
Determiner Adjective NOUN
Phrase

“ bea of swea o Hun ’ fac ” “ cut bo i th b ”

“fal fro th tre ”

Prepositional
VE
Phrase

“g t schoo ”
IN

ON

AT
PRACTICE
 1. used as a possessive determiner
(my, our, your, his, her. its, their)
Eg: my mother’s hair, John’s brother
noun’S
2. used as a possessive pronoun
(mine, ours, yours, his, hers. its, theirs)

POSSESSIVE Eg: This pen is John’s.

noun-S’
NOUNS & OF 3. If followed without any noun, possessive nouns
refer to their house or workplace.
Eg: I’m going to John’s to do our assignments
to make a noun phrase in
which sb/sth belongs to together.
sb/sth
4. We can use possessive form for nouns of time.
Eg: Last week’s storm, yesterday’s plan

Of + noun
1. used as a prepositional phrase
2. Standing after a noun to say it belongs to the noun after OF
3. Usually used for things

Eg: the ears of the cats; the name of the film

Of + pronoun
PRACTICE
 VERB CLASSIFICATIONS

Modal
Action Verbs Link Verbs Auxiliary Verbs
Verbs

Tr
an
sf
or
m
Present Past Past
FULL BARE Present
Simple Simple Participle Gerund
Infinitive Infinitive Regular
Participle
[V] Singular [Ved] [Ved] [Ving]
[Ving]
[to V] [Vs,es] [P1] Irregular [P2]

VERB FORMS
 Subject [S]

BASIC SENTENCES
Object [O]
S + AV.
Action
S + AV + O.
Verbs
S + AV + O1 + O2.

S + be + O.
Link
S + LV + Complements. Verb ‘BE’ S + be + Adj.
Verbs
S + be + Prep + O.

Auxiliary S + AUX.

(A complement can be a noun, an adjective or a prepositional phrase.)

Modals S + MV + V.
 Subject [S]

Object [O]
SENTENCE ANALYSIS

S + AV.
Action S + AV + O.
Verbs S + AV + O1 + O2.

Link
Verbs S + LV + Complements.

Auxiliary S + AUX.

Modals
S + MV + V.

S + be + O.
Verb S + be + Adj.
‘BE’
S + be + Prep + O.

(A complement can be a noun, an

adjective or a prepositional phrase.)
PRONUNCIATION
VOWELS (IP )

i: ɪ ʊ u:
ɪə eɪ
e ə з: ɔ:
ʊə ɔɪ əʊ
æ ʌ a: ɒ
eə aɪ aʊ

p b t d ʧ ʤ k g

f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ

m n ŋ j l r w h
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
VOWELS (IP )

i: ɪ ʊ u: e æ
i: ɪ ʊ u:
good - food
bead - bid bed - bad
took - too
been - bin bet - bat
beat - bit
soot - suit
better - batter
e ə з: ɔ:
deep - dip head - had
I put my book into my suit
feel - fill hem - ham æ ʌ a: ɒ
and put a spoon of food
feet - fit lend - land
into a boot under my foot.
green - grin men - man
week - weak send - sand

Lily had a silly grin. She A bad man bet his head that his men would send a
still bid fifty kitties for a better bed and enough batter to this land in time.
bead of his green tea.

ʌ ɒ ɔ: æ ɒ a: æ ɪ ʌ æ ʌ
back - box father - apple bin - bun back - buck
cut - cot - caught carp - cap bit - but bag - bug
band - bond
bus - boss - born cart - cat did - dud cat - cut
cap - cop
suck - sock - sawn barn - ban fin - fun crash - crush
fax - fox
fund - fond - fawn park - pack knit - nut ham - hum
map - mop
done - don - lawn shark - shack live - love pad - pod
pad - pod
shut - shot - Sean stark - stack pin - pun rack - rock
rack - rock
cuff - cough - corn fart - fat sin - sun stack - stuck
sack - sock
dull - dollar - daub lark - lack tick - tuck tramp - trump
tap - top
 “BE”

S + am/are/is + Complements.
S + am/are/is not + Complements.
Am/Are/Is + S + Complements?

