SMART-FARM

A Project Work Synopsis

Submitted in the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH SPECIALIZATION IN
INTERNET OF THINGS-IBM
Submitted by:
20BCS4573 Gaurav Malik
20BCS4574 Lakshay Badoni

Under the Supervision of:

Mr. Nikhil Aggarwal

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, GHARUAN, MOHALI - 140413,

PUNJAB
May 2024

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 Abstract

The advent of IoT (Internet of Things) technology has brought forth

transformative possibilities in the domain of agriculture, facilitating the
development of smart agriculture systems capable of revolutionizing
traditional farming practices. This abstract presents an overview of an
IoT-based smart agriculture system designed to optimize resource
utilization, enhance productivity, and promote sustainability in
agricultural operations. At the heart of the system lies a network of
sensors deployed across agricultural fields, meticulously engineered to
monitor crucial environmental parameters such as soil moisture,
temperature, humidity, and light intensity. These sensors serve as the
eyes and ears of the system, continuously collecting real-time data to
provide insights into the prevailing agricultural conditions. Coupled
with actuators and controllers, the system enables automated control
over various agricultural processes, with a particular focus on smart
irrigation and animal detection and control. Smart irrigation algorithms
leverage sensor data to precisely regulate water delivery, ensuring
optimal moisture levels for crop growth while conserving water
resources. Meanwhile, animal detection and control mechanisms,
powered by advanced sensor technologies, mitigate potential crop
damage, and optimize livestock management practices. Furthermore,
the system incorporates cloud computing capabilities, enabling

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seamless data storage, analysis, and visualization. Through a user-
friendly interface, accessible via web or mobile applications, farmers
gain remote access to vital agricultural data, allowing for informed
decision-making and proactive management of farm operations.

Keywords:
1. IoT (Internet of Things)
2. Smart agriculture system
3. Sensors
4. Smart irrigation
5. Sustainability
6. Automation

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 Table of Contents

Title Page i
Abstract ii
1. Introduction
1.1 Problem Definition
1.2 Project Overview
1.3 Hardware Specification
1.4 Software Specification
2. Literature Survey
2.1 Existing System
2.2 Proposed System
2.3 Literature Review Summary
3. Problem Formulation
4. Research Objective
5. Methodologies
6. Experimental Setup
7. Conclusion
8. Tentative Chapter Plan for the proposed work
9. Reference

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Definition

The projects on Smart Agriculture System using IoT (Internet of Things)

addresses a fundamental challenge in modern agriculture: the
inefficiencies and limitations of traditional farming methods. Across the
globe, farmers struggle with issues such as resource wastage, decreased
yields, and environmental degradation due to a lack of efficiency,
precision, and real-time monitoring capabilities in their practices.
Conventional farming often relies on subjective decision-making and
uniform application of resources, leading to wasteful usage of water,
fertilizers, and pesticides. Without real-time data on crucial parameters
like soil moisture and crop health, farmers are unable to make timely
adjustments to optimize their processes. As a result, yields may suffer,
and environmental degradation may occur, further exacerbating the
challenges faced by farmers and the sustainability of agriculture. By
leveraging IoT devices and data analytics, the project aims to
revolutionize agriculture by providing farmers with actionable insights,
automated control systems, and remote monitoring capabilities. Through
the integration of advanced technologies, the project seeks to empower
farmers to adopt more sustainable practices, optimize resource usage, and
enhance productivity, thereby ensuring the long-term viability of
agriculture while preserving the environment for future generations.

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1.2 Problem Overview
The multifaceted challenges faced by farmers in traditional agriculture,
including inefficient resource management, lack of real-time monitoring,
environmental sustainability concerns, limited access to information, and
market volatility. Here are some main problems discussed:

1.2.1 Inefficient Resource Management:

Traditional farming practices often rely on manual labor and

subjective decision-making, resulting in inefficient resource
allocation. Farmers may apply water, fertilizers, and pesticides
uniformly across their fields, regardless of actual crop needs. This
approach leads to resource wastage as inputs are often over-applied
in some areas while being insufficient in others. Additionally,
without precise monitoring of soil conditions and crop health,
farmers struggle to optimize resource usage effectively.

