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 Western Civilization

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 TenTh
ediTion

Western Civilization

Jackson J. Spielvogel
The Pennsylvania State University

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Western Civilization, Tenth Edition © 2018, 2015, 2012 Cengage Learning
Jackson J. Spielvogel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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about the author
J AC K S O N J . S P I E LV OGE L is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania
State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized in
Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals
as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv f ür Reformationsgeschichte,
and American Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to The Social History of
the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, the Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of
Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright
Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the
Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi
Germany was published in 1987 (seventh edition, 2014). He is the coauthor (with William Duiker) of
World History, first published in 1998 (eighth edition, 2016), and The Essential World History (eighth
edition, 2017). Professor Spielvogel has won five major university-wide teaching awards. In 1988–1989,
he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. He
won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member in 1996 and the Schreyer
Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award in 2000.

To Diane,
Whose Love anD supporT MaDe iT aLL possibLe
J.J.s.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 brieF Contents

Documents xviii
16 toWard a neW heaven and a neW earth:
Maps xxv the sCientiFiC revolution and the
Features xxvii emerGenCe oF modern sCienCe 472
Preface xxviii
Acknowledgments xxxii
17 the eiGhteenth Century: an aGe oF
enliGhtenment 499
Introduction to Students of Western Civilization xxxvi
18 the eiGhteenth Century: euroPean
states, international Wars, and soCial
ChanGe 528
1 the anCient near east: the First
Civilizations 1 19 a revolution in PolitiCs: the era oF the
FrenCh revolution and naPoleon 559
2 the anCient near east: PeoPles and
emPires 32 20 the industrial revolution and its imPaCt
on euroPean soCiety 592
3 the Civilization oF the Greeks 53
21 reaCtion, revolution, and romantiCism,
4 the hellenistiC World 87 1815–1850 620

5 the roman rePubliC 110

22 an aGe oF nationalism and realism,
1850–1871 653
6 the roman emPire 143

23 mass soCiety in an “aGe oF ProGress,”

7 late antiquity and the emerGenCe oF the
1871–1894 686
medieval World 175

24 an aGe oF modernity, anxiety, and

8 euroPean Civilization in the early middle
imPerialism, 1894–1914 719
aGes, 750–1000 209

25 the beGinninG oF the tWentieth-Century

9 the reCovery and GroWth oF euroPean
Crisis: War and revolution 757
soCiety in the hiGh middle aGes 239

26 the Futile searCh For stability: euroPe

10 the rise oF kinGdoms and the GroWth
betWeen the Wars, 1919–1939 792
oF ChurCh PoWer 267

27 the deePeninG oF the euroPean Crisis:

11 the later middle aGes: Crisis and
World War ii 827
disinteGration in the Fourteenth
Century 299
28 Cold War and a neW Western World,
1945–1965 863
12 reCovery and rebirth: the aGe oF the
renaissanCe 331
29 Protest and staGnation: the Western
World, 1965–1985 896
13 reFormation and reliGious WarFare
in the sixteenth Century 365
30 aFter the Fall: the Western World
in a Global aGe (sinCe 1985) 920
14 euroPe and the World: neW enCounters,
1500–1800 399

Glossary 953
15 state buildinG and the searCh For order
in the seventeenth Century 432 Index 963

vi

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 Contents

Documents xviii The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel 35

Maps xxv The Social Structure of the Hebrews 37
Features xxvii The Neighbors of the Israelites 39
Preface xxviii
The Assyrian Empire 40
Acknowledgments xxxii Organization of the Empire 40
Introduction to Students of Western Civilization xxxvi The Assyrian Military Machine 41
Assyrian Society 42

1 Civilizations
Assyrian Culture 42
the anCient near east: the First
oPPosinG viewPoints
1 The Governing of Empires: Two Approaches 43
The First Humans 2 The Neo-Babylonian Empire 45
The Emergence of Homo sapiens 2
The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age 3 The Persian Empire 45
The Neolithic Revolution (ca. 10,000–4000 b.c.e.) 3 Cyrus the Great 46
Expanding the Empire 47
The Emergence of Civilization 5 Governing the Empire 48
Why Did Early Civilizations Develop? 6 The Great King 49
Civilization in Mesopotamia 6 Persian Religion 49
The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia 7 Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 8 Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
for further reading • noteS 51
The Code of Hammurabi 10
The Culture of Mesopotamia 10
Global PersPectives
The Stele in the Ancient World 11

Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” 14

3 Greeks
the Civilization oF the
53
The Impact of Geography 14 Early Greece 54
oPPosinG viewPoints Minoan Crete 54
The Great Flood: Two Versions 16
The First Greek State: Mycenae 55
The Old and Middle Kingdoms 17
Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt 19 The Greeks in a Dark Age (ca. 1100–750 b.c.e.) 57
The Culture of Egypt 19 Homer and Homeric Greece 57
Disorder and a New Order: The New Kingdom 22 Homer’s Enduring Importance 58
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt 24
The World of the Greek City-States (ca. 750–500 b.c.e.) 59
imaGes of everyday life
The Polis 59
The Egyptian Diet 27
Greek Expansion and the Growth of Trade 60
On the Fringes of Civilization 28 Tyranny in the Greek Polis 61
The Impact of the Indo-Europeans 28 Sparta 62
The Hittite Empire 29 Athens 64
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline • Greek Culture in the Archaic Age 65
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS Global PersPectives
for further reading • noteS 29 The Influence of the East on the Greeks 66

The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece 67

2 the anCient near east: PeoPles
and emPires 32
The Challenge of Persia
film & History
67

300 (2007) 69
The Hebrews: “The Children of Israel” 33 The Growth of an Athenian Empire 69
Was There a United Kingdom of Israel? 33 The Great Peloponnesian War (431–404 b.c.e.) 71
The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah 33 The Decline of the Greek States (404–338 b.c.e.) 73

vii

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Culture and Society of Classical Greece 74 Who Were the Etruscans? 111
The Writing of History 74 Early Rome 112
Greek Drama 74
The Roman Republic (ca. 509–264 b.c.e.) 114
The Arts: The Classical Ideal 76
The Roman State 114
The Greek Love of Wisdom 78
The Roman Conquest of Italy 117
Greek Religion 79
Life in Classical Athens 81 The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean
imaGes of everyday life (264–133 b.c.e.) 118
Activities of Athenian Women 82 The Struggle with Carthage 118
oPPosinG viewPoints Global PersPectives
Women in Athens and Sparta 83 Roman and Chinese Roads 119
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline • The Eastern Mediterranean 121
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS The Nature of Roman Imperialism 121
for further reading • noteS 84 Evolution of the Roman Army 122

Society and Culture in the Roman Republic 124

4 the hellenistiC World 87 Roman Religion 124

Education: The Importance of Rhetoric 126
Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander 88 The Growth of Slavery 126
Philip and the Conquest of Greece 88 The Roman Family 127
Alexander the Great 88 film & History
oPPosinG viewPoints Spartacus (1960) 127
Demosthenes and Isocrates Address Philip The Evolution of Roman Law 128
of Macedonia 89 The Development of Literature 129
film & History Roman Art 130
Alexander (2004) 92 Values and Attitudes 130
The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 94 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic
Hellenistic Monarchies 94 (133–31 b.c.e.) 130
The Threat from the Celts 96 Background: Social, Economic, and Political Problems 131
Political and Military Institutions 96 The Reforms of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus 131
Hellenistic Cities 97 Marius and the New Roman Army 132
Economic Trends in the Hellenistic World 98 The Role of Sulla 132
Hellenistic Society 99 The Death of the Republic 132
New Opportunities for Women 99 oPPosinG viewPoints
The End of the Republic: Three Views 135
The Role of Slavery 101
Literature in the Late Republic 137
The Transformation of Education 102
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Culture in the Hellenistic World 102 Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
New Directions in Literature 102 for further reading • noteS 140
Hellenistic Art 102

6
A Golden Age of Science and Medicine 103
the roman emPire 143
Global PersPectives
The Influence of the Greeks on India 104
The Age of Augustus (31 . . .–14 . .) 144
bce ce
Philosophy: New Schools of Thought 105
The New Order 144
Religion in the Hellenistic World 106 The Army 145
Mystery Religions 106 Roman Provinces and Frontiers 146
The Jews in the Hellenistic World 107 Augustan Society 147
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline • A Golden Age of Latin Literature 147
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS Significance of the Augustan Age 148
for further reading • noteS 108
The Early Empire (14–180) 148
The Julio-Claudians (14–68) 148