PRESENT SIMPLE
 S E L N R E
ADDING S,ES TO VERBS

Verbs ending with S, O, CH, X, SH -> +ES

Verbs ending with Y, before Y is a consonant, then change Y -> I+ES

The rest -> +S

 “BE”

S + am/are/is + being + Complements.

S + am/are/is not + being + Complements.
Am/Are/Is + S + being + Complements?

PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
 S E L N R E
ADDING ING TO VERBS

Verbs ending with E, remove E + ING

Verbs ending with IE, change IE -> Y+ING

1-syllable verbs ending with ‘vowel+consonant’, then x2 the

consonant + ING

2-syllable and 2nd-stressed verbs ending with ‘vowel+consonant’, then x2 the

consonant + ING

The rest -> + ING

PRACTICE
 IMPERATIVES

Verb, (please)!

Be + Complements!

Don’t + Verb!

Don’t be + Complements!
 Definition
a kind of words that work
as both a verb and a noun

GERUNDS
V-ing (loving, laughing…)
Form
Not V-ing (not playing, not staying here)
Possessive determiner + V-ing (my being late, …)
Noun’s Ving (John’s driving, …)
*Past form: Having PP (having learnt English for 5 years, …)

Functions

Working as a subject in a sentence Reading is good for you.

Working as an object in a sentence I like riding horses.
Working as a subject complement standing after link verbs My recent aim is achieving 5.5 IELTS.
Standing after prepositions She left the room without saying anything.
*My having been to England helped me improve my English so much.
 start have a problem
appreciate begin recommend have some problems
enjoy end propose have no problem
fancy finish suggest
prefer mention have a di cult time
like discuss have a good time
dislike acknowledge have a hard time
resent keep
admit have an easy time + Gerund
mind continue
consider
hate resume
have di culty
detest go on
have no di culty
discontinue
delay + Gerund
have trouble
postpone
have fun
put off
give up anticipate
picture spend one’s time
can’t stand omit
can’t bear stop
it’s no use
can’t help
it’s no good
endure
tolerate allow
resist miss
permit
suffer from practice
prevent
risk
avoid to be worth
+ Gerund
to be busy

PRACTICE
PRONUNCIATION CONSONANTS (IP )

i: ɪ ʊ u: ɪə eɪ

e ə з: ɔ: ʊə ɔɪ əʊ

æ ʌ a: ɒ eə aɪ aʊ

p b t d ʧ ʤ k g

f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ

m n ŋ j l r w h
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
CONSONANTS (IP )

1. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers p b t d ʧ ʤ k g

A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ
Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? m n ŋ j l r w h

2. Betty Botter bought some butter

But she said the butter’s bitter 4. I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream

If I put it in my batter, it will make my batter bitter

But a bit of better butter will make my batter better 5. Susie works in a shoeshine shop. Where she shines she

So ‘twas better Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter. sits, and where she sits she shines

6. I thought I thought of thinking of thanking you

3. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a 7. He threw three free throws
woodchuck could chuck wood?
8. Red lorry, yellow lorry
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,
and chuck as much wood
9. Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better
As a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could
chuck wood.
 P O UN A N UE
S, ES

If the sound before ES is one of /z/ /ʒ/ /ʤ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ʧ/
ES is pronounced /ɪz/

If the sound before S/ES is one of /k/ /f/ /p/ /t/ /θ/
S/ES is pronounced /s/

For the rest, S/ES is pronounced /z/

 “BE”

S + was/were + Complements.
S + was/were not + Complements.
Was/Were + S + Complements?

PAST SIMPLE
 S E L N R E
ADDING ED TO VERBS

Verbs ending with E -> +D

Verbs ending with Y, before Y is a consonant then change Y -> I+ED

1-syllable verbs ending with ‘vowel+consonant’, then x2 the

consonant + ED

2-syllable and 2nd-stressed verbs ending with ‘vowel+consonant’, then x2 the

consonant + ED

The rest -> +ED

 “BE”

S + was/were + being + Complements.

