A Guide To The Types of Machine Learning Algorithms - SAS UK
A Guide To The Types of Machine Learning Algorithms - SAS UK
The term ‘machine learning’ is often, incorrectly, interchanged with Artificial Intelligence[JB1] , but
machine learning is actually a sub
field/type of AI. Machine learning is also often referred to as predictive analytics, or predictive modelling.
Coined by American computer scientist Arthur Samuel in 1959, the term ‘machine learning’ is defined as
a “computer’s ability to learn without being explicitly programmed”.
At its most basic, machine learning uses programmed algorithms that receive and analyse input data to
predict output values within an acceptable range. As new data is fed to these algorithms, they learn and
optimise their operations to improve performance, developing ‘intelligence’ over time.
There are four types of machine learning algorithms: supervised, semi-supervised, unsupervised and
reinforcement.
Supervised learning
In supervised learning, the machine is taught by example. The operator provides the machine learning
algorithm with a known dataset that includes desired inputs and outputs, and the algorithm must find a
method to determine how to arrive at those inputs and outputs. While the operator knows the correct
answers to the problem, the algorithm identifies patterns in data, learns from observations and makes
predictions. The algorithm makes predictions and is corrected by the operator – and this process
continues until the algorithm achieves a high level of accuracy/performance.
Under the umbrella of supervised learning fall: Classification, Regression and Forecasting.
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Semi-supervised learning
Semi-supervised learning is similar to supervised learning, but instead uses both labelled and unlabelled
data. Labelled data is essentially information that has meaningful tags so that the algorithm can
understand the data, whilst unlabelled data lacks that information. By using this
combination, machine learning algorithms can learn to label unlabelled data.
Unsupervised learning
Here, the machine learning algorithm studies data to identify patterns. There is no answer key or human
operator to provide instruction. Instead, the machine determines the correlations and relationships by
analysing available data. In an unsupervised learning process, the machine learning algorithm is left to
interpret large data sets and address that data accordingly. The algorithm tries to organise that data in
some way to describe its structure. This might mean grouping the data into clusters or arranging it in a
way that looks more organised.
As it assesses more data, its ability to make decisions on that data gradually improves and becomes
more refined.
Reinforcement learning
Reinforcement learning focuses on regimented learning processes, where a machine learning algorithm
is provided with a set of actions, parameters and end values. By defining the rules, the machine learning
algorithm then tries to explore different options and possibilities, monitoring and evaluating each result to
determine which one is optimal. Reinforcement learning teaches the machine trial and error. It learns
from past experiences and begins to adapt its approach in response to the situation to achieve the best
possible result.
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Despite its simplicity, the classifier does surprisingly well and is often used due to the fact
it outperforms more sophisticated classification methods.
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ANNs also learn by example and through experience, and they are extremely useful for
modelling non-linear relationships in high-dimensional data or where the relationship
amongst the input variables is difficult to understand.
Clearly, there are a lot of things to consider when it comes to choosing the right machine
learning algorithms for your business’ analytics. However, you don’t need to be a data
scientist or expert statistician to use these models for your business. At SAS, our
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Read More
If you want to learn more about machine learning, why not check out our webinar?
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