5
The Flavians (69–96) 150
the roman rePubliC 110
The Five “Good Emperors” (96–180) 150
The Emergence of Rome 111 The Roman Empire at Its Height: Frontiers and
Provinces 151
Geography of the Italian Peninsula 111
Prosperity in the Early Empire 154
The Greeks 111

viii ■ Contents

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Roman Culture and Society in the Early Empire 156 The Byzantine Empire 196
The Silver Age of Latin Literature 156 The Reign of Justinian (527–565) 197
Art in the Early Empire 156 From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire 200
Imperial Rome 156
The Rise of Islam 203
The Gladiatorial Shows 158
Muhammad 203
film & History
Gladiator (2000) 158
The Teachings of Islam 204
Disaster in Southern Italy 159 The Spread of Islam 204
The Art of Medicine 159 Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Slaves and Their Masters 160 Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
for further reading • noteS 206
The Upper-Class Roman Family 161
imaGes of everyday life
Children in the Roman World 162
Global PersPectives
Women in the Roman and Han Empires 163
8 early
euroPean Civilization in the
middle aGes, 750–1000 209

Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in the Europeans and the Environment 210
Third Century 164 Farming 210
Political and Military Woes 164 The Climate 210
Economic and Social Problems 164 The World of the Carolingians 210
Transformation of the Roman World: The Rise Charlemagne and the Carolingian
Empire (768–814) 210
of Christianity 165
The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal 214
The Religious World of the Roman Empire 165
Life in the Carolingian World 215
The Jewish Background 166
The Origins of Christianity 166 Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire 219
The Growth of Christianity 169 Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 220
oPPosinG viewPoints
Roman Authorities and a Christian on Christianity 170 The Emerging World of Lords and Vassals 223
Vassalage 223
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
Fief-Holding 224
for further reading • noteS 172 Global PersPectives
Lords, Vassals, and Samurai in Europe and Japan 225
New Political Configurations in the Tenth Century 226

7 late
The Manorial System 227
antiquity and the
emerGenCe oF the medieval The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization 228
World 175 The Macedonian Dynasty 229
Women in Byzantium 230
The Late Roman Empire 176
The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine 176 The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe 231
The Empire’s New Religion 178 Western Slavs 231
The End of the Western Empire 179 Southern Slavs 231
oPPosinG viewPoints Eastern Slavs 232
Two Views of the Huns 180 Women in the Slavic World 232

The Germanic Kingdoms 182 The Expansion of Islam 233

The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy 183 The Abbasid Dynasty 233
The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain 184 Islamic Civilization 234
The Frankish Kingdom 184 Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Anglo-Saxon England 185 Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
The Society of the Germanic Kingdoms 185 for further reading • noteS 236

Development of the Christian Church 187

9 euroPean
The Church Fathers 187 the reCovery and GroWth oF
The Power of the Pope 188 soCiety in the hiGh
Church and State 189 middle aGes 239
Pope Gregory the Great 190
The Monks and Their Missions 190 Land and People in the High Middle Ages 240
Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms 195 The New Agriculture 240

Contents ■ ix

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 The Life of the Peasantry 242 oPPosinG viewPoints
The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages 243 The Siege of Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim
Perspectives 293
The New World of Trade and Cities 247 The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century 294
The Revival of Trade 247 What Were the Effects of the Crusades? 295
oPPosinG viewPoints Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Two Views of Trade and Merchants 249 Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
The Growth of Cities 249 for further reading • noteS 295
Global PersPectives
Medieval Cities in the West and East 253
Industry in Medieval Cities 254

The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High 11 Crisis

the later middle aGes:
and disinteGration
Middle Ages 255 in the Fourteenth
The Rise of Universities 255 Century 299
A Revival of Classical Antiquity 257
The Development of Scholasticism 258 A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social
The Revival of Roman Law 259 Crisis 300
Literature in the High Middle Ages 260 Famine and Population 300
Romanesque Architecture: “A White Mantle The Black Death: From Asia to Europe 300
of Churches” 262 The Black Death in Europe 300
The Gothic Cathedral 263 oPPosinG viewPoints
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline • Causes of the Black Death: Contemporary
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS Views 301
for further reading • noteS 264 Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 305