S + was/were not + being + Complements.
Was/Were + S + being + Complements?

PAST CONTINUOUS
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRONUNCIATION
DIPHTHONGS (IP )

ɪə eɪ
i: ɪ ʊ u:
ʊə ɔɪ əʊ
e ə з: ɔ:
eə aɪ aʊ
æ ʌ a: ɒ

p b t d ʧ ʤ k g

f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ

m n ŋ j l r w h
PRONUNCIATION
DIPHTHONGS (IP )
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
DIPHTHONGS (IP )

My cup of beer is near your sphere and my ears are ɪə eɪ

hearing your ears in fear here.
ʊə ɔɪ əʊ

eə aɪ aʊ
I play and you stay, I slay and you say “Wave hands then
I may play and slay.

Blaming him in the rain is Jane’s main aim of explaining

Snow is flowing in slow motion. Go on the road full of snow. Hold a bold ball
she’s waited too long and got too much pain.
then throw at the foes with your fellows.

You are sure to pour the water onto the paper of the The bear and the hare share a pear. Their parents
tour. Poor us! don’t care about the fair.

The boys has coins and toys. He enjoys making noise and a I like lying by your side finding the kite flying in the
loud voice is his annoying choice. sky.

Now I’ve found the doubt about the house and the
mouse uncounted.
 P O UN A N UE
ED

If the sound before ED is one of /t/ /d/

ED is pronounced /ɪd/

If the sound before ED is one of /k/ /f/ /p/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ʧ/
ED is pronounced /t/

For the rest, ED is pronounced /d/

 NEAR FUTURE

“BE”

S + is/are/am going to be + Complements.

S + is/are/am not going to be + Complements.
Is/Are/Am + S + going to be + Complements?
 “BE”

S + will/shall be + Complements.
S + will/shall not be + Complements.
Will/Shall + S be + Complements?

FUTURE SIMPLE
 “BE”

S + will be being + Complements.

FUTURE
S + will not be being + Complements.
Will + S + be being + Complements?
CONTINUOUS
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRONUNCIATION CONSONANTS CLUSTERS (IP )
 “BE”
S + have/has been + Complements.
S + have/has not been + Complements.
Have/Has + S + been + Complements?

PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRACTICE
Be + nice/kind/good/generous/polite/silly/stupid + OF sb to V
Thank you. It was very nice/kind of you to help me.
It is stupid of her to go out without a coat in such cold weather. Be + sorry ABOUT sth
I'm sorry about the noise last night. We were having a party.
Be + sorry FOR doing sth
I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.
feel/be sorry FOR sb
Be + nice/kind/good/generous/polite/friendly /cruel + TO sb I feel sorry for George. He has a lot of problems
They have always been very nice/kind to me
Why were you so unfriendly to Tessa?

Be + angry/annoyed/furious + ABOUT sth

+ WITH sb FOR doing sth
It's stupid to get angry about things that don't matter.
Are you annoyed with me for being late?

Be + excited/worried/upset/nervous/happy + ABOUT sth

Are you excited about going on holiday next week?
Be + delighted/pleased/satisfied/disappointed + WITH sth
I was delighted with the present you gave me.

