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Week 8 Notes

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Jann Fajardo
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9 views6 pages

Week 8 Notes

Uploaded by

Jann Fajardo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WEEK 8 NOTES

• Three Levels of Data Gathering

1. Community people -- household heads, traditional, and non-


traditional leaders; 30% of the total population of households for the survey
sample spread out proportionally would be ideal; representation increases or
decreases proportionally depending on the size of the area; ideally, 10% of
traditional leaders (while a corresponding number of nontraditional leaders)
(also) be obtained
2. Community health workers — ideally, 20% of all enlisted CHWs as
of the previous year
3. Program staff

Instrument may be the following:


a. Survey questionnaire
b. Observation checklist
c. Interview guide (CHW, leaders, program staff)

The nurse should meet the data gatherers to discuss and analyze the
instrument to be used. They may be asked to role-play an interview scene so
that they can place themselves in an actual interview situation. If necessary,
the instrument may be simplified to avoid overburden on the data gatherers in
terms of educational preparation and time constraints. Pretesting of the
instruments is highly recommended.

5. Setting the Targets — involves constructing a timetable of activities, taking


into consideration the sample size and the number of personnel that will work

B. IMPLEMENTATION
1. Actual data gathering — during the actual data gathering, the nurse
supervises the data collectors by checking the filled-out instruments for
completeness, accuracy, and reliability of the information collected. Data
gathered should cover the following:

• Community dimensions secondarily related to health


a. demographic data
b. economic characteristics
c. social indicators
d. political characteristics
e. cultural characteristics
f. environmental indicators

• Community dimensions directly related to health


a. General health indicators — birth, death, morbidity, mortality rates
b. Maternal and child health care family planning, midwifery services, child
care
c. Immunization status of children
d. Food and nutrition daily food budget, daily food intake, knowledge of basic
food groups
e. Illness and injury type of sickness, medical personnel attending to the sick,
where the sick go for consultation and treatment, types and sources of
medicines, dental care, mental health, accidents, causes of death
f. Water and environment — water supply and storage, food storage,
sanitation (excreta, garbage, wastewater disposal, pets and vermin control)
g. Endemic diseases
h. Essential drugs
i. Health education
j. Health resources (government/private) health manpower, health centers,
health services
k. Perception of health problems concepts of health, perceived health
problem,
solutions to health problems

2. Collation/Organization of data there are two types of data that may be


generated:
• Numerical data - data that can be counted
• Descriptive data description of observable characteristics of different
factors

Before collation is done, the accomplished questionnaires are edited.


Editing means going through the questionnaire to ensure that all the questions
have been properly entered.
NR — No response
NA— Not applicable

To facilitate data collection, the nurse must develop categories for the
classification of responses, making sure that the categories are MUTUALLY
EXCLUSIVE and EXHAUSTIVE.

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE choices do not overlap.


3. Presentation/Organization of Data -- data collected may be presented
as:
• Statistical tables
• Graphs
• Descriptive data -- Examples: geographic data, history of a village,
health beliefs

4. Analysis of Data -- aims to establish trends and patterns in terms of


health needs and problems of the community. It allows comparison of
obtained data with standard values.

5. Identification of community health nursing problems – make a list of the


health problems and categorize them as:
• Health status problem – may be described in terms of increased or
decreased morbidity, mortality, or fertility. Example: 40% of the school-age
children have ascariasis.
• Health resources problem – they may be described in terms of lack or
absence of manpower, money, materials, or institutions necessary to solve
health problems.
Example: 25% of the BHWs lack skills in vital-signs taking.
• Health-related problems — they may be described in terms of
existence of social, economic, environmental, and political factors that
aggravate the illness-inducing situations in the community.
Example: 30% of the households dump their garbage in the river.

6. Priority-Setting of Community Health Nursing Problems — make use of


the following criteria:
• Nature of the problem presented — the problems are classified by the
nurse as health status, health resources, or health related problems.
• Magnitude of the problem -- refers to the severity of the problem, which
can be measured in terms of the proportion of the population affected by the
problem.
• Modifiability of the problem -- refers to the probability of reducing,
controlling, or eradicating the problem.
• Preventive Potential -- refers to the probability of controlling or
reducing the effects posed by the problem.
• Social Concern -- refers to the perception of the population or the
community as they are affected by the problem.

TABLE 17. SCORING SYSTEM IN PRIORITIZING HEALTH PROBLEMS

Source: UP College of Nursing. Community Health Nursing Specialty, 1989,


as cited in Maglaya, 2003.

STEPS IN PRIORITIZING PROBLEMS


1. Score each problem according to each criterion.
2. Divide the score by the highest possible score.
3. Multiply the answer by the weight of the criteria.
4. Add the final score for each criterion to get the total score for the problem.
The highest possible score is 10, while the lowest possible score is 1
5/12 or 1.41.
5. The problem with the highest total score is given high priority by the nurse.
Given the situation:
After collating the data in the community diagnosis, the nurse learned
that one of the community health problems is that 40% of the school-age
children have ascariasis. The mothers recognize this and are willing to have
their children undergo deworming. Majority of the mothers are so concerned
that they asked the nurse about its cause and the ways on how to prevent it.

The other problem is the lack of skills of the BHWs in the barangay. For
example, 25% of the BHWs lack skills in vital signs taking. The BHWs
expressed their concern that they cannot perform their tasks because of this.
All of them verbalized their desire to attend health skills trainings in the future.
Applying the concept of prioritizing community health problems:

TABLE 18. USING THE SCORING SYSTEM TO DETERMINE PRIORITIES


FOR TWO HEALTH PROBLEMS

7. Feedback to the Community -- community meetings are held to inform


the community people of the results of the community diagnosis. This is done
to:

• increase their awareness on their health status as an entire


community, and
• enhance community participation in action planning.

8. Action Planning -- action programs are the activities necessitated by the


results of the community diagnosis. Feasibility, impact on the community,
scope or coverage, and community acceptance are the factors to consider in
formulating an action program

C. EVALUATION - done to:


1. measure the achievements of the program
2. serve as basis for introducing corrections or revisions to the action
program
3. provide concrete basis for the validity and appropriateness of the action
plan. Since impact evaluation entails thorough investigation of the community,
a follow-up to the community diagnosis is necessary.

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