War and Political Instability 307

10 the rise oF kinGdoms and the
GroWth oF ChurCh PoWer 267
Causes of the Hundred Years’ War 307
Conduct and Course of the War 308
film & History
The Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms, Joan of Arc (1948) and The Messenger:
1000–1300 268 The Story of Joan of Arc (1999) 311
England in the High Middle Ages 268 Political Instability 311
film & History The Growth of England’s Political Institutions 313
The Lion in Winter (1968) 270 The Problems of the French Kings 314
The Growth of the French Kingdom 270 The German Monarchy 314
Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms 273 The States of Italy 315
The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany
and Italy 274 The Decline of the Church 317
New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe 276 Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State 317
Impact of the Mongol Empire 277 The Papacy at Avignon (1305–1377) 318
The Development of Russia 277 The Great Schism 319
New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise
The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church 278 of Conciliarism 319
The Problems of Decline 278 Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity 320
The Cluniac Reform Movement 279 Global PersPectives
Reform of the Papacy 279 Religious Imagery in the Medieval World 321
Changes in Theology 322
Christianity and Medieval Civilization 281
Growth of the Papal Monarchy 281 The Cultural World of the Fourteenth
New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals 281 Century 322
film & History The Development of Vernacular Literature 322
Vision 282 A New Art: Giotto 324
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages 283
Society in an Age of Adversity 324
Global PersPectives
Medieval Monasteries in West and East 284
Changes in Urban Life 325
Voices of Protest and Intolerance 286 New Directions in Medicine 326
Inventions and New Patterns 327
The Crusades 289 Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Background to the Crusades 289 Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
The Early Crusades 290 for further reading • noteS 328

x ■ Contents

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12 oF
reCovery and rebirth: the aGe
the renaissanCe 331
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
The Early Luther 369
369

film & History

Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance 332 Luther (2003) 372
The Rise of Lutheranism 372
The Making of Renaissance Society 332 Organizing the Church 373
Economic Recovery 332 Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics 374
Social Changes in the Renaissance 334
The Family in Renaissance Italy 336 The Spread of the Protestant Reformation 377
imaGes of everyday life Lutheranism in Scandinavia 377
Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy 337 The Zwinglian Reformation 377
oPPosinG viewPoints
The Italian States in the Renaissance 338 A Reformation Debate: Conflict at Marburg 379
The Five Major States 338 The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists 379
Independent City-States 340 The Reformation in England 380
Warfare in Italy 340 John Calvin and Calvinism 382
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy 342
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft 342 The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 383
The Family 383
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy 343 Education in the Reformation 385
Italian Renaissance Humanism 343 Religious Practices and Popular Culture 386
oPPosinG viewPoints
The Renaissance Prince: The Views of Machiavelli The Catholic Reformation 386
and Erasmus 344 Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation? 386
Education in the Renaissance 346 The Society of Jesus 387
Humanism and History 348 A Revived Papacy 389
The Impact of Printing 349 The Council of Trent 389
The Artistic Renaissance 349 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth
Art in the Early Renaissance 349 Century 390
The Artistic High Renaissance 352 The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) 390
The Artist and Social Status 353 Philip II and Militant Catholicism 392
The Northern Artistic Renaissance 354 Revolt of the Netherlands 393
Music in the Renaissance 355 The England of Elizabeth 394
The European State in the Renaissance 356 film & History
Elizabeth (1998) 396
The Growth of the French Monarchy 356
England: Civil War and a New Monarchy 356 Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
The Unification of Spain 357 for further reading • noteS 396
The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the
Habsburgs 358
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine
359
14 enCounters,
euroPe and the World: neW
1500–1800 399
Empire 359
On the Brink of a New World 400
The Church in the Renaissance 361
The Motives for Expansion 400
The Problems of Heresy and Reform 361
The Means for Expansion 402
The Renaissance Papacy 361
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline • New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS Empires 403
for further reading • noteS 362 The Development of a Portuguese Maritime
Empire 403
imaGes of everyday life
Spices and World Trade 405