Be + surprised/shocked/amazed/astonished + AT/BY sth

Everybody was surprised at/by the news.
ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION
Be + impressed + WITH/BY sb/sth
I'm very impressed with/by her English. It's very good.
Be + fed up/bored + WITH sth
I don't enjoy my job any more. I'm fed up with it. / I'm bored with it.
Be + afraid/frightened/terrified OF sth
Be aware/conscious OF sth
Are you afraid of dogs?" "Yes, I'm terrified of them.
Be + fond/proud/ashamed/jealous/envious OF sth
"Did you know he was married?" "No, I wasn't aware of that."
Why are you always jealous of other people? Be capable/incapable OF sth
Be + suspicious/critical/tolerant OF sth I'm sure you are capable of passing the examination.
He didn't trust me. He's suspicious of my intention. Be full/short OF sth
The letter I wrote was full of mistakes.
Be typical OF sth
He's late again. It's typical of him to keep everybody waiting.
Be + good/bad/excellent/brilliant/hopeless AT sth Be tired OF sth
I'm not very good at repairing things. Come on, let's go! I'm tired of waiting.
Be + married/engaged TO sth Be certain/sure OF/ABOUT sth
Linda is married to an American./Linda is married with three children. I think she's arriving this evening but I'm not sure of that.
Be + similar TO sth
Your writing is similar to mine.
Be + di erent FROM/TO sth
The film was different from I'd expect.
Be + interested IN sth
Are you interested in art?
Be + keen ON sth
We stayed at home because Cathy wasn't very keen on going out.
Be + dependent ON sth # Be + independent OF sth
I don't want to be dependent on anybody.
Be + crowded WITH people
The city centre was crowded with tourists.
Be + famous FOR sth
The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures.
Be + responsible FOR sth
Who was responsible for all that noise last night?

PRACTICE
a cheque FOR
They sent me a cheque for £75. damage TO
a demand FOR / a need FOR sth The accident was my fault, so I had to pay the damage to the other car.
The firm closed down because there wasn't enough demand for its product. an invitation to (a party/a wedding)
a reason FOR sth Did you get an invitation to the party?
The train was late but nobody knew the reason for the delay. a solution TO (a problem) a key TO (a door)
an answer TO (a question) a reply TO (a letter) a reaction TO
Do you think we'll find a solution to the problem?
an attitude TO/TOWARDS
His attitude to his job is very negative.
an advantage/a disadvantage OF sth
The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like.
there is (an) advantage(s) in/to doing sth
There are many advantages in (hoặc to) living alone.
a cause OF sth
Nobody knows what the cause of the explosion was. a relationship/a connection/contact WITH
a photograph/a picture/a map/a plan/a drawing OF sth Do you have a good relationship with your parents?
She showed me some photographs of her family. The police want to question a man in connection with the robbery.
a relationship/a connection/contact/a di erence between
The police believe that there is no connection between the two crimes.
There are some differences between British and American English.

an increase/a decrease/a rise/a fall IN (prices, ...)

There has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently.

NOUN + PREPOSITION

PRACTICE
PRONUNCIATION
SYLLABLE STRESS

what is a syllable? a single unit of speech which tends to contain a vowel sound or a vowel
sound going with a consonant or a cluster of consonants before or after it.

Syllable stress occurs in mono-syllabic words or poly-syllabic words?

`
How to syllable-stress?
 “BE”
S + had been + Complements.
S + had not been + Complements.
Had + S + been + Complements?

PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRACTICE
 QUANTIFIERS QUANTIFIERS
as DETERMINERS as PRONOUNS

All N All of N … of us
Most N Most of N … of you
Many/Much N Many/Much of N … of them
Some/Several N Some/Several of N … of mine
Any N Any of N … of ours
A few/A little N A few/A little of N … of yours
Few/Little N Few/Little of N … of theirs
Both of N … of his
Either of N … of her
Every/Each N Every/Each of N … of its
Neither of N
No N None of N
one, two,.... of N
PRACTICE
PRONUNCIATION WORD STRESS and THOUGHT GROUPS

In natural English, not all words in sentences are pronounces with the same stress.
Eg: I go to work five times a week.

The ‘content’ words (usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or question words) - STRESSED
The ‘function’ words (a, an, the, to, in, on, at, auxiliaries,...) - UNSTRESSED ~ weak forms

I like bacon. to -> /tә/ was -> /wәz/

I like pizza and burgers. I need to talk to you. I was very happy.
It’s black and white. and -> /n/ them -> /ðәm/
` Do you want salt? I like rock ‘n roll Give it to them.
Do you want salt and pepper? can -> /kәn/ that -> /ðәt/
I saw the man you told me about. you can kiss me. I know that he loves me.
for -> /fәr/ will -> /wәl/
He drove the car that he bought from Let’s go for a walk. when will you come back?
his friend. as -> /әz/ do -> /dә/
It’s as big as a house. What do you mean?
Where is the cheese that I cut with a at -> /әt/ does -> /dәz/
knife on a cold lonely night, when the Look at me, now look at you. Does she know the secret?
moon was so bright. or -> /ә/
Yes or no?
PRONUNCIATION WORD STRESS and THOUGHT GROUPS

When you say longer sentences, you need divide the sentence down into ‘thought groups’.
A thought group is one idea or grammatical unit.
You need pause between the different thought groups.
Within a thought group, one or two key words are stressed.

