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Mod

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jothishjsunil
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is OSI Model?

The OSI model is a reference framework that explains the process of transmitting data between
computers. It is divided into seven layers that work together to carry out specialised network
functions, allowing for a more systematic approach to networking.

The OSI model consists of seven abstraction layers arranged in a top-down order:

1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

Physical Layer – Layer 1

The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is responsible for the actual
physical connection between the devices. The physical layer contains information in the form of
bits. It is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the next.

Note:
Hub, Repeater, Modem, and Cables are Physical Layer devices.

Data Link Layer (DLL) – Layer 2

The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the message. The main
function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-free from one node to another, over
the physical layer.

Note:

Packet in the Data Link layer is referred to as Frame.


Data Link layer is handled by the NIC (Network Interface Card) and device drivers of host
machines.
Switch & Bridge are Data Link Layer devices.

Network Layer – Layer 3


The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located in
different networks. It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to
transmit the packet, from the number of routes available. The sender & receiver’s IP addresses
are placed in the header by the network layer.

Note:

Segment in the Network layer is referred to as Packet.


Network layer is implemented by networking devices such as routers and switches.

Transport Layer – Layer 4

The transport layer provides services to the application layer and takes services from the
network layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is responsible for the
End to End Delivery of the complete message. The transport layer also provides the
acknowledgment of the successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an error is
found.

Note: The sender needs to know the port number associated with the receiver’s application.

1. Connection-Oriented Service: It is a three-phase process that includes

2. Connectionless service: It is a one-phase process and includes Data Transfer. In this type of
transmission, the receiver does not acknowledge receipt of a packet. This approach allows for
much faster communication between devices. Connection-oriented service is more reliable than
connectionless Service.

5. Session Layer – Layer 5

This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions, and
authentication, and also ensures security.

6. Presentation Layer – Layer 6

The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer. The data from the application layer is
extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to transmit over the network.
7. Application Layer – Layer 7

At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find the Application layer which
is implemented by the network applications. These applications produce the data, which has to
be transferred over the network. This layer also serves as a window for the application services
to access the network and for displaying the received information to the user.

Example: Application – Browsers, Skype Messenger, etc.

Transport layer protocol

1. Connection less protocol

UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol.


UDP is a simple protocol and it provides nonsequenced transport functionality.
UDP is a connectionless protocol.
This type of protocol is used when reliability and security are less important than speed and
size.
UDP is an end-to-end transport level protocol that adds transport-level addresses, checksum
error control, and length information to the data from the upper layer.
The packet produced by the UDP protocol is known as a user datagram.

● UDP provides basic functions needed for the end-to-end delivery of a transmission.
● It does not provide any sequencing or reordering functions and does not specify the
damaged packet when reporting an error.

2. Connection oriented

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.


It provides full transport layer services to applications.
It is a connection-oriented protocol means the connection established between both the ends of
the transmission. For creating the connection, TCP generates a virtual circuit between sender
and receiver for the duration of a transmission.

Network Layer Protocol


1. ARP
● ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
● It is used to associate an IP address with the MAC address.
● Each device on the network is recognized by the MAC address imprinted on the
NIC. Therefore, we can say that devices need the MAC address for
communication on a local area network. MAC address can be changed easily.
For example, if the NIC on a particular machine fails, the MAC address changes
but IP address does not change. ARP is used to find the MAC address of the
node when an internet address is known.
2. RARP
● RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
● If the host wants to know its IP address, then it broadcast the RARP query packet
that contains its physical address to the entire network. A RARP server on the
network recognizes the RARP packet and responds back with the host IP
address.
● The protocol which is used to obtain the IP address from a server is known as
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
● The message format of the RARP protocol is similar to the ARP protocol.
3. ICMP
● ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
● The ICMP is a network layer protocol used by hosts and routers to send the
notifications of IP datagram problems back to the sender.
● ICMP uses echo test/reply to check whether the destination is reachable and
responding.
● ICMP handles both control and error messages, but its main function is to report
the error but not to correct them.
4. IGMP
● IGMP stands for Internet Group Message Protocol.
● The IP protocol supports two types of communication:
● Unicasting: It is a communication between one sender and one receiver.
Therefore, we can say that it is one-to-one communication.
● Multicasting: Sometimes the sender wants to send the same message to a large
number of receivers simultaneously. This process is known as multicasting which
has one-to-many communication.

Application Layer Protocol

1. TELNET
Telnet stands for the TELetype NETwork. It helps in terminal emulation. It allows Telnet clients to
access the resources of the Telnet server. It is used for managing files on the internet. It is used
for the initial setup of devices like switches.

2. FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is the protocol that actually lets us transfer files. It can
facilitate this between any two machines using it.

3. TFTP
It’s a technology for transferring files between network devices and is a simplified version of
FTP. The Port number for TFTP is 69.

4. SMTP
It stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is a part of the TCP/IP protocol. Using a process
called “store and forward,” SMTP moves your email on and across networks.

5. HTTP
HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol and HTTPS is the more secured version of HTTP,
that’s why HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. This protocol is used to
access data from the World Wide Web.

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