13 WarFare
reFormation and reliGious
in the sixteenth
Voyages to the New World 406
The Spanish Empire in the New World 407
Century 365 Disease in the New World 410
Prelude to Reformation 366 New Rivals on the World Stage 412
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism 366 Africa: The Slave Trade 412
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation 368 The West in Southeast Asia 415

Contents ■ xi

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 Global PersPectives The Flourishing of European Culture 464
West Meets East: An Exchange of Royal Letters 417 The Changing Faces of Art 464
The French and British in India 418 A Wondrous Age of Theater 466
China 419
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
Japan 420 Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
The Americas 421 for further reading • noteS 469

The Impact of European Expansion 423

The Conquered
film & History
The Mission 424
423
16 toWard a neW heaven and
a neW earth: the sCientiFiC
revolution and the emerGenCe
The Conquerors 425
oF modern sCienCe 472
Toward a World Economy 427
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century 427 Background to the Scientific Revolution 473
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism 427 Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists 473
Mercantilism 428 Technological Innovations and Mathematics 473
Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Renaissance Magic 474
Globalization 428
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy 474
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline • Copernicus 475
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
Brahe 477
for further reading • noteS 429
Kepler 477
Galileo 478
oPPosinG viewPoints

15 state buildinG and the searCh

For order in the seventeenth
A New Heaven? Faith Versus Reason 481
Newton 482
Century 432 Advances in Medicine and Chemistry 484
Paracelsus 484
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions 433 Vesalius 485
The Witchcraft Craze 433
William Harvey 485
The Thirty Years’ War 435
Chemistry 486
Was There a Military Revolution? 438
Rebellions 439 Women in the Origins of Modern Science 486
Margaret Cavendish 486
The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe 440 Maria Merian 487
Absolute Monarchy in France 440
Maria Winkelmann 487
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715) 441
Debates on the Nature of Women 488
Global PersPectives
Sun Kings, West and East 442 Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New
The Decline of Spain 447 View of Humankind 488
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific
Europe 448 Knowledge 490
The German States 448 The Scientific Method 490
Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule 449 The Spread of Scientific Knowledge 491
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major imaGes of everyday life
Power 450 The Science of Collecting 492
The Great Northern States 453 Science and Religion 493
The Ottoman Empire 453 Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
The Limits of Absolutism 455 Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
for further reading • noteS 496
Limited Monarchy and Republics 455
The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy 455
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic 456
imaGes of everyday life
17 the eiGhteenth Century:
an aGe oF enliGhtenment 499
Dutch Domesticity 457
England and the Emergence of Constitutional The Enlightenment 500
Monarchy 458 The Paths to Enlightenment 500
oPPosinG viewPoints The Philosophes and Their Ideas 502
Oliver Cromwell: Three Perspectives 460 The Social Environment of the Philosophes 510

xii ■ Contents

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Culture and Society in the Enlightenment 510 Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
oPPosinG viewPoints Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
Women in the Age of the Enlightenment: for further reading • noteS 556
Rousseau and Wollstonecraft 511

19 era
imaGes of everyday life
Women and the Enlightenment Salon 512 a revolution in PolitiCs: the
Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature 513 oF the FrenCh revolution
film & History and naPoleon 559
Amadeus 515
The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century 516 The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American
Crime and Punishment 518 Revolution 560
The World of Medicine 518 The War for Independence 560
Popular Culture 519 Forming a New Nation 560
Global PersPectives Impact of the American Revolution on Europe 563
Popular Culture in the West and East 520
Background to the French Revolution 563
Religion and the Churches 521 Social Structure of the Old Regime 563
The Institutional Church 521 Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy 565
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century 523
The French Revolution 566
Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline • From Estates-General to a National Assembly 566
Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
for further reading • noteS 525
Destruction of the Old Regime 567
Global PersPectives
Revolution and Revolt in France and China 569

18 euroPean
oPPosinG viewPoints
the eiGhteenth Century: The Natural Rights of the French People: Two Views 570
states, international The Radical Revolution 573
Wars, and soCial ChanGe 528 Reaction and the Directory 581