If you give me your email address, // I will send you the information.
I wonder how long / it will take me // to speak English like the native.
What did you think of the new restaurant // that we went to last night?
He has been looking for a new job // for a long time now// but he just hasn’t found anything // that he really likes.
`

Hi Mary, this is Mike. It’s been a while // since we last spoke. I hope you’re doing well. I’m calling to see // if you’re free tomorrow. I
am going hiking // with some friends // and I wanted to see // if you’d like to join us. It would be great to see you. Give me a call //
and let me know // if you’re available.

Good afternoon, Mr. Johnson. This is Bill Jones calling. I would like to tell you about the new product // our company is selling. I
believe // it will greatly benefit your organisation. We recently conducted a study // on how your customer’s needs are changing.
We are able to help you run your business more efficiently // and at the same time, save you money. I think that people in your
company // would be very interested in our services. I’d like to set up a time to talk to you // about how our company can help
you. I can assure you // that it will be worth your while. When would be a good time // for us to meet?
 “BE”
S + will have been + Complements.
S + will not have been + Complements.
Will + S + have been + Complements?

FUTURE PERFECT &

~ CONTINUOUS
PRACTICE
 V + at V + to V + about V + about/of

go to sw
talk about ... think about
look at ... happen to
read about ... think of
have a look at ... prefer sth to sth
know about ... dream about
stare at ... speak to sb
tell sb about ... dream of
glance at … talk to sb
do sth about sth hear about
smile at … listen to sb
have a discussion about sth hear of
laugh at … write (a letter) to sb
= discuss sth hear from
point … at …. apologise to sb for sth
remind sb about sth
aim … at … invite sb to sth
remind sb of sth
shoot at … explain (sth) to sb
warn sb about
fire (a gun) at ... explain to sb how/what/why …
warn sb of
describe to sb how/what/why ...
complain to sb about
complain of
(a pain. an illness)

V +to/at care
shout at sb (to show the anger)
shout to sb (to call sb) care about … (sth important)
care what/where/when/how …
throw sth at sb (attack sb) care for … (like sth)
throw sth to sb (pass sth) take care of … (look after)
 V + for V + into V + on
ask sb for depend on
break into live on (money/food)
beg sb for
crash into congratulate sb on sth
apply (to sb) for (a job)
drive into compliment sb on sth
wait for sb (to V)
bump into concentrate on
search sth for sth
run into insist on
leave sth for sth
divide sth into spend money/time on sth
look for (seek sth)
cut sth into
pay sb for sth
split sth into
thank sb for sth
translate sth into
forgive sb for sth
blame sb for sth
(a language) V + in
= blame sth on sb
believe in
specialise in
succeed in

V + with V + of V + from
accuse sb of
collide with (crash into) suspect sb of suffer from
fill sth with approve of protect sb from/against sth
provide sb with sth = agree to prevent sb from sth
supply sb with sth die of stop sb from sth
consist of

PRACTICE
 Phrasal Verb = Verb + Preposition

S + V + prep.

S + V + prep + O.

S + V + O + prep.
PRACTICE
PRONUNCIATION INTONATION

Intonation is the rise and fall of the voice (to raise the pitch and lower the pitch) in speaking,
especially as this affects the meaning of what is being said.

