‘Q8) Compare Raspberry Pi and Arduino. Raspberry Pi ‘Arduino It is called as an ‘mini-computer’ with an Raspbian OS. It has the potential to run to run many programs at an specific amount of ti It cannot be powered by an battery ‘Arduino can run only any one specific program at a time as it is an part of the compute! itis powered by using battery. In order tomake its sensors and other components work it needs install complex and difficult tasks like libraries and software. itdoes not requires to install any sorts ‘of libraries and software due to its simple interface It is expensive but can be easily connected to the Internet via Ethernet Port or USB Wi-Fi It is not much expensive but it requires an ‘external hardwarejto connect to the dongles. internet and it needs to be properly addressed. Consists of 4 USB ports to connect to different | it cat be only connected to the computer devices at same time. asitionly consists one USB port. Specification Arduine Uno Raspberry Pi pi wasn’t design for physical computing Price Size Memory Clock Speed 08 Flash ‘SD Card (2 to 16G) Multitasking ‘No YES Integrated Development ‘Arduino ‘Scratch, IDLE, anything with Environment Linux support Input Voltage Twi2¥ 3Vv Connection “54 GPIO pins 8 GPIO pins3) What are the disadvantages of Open source? . lt adds a certain level of vulnerability. Some OSS products can have their coding altered so that those who wish to exploit others can do so. This may include identity theft. virus transfers, and other activities that irritate open-source software products may also have these issues, but at a greatly reduced level. . It is nat user-friendly. ‘There is a definite learning curve involved in the use af many OSS options. New users will typically need to go through tutorials or training sessions to get the most they can out of the software right away.Q6) Raspberry Pi Mrite basics about Raspberry Pi 90, [coed oo ets © General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) Pins: These pins allow you to connect various sensors, LEDs, and other devices to interact with the Raspberry Pi * CPUIGPU: The CPU performs all basic computations and the GPU performs graphics related functions. ¢ RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) provides temporary storage for data and running applications, allowing the Raspberry Pi to perform tasks efficiently. Ethernet port: Used for wired LAN, so we can use the internet on it. USB Ports: USB ports allow you to connect peripherals like keyboards, mice, and external storage devices to the Raspberry Pi. ‘* Audio Jack: The audio jack lets you connect speakers or headphones for audio output. © Camera Module Port: This port is used for connecting a camera module, allowing the Raspberry Pi to capture photos and videos. © HDMI Por's: HDMI ports are used to connect the Raspberry Pi to monitors or ‘TVs for video and audio output ‘* Micro USB Power: This is where you connect the power supply to provide electrical power to the Raspberry Pi ‘© Micro SD card slot: It has the OS in it used while booting. ‘ Itis also worth considering the relationship between the costs (of prototyping and mass-producing) of a platform against the development effort that the platform demands. tis beneficial if you can choose a prototyping platform ina performance/capabilities bracket similar to a final production solution © That way, you will be less likely to encounter any surprises over the cost. For the first prototype, the cost is probably not the most important issue: the smartphone or computer options are particularly convenient if you already have cone available, at which point they are effectively zero-cost.QS) Write note on MQTT Protocol ¢ MATTis one of the most commonly used protocols in loT projects. © Itstands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. © In addition, it is designed as a lightweight messaging protocol that uses publish’subscribe operations to exchange data between clients and the server. © Furthermore, its small size, low power usage, minimized data packets, and ease of implementation make the protocol ideal for the 'machine-to-machine' or ‘Internet of Things’ world. MQTT server is called a broker and the clients are simply the connected devices. © When a device (a client) wants to send data to the broker, we call this operation a ‘publish’ © When a device (a client) wants to receive data from the broker, we call this, operation a ‘subscribe’ ae MATT has unique features you can hardly find in other protocols, like: © It's a lightweight protocol: So, its easy to implement in software and fast in data transmission. © It's based on a messaging technique: Of course, you know how fast your messenger/WhatsApp message delivery is. Likewise, the MQTT protocol. © Minimized data packets: Hence, low network usage. Low power usage: As a result, it saves the connected device's battery. © It’s real-time: That's specifically what makes it perfect for loT applications. pubish, mart Client = —— a server sends a keep-alive to prevent the client from thinking the server has timed out 2) Multipart XMLHttpRequest (MXHR)(Unidirectional): XMLHttpRequest is a JavaScript API used in web application development to communicate with the web server without a full page load. I's similar to other HTTP requests but with client-side code. Many browsers support multipart/x-mixed-replace content. 