1.2.2 Lack of Real-Time Monitoring:

One of the significant limitations of traditional agriculture is the

absence of real-time monitoring capabilities. Farmers typically rely
on periodic inspections or visual assessments to gauge crop health
and environmental conditions. This lack of real-time data hampers
their ability to make timely decisions regarding irrigation,
fertilization, pest control, and other critical activities. Without

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 insights into changing conditions, farmers risk under or over-
applying inputs, which can adversely affect crop yields and quality.

1.2.3 Environmental Sustainability:

Conventional farming methods can have detrimental effects on the

environment. Overuse of water, fertilizers, and pesticides can lead to
soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. Furthermore,
greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities contribute to
climate change. Addressing these environmental concerns is crucial
for the long-term sustainability of agriculture. IoT-based solutions
offer the potential to minimize environmental impact by enabling
more precise resource management and promoting sustainable
farming practices.

1.2.4 Limited Access to Information:

Many small-scale and resource-constrained farmers, particularly in

remote or rural areas, lack access to agricultural expertise and market
information. This lack of information hinders their ability to make
informed decisions regarding crop management, market timing, and
resource allocation. IoT-based solutions can bridge this gap by
providing farmers with access to real-time data, expert insights, and
market intelligence through user-friendly interfaces accessible via
smartphones or computers.

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1.2.5 Market Volatility and Uncertainty:

Farmers face significant challenges due to market volatility,

unpredictable weather patterns, and pest outbreaks. Fluctuations in
market prices can impact farmers' incomes and profitability, while
adverse weather conditions or pest infestations can lead to crop
losses. By providing farmers with timely insights and predictive
analytics, IoT-based solutions can help mitigate these risks by
enabling proactive decision-making and better risk management
strategies.

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1.3 Hardware Specification
We have listed the main hardware components that are required to
create the project and make it properly functional for the specific roles,
our main focus is on irrigation system and controlling any trespassing
in the field.

Node MCU ESP8266

The ESP8266, developed by Espressif Systems, is a highly versatile

Wi-Fi module that has garnered widespread
popularity in the maker and IoT communities.
Combining a Tensilica L106 32-bit
microcontroller unit with built-in Wi-Fi
connectivity, the ESP8266 offers a cost-
effective solution for wireless communication
Fig.1 Node MCU
and IoT applications. Its small form factor,
affordability, and robust capabilities have made it a go-to choose for
projects ranging from DIY home automation to commercial IoT
products. With its built-in Wi-Fi connectivity, the ESP8266 can easily
connect to networks and communicate with other devices or servers
over the internet, enabling a wide array of applications such as remote

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monitoring, smart agriculture, and environmental sensing. Supported
by a large and active community of developers, the ESP8266 benefits
from an extensive ecosystem of libraries, tutorials, and projects,
making it accessible to beginners and seasoned developers alike.
Compatible with the Arduino IDE and Espressif's official SDK, the
ESP8266 can be programmed and customized to suit various project
requirements. Its versatility and affordability have democratized IoT
development, empowering individuals and businesses to create
innovative solutions that leverage the power of wireless connectivity.

Wi-fi module/ GSM module

A Wi-Fi module enables devices to connect to local wireless networks,

facilitating high-speed data transfer over short distances. One example
is the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, which is commonly used in IoT
projects to provide internet connectivity to microcontroller-based
devices.

On the other hand, a GSM module allows devices

to communicate over cellular networks, enabling
remote connectivity and communication in areas
with cellular coverage. An example is the
SIM800L GSM module, which can be integrated
Fig.2 GSM
module

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into devices to enable SMS, voice, and data communication via
cellular networks.

DHT-11

Is a low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor module

commonly used in various projects and applications, particularly in
IoT and home automation. It consists of a calibrated digital signal
output with the temperature and humidity sensing elements integrated
onto a single chip. The sensor provides accurate readings of
temperature ranging from 0 to 50 degrees Celsius with a precision of
±2°C and humidity ranging from 20% to 90% RH with a precision of
±5% RH.