The European States 529 The Age of Napoleon 582

Enlightened Absolutism? 529 The Rise of Napoleon 582
The Atlantic Seaboard States 529 The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon 584
film & History Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response 586
Marie Antoinette (2006) 530 The Fall of Napoleon 589
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 532 Chapter Summary • Chapter timeline •
oPPosinG viewPoints Chapter review • Key termS • SuggeStionS
Enlightened Absolutism: Enlightened for further reading • noteS 589
or Absolute? 536
The Mediterranean World 538
The Scandinavian States 539
Enlightened Absolutism Revisited 539 20 and
the industrial revolution
its imPaCt on euroPean
Wars and Diplomacy 539 soCiety 592
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) 540 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 593
The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) 540 Origins 593
European Armies and Warfare 542 Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial
Economic Expansion and Social Change 543 Organization 594
Growth of the European Population 543 Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851 599
Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns 543 The Spread of Industrialization 601
Was There an Agricultural Revolution? 546 Industrialization on the Continent 601
New Methods of Finance 548 The Industrial Revolution in the United States 603
European Industry 548 Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the
Mercantile Empires and Worldwide Trade 549 Nonindustrialized World 604

The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century 550 The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution 605
The Peasants 551 Population Growth 605
The Nobility 551 The Growth of Cities 607
imaGes of everyday life imaGes of everyday life
The Aristocratic Way of Life 553 Living Conditions of London’s Poor 608
The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities 554 New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class 609

Contents ■ xiii

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Candies

GRANULATED sugar is preferable. Candy should not be stirred

while boiling. Cream tartar should not be added until syrup begins to
boil. Butter should be put in when candy is almost done. Flavors are
more delicate when not boiled in candy but added afterward.
Butter Scotch.—2 cups sugar, 2 tablespoons water, piece butter
size of an egg. Boil without stirring until it hardens on a spoon. Pour
out on buttered plates to cool.
Cream Candy.—1 pound white sugar, 3 tablespoons vinegar, 1
teaspoon extract lemon, 1 teaspoon cream tartar. Add little water to
moisten sugar, boil until brittle. Put in extract, then turn quickly out
on buttered plates. When cool, pull until white, and cut in squares.
Cream Walnuts.—2 cups sugar, ⅔ cup water. Boil without
stirring until it will spin a thread; flavor with extract vanilla. Set off
into dish with cold water in; when at blood heat stir briskly until
white and creamy, then knead and work with the hands for several
minutes. Have walnuts shelled: make cream into small round cakes
with your fingers; press half a walnut on either side, and drop into
sifted granulated sugar. For cream dates, take fresh dates, remove
stones, and fill center of dates with this same cream. Drop into
sugar.
Creamed Nuts.—Mix 1 pound confectioners’ sugar, white 1
unbeaten egg, 1 teaspoon vanilla, and 2 teaspoons cold water to a
stiff paste. Shape in little balls, press between halved walnut or
other nut meats. Stoned dates and large raisins may be filled with
this cream, or it may be mixed with chopped nuts, shaped in bars,
and cut in squares.
Butter Taffy.—Boil 3 cups brown sugar, ½ cup molasses, ¼ cup
each hot water and vinegar. When it crisps in cold water, add 2
tablespoons butter, 1 teaspoon vanilla, cook 3 minutes, cool on
buttered pans.
Candied Popcorn.—Put into an iron kettle 1 tablespoon butter, 3
tablespoons water, 1 tea-cup white pulverized sugar. Boil until ready
to candy, then throw in 3 quarts nicely popped corn. Stir briskly till
candy is evenly distributed over corn. Take kettle from fire, stir until
it is cooled a little and you have each grain separate and crystallized
with sugar, taking care that corn does not burn. Nuts of any kind
may be prepared in same way.
Cocoanut Cream Candy.—1 cocoanut, 1½ pounds granulated
sugar. Put sugar and milk of cocoanut together, heat slowly until
sugar is melted; then boil 5 minutes; add cocoanut (finely grated),
boil 10 minutes longer, stir constantly to keep from burning. Pour on
buttered plates, cut in squares. Will take about 2 days to harden.
Use prepared cocoanut when other cannot be had.
Hickory Nut Candy.—1 cup hickory nuts (meats), 2 cups sugar,
½ cup water. Boil sugar and water, without stirring, until thick
enough to spin a thread; flavor with extract lemon or vanilla. Set off
into cold water; stir quickly until white; then stir in nuts; turn into
flat tin; when cold cut into small squares.
Chocolate Caramels.—2 cups molasses, 1 cup brown sugar, 1
cup cream or milk, ½ pound chocolate, piece of butter size of an
egg. Beat all together; boil until it thickens in water; turn into large
flat tins, well-buttered. When nearly cold, cut into small squares.
Ice Cream Candy.—3 cups sugar, crushed or cut loaf, a little less
than ½ cup vinegar, 1½ cups cold water, piece of butter size of a
walnut, flavor with extract vanilla. Boil until it hardens, then pull until
white.
 Molasses Candy.—3 cups yellow coffee sugar, 1 cup molasses, 1
cup water, ½ teaspoon cream tartar, butter size of a walnut. Follow
directions for cream candy.
Velvet Molasses Candy.—Put 1½ pounds sugar, ½ pint
molasses, ½ pint water, ¼ cup vinegar, in agate kettle. Heat; when
boiling add ½ teaspoon cream tartar. Boil till it crisps in cold water.
Stir; when almost done add ¼ pound butter, ¼ teaspoon soda. Cool
in buttered pan and pull.
Peanut Brittle.—Shell and chop roasted nuts to measure 1 pint.
Put 2 pounds granulated sugar in clean frying-pan. Stir over slow
fire. It will lump, then gradually melt. When pale coffee color and
clear add nuts and pour quickly on buttered tin sheet. Roll thin as
possible. When cold break up.
Fudge.—Cook 3 cups sugar, 1 cup milk, and 1 tablespoon butter.
When sugar is melted add 4 or 5 tablespoons cocoa. Stir and boil 15
minutes. Take from fire, add 1 teaspoon vanilla, stir till creamy, pour
on buttered plates, cut in squares.

