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15 views2 pages

Operating System Components - Jpeg

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la55sh72010
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PROCESS MANAGEMENT

MEMORY MANAGEMENT (MAIN MEMORY)


A process is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within

OPERATING
To execute a program, all (or part) of the instructions the system.

must be in memory. Program is a passive entity; process is an active entity.

All (or part) of the data that is needed by the program Process needs resources like CPU, memory, I/O, files to

must be in memory. accomplish its task.

Memory management determines what is in memory Process termination requires reclaim of any reusable

SYSTEM
and when. resources.

Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its Single-threaded process has one program counter specifying

contents in the case of system failure. location of next instruction to execute.

MEMORY MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES Multi-threaded process has one program counter per thread.

RESPONSIBLE FOR OPERATING SYSTEM PROCESS MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBLE


FOR OPERATING SYSTEM

COMPONENTS
Keeping track of which parts of memory are
currently being used and by whom Creating and deleting both user and system processes

Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data Suspending and resuming processes

to move into and out of memory Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
Allocating and deallocating memory space as Providing mechanisms for process
needed
communication
Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling

FILE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT


MASS STORAGE MANAGEMENT (SECONDARY I/O SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
OS provides uniform, logical view of information STORAGE MANAGEMENT) CACHE MANAGEMENT
storage One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of
The operating system abstracts from the physical Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile and Information in use copied from slower (Main hardware devices from the user.
properties of its storage devices to define a logical too small to accommodate all data and programs Memory) to faster storage (Cache) I/O subsystem responsible for:
storage unit, the file. permanently, the computer system must provide temporarily. Memory management of I/O including buffering
Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, secondary storage to back up main memory. Faster storage (cache) checked first to (storing data temporarily while it is being
tape drive). Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in determine if information is there. transferred), caching (storing parts of data in
Varying properties include access speed, capacity, main memory or data that must be kept for a “long” If it is, information used directly from the faster storage for performance), spooling
data-transfer rate, access method (sequential or period of time. cache (fast). (overlapping of output of one job with input of other
random). Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk If not, data copied to cache and used there. jobs).
Files usually organized into directories. subsystem and its algorithms. Cache smaller than storage being cached. General device-driver interface.
Access control on most systems to determine who can MASS STORAGE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES Cache management important design Drivers for specific hardware devices.
access what. RESPONSIBLE FOR OPERATING SYSTEM problem.
FILE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBLE Cache size and replacement policy.
FOR OPERATING SYSTEM Mounting and unmounting
Free-space management
Creating and deleting files and directories Storage allocation
Primitives to manipulate files and directories Disk scheduling
Mapping files onto secondary storage Partitioning
Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media Protection

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