Falling intonation RISING intonation RISING then FALLING INTONATION

For simple sentences For yes or no questions For phrases or clauses using words that introduce
that are not questions or sentences expressing or set up the rest of the sentence, the rest
My name is Hung. surprise or shock
As the matter of fact, I don’t know the answer.
` It’s nice to meet you. In my opinion, it’s too expensive.
Have a nice day! Did he work yesterday? If you don’t mind, I’d like to close the window.
I’ll be back in a minute. Does he know?
Can you call me at five? For lists of items, falling for the last item
For questions starting with Really?
question words Do you mean it? I like football. basketball. tennis, and golf.
Why did you do that? I left work, came home and had dinner.
What’s your name?
Where are you going? For questions asking about two different alternatives
When does the show start?
Do you want to have Chinese food or Vietnamese food?
Which colour do you like best - red or blue?
 can, could, may, might, should, must, will, shall, would, need, dare
MODALS can’t, couldn’t, may not, mightn’t, shouldn’t, mustn’t, won’t, shan’t, wouldn’t, needn’t, daren’t

SE
MODALS
ought to, have to, need to, dare to

Modal
S + Modal + V(inf). S + Modal + not + V(inf). Modal + S + V(inf)?
Structure

S ought to V(inf). S ought not to V(inf). Ought S to V(inf)?

Semi-Modal S have to V. S don’t have to V. Do S have to V?
Structure S need to V. S don’t need to V. Do S need to V?
S dare to V. S don’t dare to V. Do S dare to V?
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
 Have S have N. S don’t have N. Do S have N?

Have got S have got N. S haven’t got N. Have S got N?

PRACTICE

There + is/was/has been + Singular/UC. There are/were/have been + Plural.

There be There + is/was/has been not + Singular/UC. There are/were/have been not + Plural.
Is/Was/Has there (been) + singular/UC? Are/Were/Have there (been) + Plural?

It + is/was/has been/will be + N/adj/prepositional phrase.

It be It + isn’t/wasn’t/hasn’t been/won’t be + N/adj/prepositional phrase.

Is it/Was it/Has it been/Will it be + N/adj/prepositional phrase?
PRONUNCIATION LIAISONS AND CONTRACTIONS

When two vowel sounds are

When a word ends in a We can omit these sounds
connected together we insert a ‘w’
consonant sound and or ‘y’ sound to make it easier to say.
the next word starts with the best students
a vowel sound, the two next day
words blend together.
` `go out (wout) May I come in (y-I) `
hold on (don) go on (w-on) I’ll buy it (yit)
I like it (kit) how are you (war) He ate out (yate)
deep end (pend) you know it (wit) I am not (yam)
get up late (tup)
picked out (dout)
PRONUNCIATION LIAISONS AND CONTRACTIONS

When a word ends and begin with the same

consonant, the second consonant is not
usually pronounced. When certain consonant sounds occur in
succession, they are reduced to a different
Is she? sounds.
What time is it?
Keep pace!
big game
‘t’ at the end of word + ‘y’ at the beginning of
well lit word -> /ʧ/
can never
this Saturday Didn’t you?
far right Won’t you?
stop playing
book club ‘d’ at the of the word + ‘y’ at the beginning of
the word -> /ʤ/

Did you go?

Would you help me?
When ‘t’ sound comes between vowels, it is Could you please shut the door?
often pronounced like a ‘d’

What about it?

Not at all?
What is your name?
PRONUNCIATION LIAISONS AND CONTRACTIONS

Standard contracted forms

I have ~ I’ve
Shortened forms of phrases You have ~ You’ve
He has ~ He’s
got to ~ I’ve got to go ~ gotta She has ~ she’s
what do ~ What do you think? ~ whatchu We have ~ We’ve
want to ~ What do you want to eat? ~ wanna They have ~ They’ve
` going to ~ I’m going to leave now? ~ gonna ` I am ~I’m
is he ~ izzi ~ Where is he? You are ~ You’re
does he ~ duzi ~ Where does he work? We are ~ We’re
was he ~ wazi ~ What was he doing? They are ~ They’re
had he ~ hadi ~What had he said? It would/had ~ It’d
Would he ~ wudi ~ Would he be interested? It will ~ It’ll
He could have done ~ He could’ve done
...etc.