3) HTML5 WebSockets (Bidirectional): The HTTP layer, traditionally accessed through the sockets API, has been replaced by WebSockets, a bidirectional solution that allows clients to write requests and read responses. WebSockets, a working draft in the HTMLS spec, is particularly useful for task timers, as they can send information about tasks being started, modified, or canceled.Q7) What is an API? What do you mean by mashing up API ? [An API dofines the path or from where the messages are sent, Le. whother itis sent {tom cent 1 te server or from tne server to the cent. Ths cata which is san Is mostly in an existing standard because then only the libraries for both server and the client would be available. Without the liars it would become impossible to send messages ‘rom one side te another. Client App Database BO: ‘Mashup API : Mashup APL is a web service which folows the principles of usage of HTTP as an appication protocol, which helps in providing a good and simple ‘communication platform for appication. ‘© Example : Wob application used in Google Maps to show the location ofthe most recent pictures or events ratated to any ragion, Mashup sysiems can be used fo combine user-interfaces , data and functionally. With respect to the IOT devices itis used as by direc intervention of the user via keyboards, touch enabled dieplays or mouse area, or any other possible nput areas, vith respect to the environment. Q8) Expiain the non-digital methods of prototyping. ‘© Modeling clay: The most wellknown brands ere Play-Doh and Plasticine, ike Play-Doh, have a tondency to dry out and crack if left exposed to the ait. Plasticine doesnt sutfer fom this problem, but as it remains malleable, isn't ideal for prototypes which are going to be handied. Modeling clay s best used for short-term explorations. + Epoxy putty: You might have encountered this product ee the brand Miliput; tis ‘Smiar to modeling clay athough usually avaiable in fewer colours. You coule ‘mold itt the desired shape, and in about an hour, sets sotd ‘© Sugru: Sugru is a moldable silicone rubber. It is gcod at sticking to most other ‘substances and gives a soft touch grppy surface, which makes ita great addition toa dasgnar’s tool © Caraboard: Cardboard is cheap and easy to shape with a craft knife or scissors ‘and available in ll manner of colors and thicknesses. Toy construction sets: You can use LEGO sols. Imagine its a phone call where both people can tak and listen atthe same ime. Just like chatting with your fiend on the phone, that's fullduplex communication. HTMLS ‘made this possible on the web. ‘This crating technology uses something called a single TCP connection, which i tke private ine between computers. Its also known as Web Sockets, a cool feature of HITMLS that lets websites talk in a new way. \eb Sockets ate lice having a two-way chal. You can send and receive messages at the same time, kind of tke having a reabiime conversation. I's perfect for things like timers or tasks, where you need fo send updates and get information instantly. Howaver, his new way of chatting sometimes ccesn' get along wit spacial intarnat servers (proxy servers), but they're learning to work together better because of HTMLS, ‘One awesome thing about Web Sockets is that they can slp past these servers and ‘ewalls, which can be like guards ofthe internet. t's al thanks to the power of HTML, So, ina nutshell, Web Sockets, driven by HTMLS, make chatting between computers ‘super fast and are part of the amazing tachnology called HTMLS.Q4) Discuss the business model canvas for Intemet of Things. Bi L key Partnerhis| atin 1saaaaia Propositions Reatonshio Seemerts of? —) Key SE ~~ Reoures — com strucnres| Revenue Steams Be | NS ‘The business model checklist consists of nine key points, each of which plays @ vital role in defiring how a company operates: 1, Key Partners: Companies often investin their core activities, but they may also collaborate with key partners who excel in specific areas and activities. These partners Contnbute to the companys overall success. 2. Key Activities: This involves listing the essential tasks and activites required for the ‘company to achieve success. 3. Key Resources: It describes how the company acquires and manages the resources ‘needed to meet customer demands effectively. 4. Value Propostions'It explains the value that the company offers to is customers. 5. Customer Relationship: This aspect delves into how the company maintains and rhurtures its connections wth customers. Building and maintaining these relationships Caan be beneficia but may also come with significant cos. 6 Channels: It specifies the various means and channels through which the company interacts with and reaches its customers. 7. Customer Segments: Itdentfies the specific groups of customers that the company ‘aims to reach ard serve. 