One of the key features of the DHT11 is its

simplicity and ease of use, making it suitable for
beginners and hobbyists. It communicates over a
single-wire digital interface, which makes it
compatible with a wide range of
Fig.3 DHT-11
microcontrollers and development platforms such as Arduino and
Raspberry Pi. Additionally, it operates on low power, making it
suitable for battery-operated devices.

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Moisture sensor

A moisture sensor, also known as a soil moisture sensor, is a device

used to measure the moisture content of soil. It
typically consists of two or more electrodes that are
inserted into the soil, with the moisture level
determined based on the electrical conductivity
between these electrodes. As the soil moisture Fig.4 FC-28

increases, its conductivity also increases, allowing the sensor to detect

the moisture level accurately.FC-28 soil moisture sensor. This sensor is
widely used in various applications, including agriculture, gardening,
and environmental monitoring. It features two probes that are inserted
into the soil, and its analog output can be interfaced with
microcontrollers like Arduino or Raspberry Pi to measure the soil
moisture level.

LDR

An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), also known

as a photoresistor, is a type of resistor whose
resistance changes with the amount of light
Fig.5 LDR

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falling on it. The resistance decreases as the intensity of light increases,
and conversely, increases as the intensity of light decreases.

Water pump

A water pump is a mechanical device designed to move water from

one place to another by creating a flow or pressure difference. Water
pumps are commonly used in various applications, including
agriculture, irrigation, plumbing, and wastewater management. They
come in different types and sizes, ranging from small, portable pumps
for domestic use to large, industrial pumps for commercial and
municipal applications. One example of a water pump is the
submersible pump. Submersible pumps are designed to be submerged
underwater, typically in a well or reservoir, and are commonly used for
pumping water from underground sources to the surface. These pumps
are often used in domestic water supply systems, agricultural irrigation
systems, and groundwater management.

Motion sensors

A motion sensor, also known as a motion detector, is a device that

detects movement within its field of view. It works

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by sensing changes in infrared radiation, microwaves, or ultrasonic
waves caused by moving objects. Motion sensors are commonly used
in security systems, lighting control systems, and smart home
automation applications to detect intruders, trigger alarms, or activate
lights and appliances. One example of a motion sensor is the passive
infrared (PIR) motion sensor. PIR sensors detect changes in infrared
radiation emitted by objects within their detection range.

Breadboard

Breadboards are essential tools used in

electronics prototyping to build and test circuits
quickly and without soldering. They provide a
platform for assembling electronic components
such as resistors, capacitors, integrated circuits (ICs), and wires to
create temporary circuits for testing and experimentation.

Capacitors, resistors, and wires

Capacitors, resistors, and wires are fundamental components used in

electronics for building circuits and performing various functions.

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1.4 Software Specification
The software and necessary tools required for the creation of project are
listed below with a brief description:

Operating system

An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware

and provides services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary
between computer hardware and the user, facilitating the execution of
various tasks and applications.

Python

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its

simplicity and readability. It was created by Guido van Rossum and first
released in 1991. Python emphasizes code readability and simplicity,
making it an ideal language for beginners while still being powerful
enough for experienced programmers.

Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software

application that provides a platform for writing, compiling, and uploading
code to Arduino and Arduino-compatible microcontroller boards. It's
designed to simplify the process of developing projects for these boards,
making it accessible to beginners and experienced developers alike.

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C++

C++ is a high-level programming language developed by Bjarne

Stroustrup in 1985. It is an extension of the C programming language
with additional features such as object-oriented programming (OOP) and
generic programming. C++ is widely used for developing system
software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, and
games, among other applications.

Azure Cloud

Azure is a cloud computing service provided by Microsoft that offers a

wide range of cloud-based services, including computing, storage,
networking, databases, analytics, machine learning, artificial intelligence
(AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and more. It enables businesses to build,
deploy, and manage applications and services through Microsoft's global
network of data centres.

IFTTT

IFTTT (If This, Then That) is a web-based automation service that allows
users to create chains of simple conditional statements, called applets,
which are triggered based on changes to various web services, platforms,
or devices. The service's name derives from the conditional statement "if
this, then that.