THE ROYAL BAKING POWDER IS ABSOLUTELY PURE.

 ROYAL
A STRICTLY PURE, CREAM OF TARTAR
BAKING POWDER

THE tests made by the Government chemists show that Royal

Baking Powder is of the highest efficiency and usefulness as a
leavening agent; that it does not contain alum, ammonia, or lime,
and is absolutely pure. The official tests by the various State Food
Commissions, Boards of Health, and official analysts show no other
baking powder so pure, strong, and healthful.
More ill health and physical discomfort result from unwholesome
food than from any other one cause, and chief among unwholesome
foods are the alum and other cheaply made baking powders.
The market is full of low-grade powders, mostly made from burnt
alum and phosphatic acid. The sale of these powders is urged by
some dealers because they are bought cheap at wholesale and yield
them large profits. Consumers should ask for Royal and take no
substitute.
Alum baking powders are classed as poisonous by the most
eminent physicians. They cost but three cents a pound to make, and
being sold at from twenty to forty cents, are also a commercial
fraud. They cause indigestion, heartburn, dyspepsia, and diseases of
the liver and kidneys. Consumers who value their health must be on
their guard against these dangerous powders. It will be safer in all
cases to demand the Royal and take no other.
 The housewife will find no possible substitute for the Royal Baking
Powder. There is no other baking powder or preparation that will
render the food so excellent in every quality.
Instead of cream of tartar and soda, or soda and sour milk,
the best housekeepers now use Royal Baking Powder. It is almost
impossible for the housekeeper to procure pure cream of tartar.
Professor Chandler, when president of the New York Board of Health,
stated in an official report that he found upon investigation that
nearly all the cream of tartar sold by grocers was adulterated with
white clay, alum, or other hurtful substance. These ingredients are
dangerous to health, impoverishing the blood, producing dyspepsia,
etc. Professor Chandler strongly recommends the use of a well-
known baking powder (like the Royal) in all kinds of baking as more
convenient, economical, and healthful.
Royal Baking Powder is sold only in securely labeled tin cans.
Remember, in all old receipts where cream of tartar and soda or
saleratus are called for, you can substitute Royal Baking Powder and
get better results.
The usual proportions, old way, are: 2 teaspoonfuls cream of
tartar to 1 of soda or saleratus;
Instead of which use 2 teaspoonfuls of Royal Baking Powder, and mix
it with the flour while dry. This powder is so pure and perfectly
combined that one third less will do better work.
Never use so-called prepared or self-raising flours. They
mostly contain alum, phosphates, or other injurious
ingredients.
 THE OFFICIAL TESTS
SHOW ROYAL BAKING POWDER SUPERIOR
TO ALL OTHERS