8 Cost Structure: In this section, the company outlines its cost structure, incuding “whether the business model is cost-driven (focused on selling a large quantity of Q9) Explain the term Venture capital. Every startup requires funding at some point in its development. Obtaining funding from an external investor involves a structured process wih three key rounds: Friends, Family, and Fools (FFF) Rounds, Anges Round, and Venture Capital Round. Friends, Family, and Fools (FFF) Rounds: ‘© In ths inital round, you seek funds from family members, cose friends, and local businesses, '* The success ofthis round often relies on the strength of your personal relatonships with potential investors, Angels Round: ‘© Thisis the next phase of fundraising ‘+ Angel investors are entrepreneure who invest in etartupe, driven by their charec ‘background and industry experience.Venture Capital Round: © Venture capital provides significant funding but typically requires prior investment from angel investors. © Venture caritalists may demand a seat on the board and a substantial equity share. Government Funding: * Govemments aim to promote industry and technological develooment and may allocate funds to specific objectives. © They often manage these funds differenty, supporting existing companies in research and innovation Crowdfunding: © Crowdiunding inyo'ves raising funds from a large number of contributors © Platfocms tke Kicksiarter and Indlegoga provide a means for people to support projects. While modem crowdtunding Is taciitated by online platforms, the concept of public contributions to civic and religious projects dates back millennia. ‘Each funding source has its unique characteristics and requirements. ts essential for Startups to explore their options and align their funding strategy with thelr specific naeds ‘and goals. 4. Eagle PCB = Developed by Autodesk, Eagle PCB fs known for its user-rienaly interface and robust schematic capture and PCB layout features. = Sultable for small to medium-sized projacts ~ Avaliable in free and paid versions, depending on the complexity of your design 2. Kicad: san open-source PCB design too! witn a large and active community - loffers schematic capture, PCB layout, 3D viewer, and auto-router features. is suitable for a wide range of projects, from simple to complex, and its completely free to use. 3. Atium Designer: 1.2 professionsl-grade PCB design software that provides extensive capabiites for ‘schematic capture, PCB layout, and design verification. ~ Suitable for complex projects and comes with a steep learning curve, ~ Offers a free trial buts @ paid software 4. OrCAD: is a comprehensive PCB design software tool known forits schematic capture, PCB. layout, and simulation capabilities, = Itis widely used inthe industry for large and complex project. ~ Offers a free trial bu is a paid software 5. EasyEDA: isan online-based PCE design tool that doest require instalation, = offers a simplified interface and is suitable for beginners and hobbyists. allows easy collaboration and sharing of designs with others. 6. Proteus: ~ Proteus is known fr its ability to integrate schematic capture, PCB layout, and simulation =I widely used for projects that require microcontraler simulation and tasting = Offer a free tal but is a pale software. 7. PADS: isa professional PCB design tool suitable for complex projects, especially in the ‘aerospace and defense industries. Offers advances features for high-end PCB design. ~ itis a paid software and primanly used in protessional envronmentsa2) Ubiquitous computing In simple words, computing is everywhere, not just on the desktop. Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicomp") is a concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere. This paradigm is also described as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence or “everywhere”. In contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any format. Auser interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop computers, tablets and terminals in everyday objects such as a refrigerator or a pair of glasses. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include Internet, advanced middleware, operating system, mobile code, sensors, microprocessors, new VO and user interfaces, networks, mobile protocols, location and positioning, and new materials. Each term emphasizes slightly In our example, a postcard was placed in an envelope before getting passed onwards. This happens with Internet packets, too. So, an IP packet is a block of data along with the same kind of information you would write on a physical envelope: the name and address of the server. and 50 on. © Butif an IP packet ever gets transmitted across your local wired network via an Ethemet cable—the cable that connects your home broadband router or your office local area network (LAN) to a desktop PC—then the whole packet will get bundled up into another type of envelope, an Ethemet Frame, which adds additional information about how to complete the last few steps of its journey to your computer. * Ofcourse, it's possible that your cousin Bob didn't know about the Londan Hack space and then maybe the message would have got stuck with him. © You would have had no way to know whether it got there. This is how IP works. There is no guarantee, and you can send only what will fit in a single packet.