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Existing System

An existing IoT-based smart agriculture system typically comprises

several components and functionalities designed to enhance the
efficiency and productivity of agricultural operations. Here's an outline
of what such a system might include:

Sensory Nodes: These are small electronic devices equipped with

various sensors to collect data from the agricultural environment.
Common sensors used in smart agriculture include temperature
sensors, humidity sensors, soil moisture sensors, light sensors, and pH
sensors.

Gateway or Hub: This device acts as a central point for collecting

data from the sensor nodes deployed across the field. It may be a
dedicated hardware device or a software application running on a
computer or cloud platform. The gateway communicates with the
sensor nodes using wireless protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, or LoRa.

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Data Transmission: Sensor nodes transmit data wirelessly to the
gateway or hub at regular intervals. The data may include real-time
information about environmental conditions such as temperature,
humidity, soil moisture levels, light intensity, and other relevant
parameters.

Cloud Platform: Data collected by the gateway is typically sent to a

cloud-based platform for storage, analysis, and visualization. Cloud
platforms offer scalability, data security, and accessibility from
anywhere with an internet connection. Examples of cloud platforms
commonly used in IoT-based agriculture systems include AWS IoT,
Microsoft Azure IoT, and Google Cloud IoT Core.

Data Analysis and Insights: Once the data is stored in the cloud, it
can be analysed using various algorithms and machine learning
techniques to extract valuable insights. For example, predictive
analytics algorithms can forecast weather patterns, detect pest
infestations, optimize irrigation schedules, and predict crop yields.

Control and Actuation: Based on the insights derived from data

analysis, the smart agriculture system can automatically control
actuators such as irrigation valves, pumps, fans, and actuators to
optimize agricultural processes. For example, if the soil moisture levels

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are detected to be low, the system can trigger an irrigation system to
water the crops accordingly.

User Interface: Farmers and agricultural stakeholders can access the

data, insights, and control functionalities of the smart agriculture
system through a user-friendly interface. This interface may be a web-
based dashboard, a mobile application, or both, allowing users to
monitor the status of their crops, receive alerts and notifications, and
adjust settings remotely.

Integration with External Systems: Smart agriculture systems often

integrate with external data sources such as weather forecasts, soil
databases, crop databases, and market prices to provide more
comprehensive insights and recommendations to farmers.

2.2 Proposed System

Agriculture includes many things like crop selection, soil fertility,

water demand, weather monitoring, pest control, and many other
which a farmer handles itself. All these works are handled by a single
farmer on a huge field, this needs a solution which should be smart.

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 We introduce IoT to agriculture, bringing IoT technology to
agriculture we can smartly monitor our crops, can control irrigation
system remotely, etc.

2.2.1 Needs in Smart agriculture:

Here we will be providing a detailed explanation of the system that a

smart agriculture based on IoT must include:

2.2.1.(a) Precision Agriculture

Precision agriculture is a farming management approach that uses

digital technologies to enable farmers to make better
decisions about where, when, and how much to fertilize, irrigate, and
spray pesticides.

By using sensors to collect data on weather, soil moisture, crop

health, and real-time locational asset tracking (RTLAT), farmers can
make more informed decisions about how to care for their crops.

2.2.1.(b) Crop Monitoring

Crop monitoring involves the use of sensors, drones, and satellites

to monitor crop health and identify locations requiring attention.
Crop monitoring systems also include all data such as crop health,
humidity, rainfall, temperature, and more.

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Sensors help farmers determine the best time to sow crops and
harvest them and can also detect problems early.

2.2.1.(c) Livestock Monitoring

Livestock monitoring uses sensors and RFID tags to track the

location and health of livestock. This information aids ranchers in
determining the condition of their livestock.

For example, finding sick animals so that they can be isolated from
the herd to avoid spreading disease to the rest of the cattle. The
ability for ranchers to use IoT-based sensors to locate their livestock
minimizes labour costs by a significant extent.