The United States Government, after elaborate tests, reports the

Royal Baking Powder a pure cream of tartar powder of greater
leavening strength than any other.
Bulletin 13, U. S. Ag. Dep., p. 599.
The Canadian official tests, recently made, show the Royal
Baking Powder highest of all in leavening strength.
Bulletin 10, Inland Rev. Dep., p. 16.
The Royal Baking Powder is superior to any other powder
which I have examined; a baking powder unequaled for purity,
strength, and wholesomeness.
Willis G. Tucker, M.D., Ph.D., New York State Analyst.
As the excellence of a baking powder is dependent upon the yield
of leavening gas, and upon the wholesomeness and purity of its
ingredients, the Royal is unquestionably the best.
Massachusetts State Analyst.
The best baking powder made is, as shown by analysis, the
Royal.
Cyrus Edson, M.D., Com’r of Health, New York City.
 I find the Royal Baking Powder superior to all the others in
every respect. It is purest and strongest.
Walter S. Haines, M.D., Consulting Chemist,
Chicago Board of Health.
Our test shows that Royal Baking Powder has greater leavening
power than any other of which we have knowledge.
W. B. Rising, State Analyst, California.
I have from time to time analyzed the Royal Baking Powder,
and have uniformly found it to be high in leavening power and to be
composed of pure ingredients.
H. A. Weber, State Analyst, Ohio.
My tests show the Royal Baking Powder of very superior
leavening power; a cream of tartar powder of the highest purity,
containing no alum, lime, ammonia, or any unwholesome material.
R. C. Kedzie, late State Analyst, Michigan.
Royal Baking Powder is composed of the best and purest
ingredients. It is absolutely pure, with perfect keeping qualities, and
as strong as such a powder can be made. Royal makes the food
much finer, besides assuring its perfect healthfulness.
G. N. Failure, Kansas State Chemist.
I have submitted the Royal Baking Powder to careful chemical
tests, and find it to be perfectly free from any substance in any way
deleterious or injurious.
H. A. Huston, Indiana State Chemist.
Royal Baking Powder is free from alum and every adulteration,
and it has a larger amount of leavening gas than any of the others
analyzed.
M. A. Scovell,
Director Kentucky Agl. Exp. Station.
 I have made a large number of analyses of Royal Baking
Powder, and have found it to be an absolutely pure cream of tartar
powder, entirely free from alum, ammonia, and all adulterations and
impurities. In leavening power it is of the very highest.
Charles W. Drew, late State Chemist, Minnesota.
In this market I find but one powder besides Royal made from
cream of tartar. Royal is the strongest, purest, most economical.
H. H. Nicholson, Nebraska State Chemist.
I find the Royal to be absolutely pure and highest in leavening
power.
Albert Menke, Arkansas State Chemist.
From actual analysis made by me, I pronounce the Royal Baking
Powder to be the strongest and purest Baking Powder before the
public.
W. T. Wenzell,
Analyst San Francisco Board of Health.
The Royal Baking Powder is superior in regard to purity,
leavening power, and keeping qualities.
Geo. S. Cox, State Chemist, Wisconsin.
I allow no baking powder other than the Royal to be used in my
kitchen, for I know it to be absolutely pure and all that is claimed for
it.
Wm. T. Cutter, Connecticut State Chemist.
The Royal was found the highest in leavening strength, and the
best powder analyzed.
George F. Payne, State Chemist, Georgia.
There is no baking powder known to us equal to the Royal. We
confidently recommend it for purity and wholesomeness.
 W. Q. Webb, M.D.,
President Board of Health, Spokane, Washington.

Royal Baking Powder has been found by every

examination—official or competitive—to be the highest of
ALL in leavening power, and of absolute purity and
wholesomeness.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List
of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.
The index was not checked for correct page references.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after
careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of
external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a
predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and
inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 23: ‘Bake’ replaced by ‘Make’.
Pg 24: ‘du’ replaced by ‘dust’.
Pg 35: ‘and’ replaced by ‘add’.
Pg 26: ‘locks’ replaced by ‘looks’.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROYAL BAKER
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