2.2.1.(d) Irrigation Management

Irrigation management uses sensors to detect when and how much

water is needed by individual plants. This saves water and reduces
weeds and runoff.

2.2.1.(e) Smart Pest Control

Sensors detect the presence of pests and then dispense pesticides as

required to protect crops. This helps reduce pesticide usage and can

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 be used with smart irrigation management for targeted spraying only
where it is needed.

2.2.1.(f) Fertilizer Management

When fertilizer gets too low, sensors notify farmers so they can use a
crop-yield map to determine which areas need more fertilizer.
They can also track how much fertilizer has been used by each plot
or farm throughout the season. This reduces costs and keeps runoff to
a minimum, reducing environmental damage.

2.2.1.(g) Weather Forecasting

Farmers employ satellite weather forecasts to decide when it is

appropriate to plant or harvest during the season. Weather stations
with smart sensors can collect data and send valuable information to
a farmer.

Furthermore, complex software analyses the data, providing ready-

made analysis that helps farmers gain an accurate forecast helping
avoid crop failure.

2.2.2 OUR ACTUAL SYSTEM

We are creating a smart agriculture project focusing on smart

irrigation and monitoring cattle and trespassing in the field involves

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several steps, from planning to implementation. Below is a project
plan and approach, along with an explanation of the focus areas:

The smart agriculture project begins with a clear definition of its

scope, focusing on optimizing water usage through smart irrigation
and enhancing field security through livestock and trespassing
monitoring. A thorough research and requirements gathering phase
follow, where suitable IoT sensors, actuators, and communication
technologies are identified for each focus area. This is crucial for
determining the necessary functionalities for data collection,
analysis, visualization, and alerting. Once requirements are
established, the project proceeds with hardware and software
selection, carefully choosing components such as soil moisture
sensors, water valves, cameras, RFID tags, and IoT platforms. The
system's architecture is then designed, considering aspects like
connectivity, scalability, and interoperability, and illustrated through
diagrams depicting data flow and communication between sensors,
actuators, and the central system. Prototype development ensues,
with separate prototypes created for smart irrigation and livestock
monitoring systems. These prototypes are integrated with the chosen
IoT platform, implementing basic functionalities like data collection,
transmission, and storage. Extensive testing is conducted to ensure
reliability, accuracy, and performance, encompassing various

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scenarios such as different weather conditions, livestock behaviours,
and trespassing events. Following successful integration and testing,
the integrated system is deployed in a real agricultural field for field
testing. Continuous monitoring of system performance and collection
of feedback from end-users inform subsequent fine-tuning and
optimization efforts. Comprehensive documentation and training
materials are provided to end-users to facilitate system operation and
maintenance. Evaluation of the system's impact on water savings,
crop yields, and field security guides further optimization and
enhancement endeavours. Upon successful evaluation, the project
scales up deployment to more fields or farms, supported by a robust
maintenance plan for ongoing support, updates, and troubleshooting.

Focus Areas:

Smart Irrigation: Leveraging IoT sensors, weather data, and

automation, smart irrigation optimizes water usage in agriculture.
Soil moisture sensors monitor soil moisture levels, adjusting
irrigation schedules based on weather forecasts and automating water
flow through valves. Data analytics analyse historical irrigation data
to optimize strategies for different crops and soil types.

Livestock and Trespassing Monitoring: Monitoring livestock

movements and detecting trespassing in the field are crucial for field

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 security. GPS or RFID tags track livestock location, while
surveillance cameras with motion sensors monitor the field
perimeter. Real-time alerts notify farmers or security personnel of
livestock straying or trespassing incidents, enabling timely
intervention. Data logging records incidents for later analysis and
investigation, enhancing overall field security.

2.3 Literature Review Summary (Minimum 7 articles should refer)

Year and Article/ Tools/ Evaluation
Technique Source
Citation Author Software Parameter

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.

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3. PROBLEM FORMULATION
4. OBJECTIVES

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5. METHODOLOGY

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6.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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7.CONCLUSION

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8. TENTATIVE CHAPTER PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED
WORK

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVE

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGIES

CHAPTER 5: EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

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REFERENCES

[1]

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