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Social Psychology

2
Social Psychology

Thomas Heinzen
William Paterson University, New Jersey
Wind Goodfriend
Buena Vista University

3
FOR INFORMATION:

SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Thousand Oaks, California 91320

E-mail: [email protected]

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Copyright © 2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in Canada.

ISBN 978-1-5063-5751-5

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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Development Editor: Marian Provenzano

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Editorial Assistant: Zachary Valladon

4
Production Editor: Olivia Weber-Stenis

Copy Editor: Gillian Dickens

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Proofreader: Theresa Kay

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Cover Designer: Rose Storey

Marketing Manager: Katherine Hepburn

5
Brief Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Social Psychology
Chapter 2: Research Methods
Chapter 3: The Social Self
Chapter 4: Social Cognition
Chapter 5: Person Perception
Chapter 6: Attitudes and Persuasion
Chapter 7: Social Influence: Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience
Chapter 8: Group Processes
Chapter 9: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Chapter 10: Helping and Prosocial Behavior
Chapter 11: Aggression
Chapter 12: Intimate Relationships
Applied Mini-Chapters
A: Social Psychology and a Sustainable Environment
B: Social Psychology of Law and the Courtroom
C: Social Psychology of Stress and Health
D: Social Psychology and Happiness: Positive Psychology
E: Social Psychology and Behavioral Economics
F: Social Psychology and Relationship Violence
G: Social Psychology of Work: Industrial/Organizational Psychology
H: Social Psychology of Volunteerism and Internships
References
Glossary
Index

6
Detailed Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1. An Introduction to Social Psychology
What Is Social Psychology?
Defining Social Psychology
Social Thinking, Social Influence, and Social Behavior
Similar, but Different, Fields That Study Human Social Behavior
How Social Psychology Was Born: A Brief History
Kurt Lewin: Social Psychology’s Pioneer
Different Perspectives: Women and People of Color Join Social
Psychology
What Are the Big Questions Within Social Psychology?
Big Question 1: Which Is More Influential—Personality or the
Environment?
Big Question 2: Are We Shaped More by Biological Factors (“Nature”)
or by Environmental Factors (“Nurture”)?
Big Question 3: Are People Basically Good or Basically Evil?
Big Question 4: How Do People Decide Whether to Maintain Romantic
Relationships?
Big Question 5: What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Living in
Groups?
Big Question 6: How Much Are Thoughts and Behaviors Influenced by
Culture?
Big Question 7: Why Do Stereotypes and Prejudices Exist and Persist?
Big Question 8: How Do Media Outlets Shape Our Thoughts and
Behaviors?
Big Question 9: Do People Think Logically or Intuitively?
Big Question 10: Are Humans Special?
Is Science a Valid Way to Learn About Complex Social Behavior?
Experiments Can Isolate Causality
Proving Ourselves Wrong: The Falsification Principle
Beyond Experiments: Other Methods and Analysis
How Can Social Psychology Make My Life Better Now?
Apply Each Topic to Your Own Life
Use the Self-Report Scales to Compare Yourself to Others
Critically Analyze Your Opinions After Each Section
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflections

7
Chapter 2. Research Methods
What Are the Elements of the Scientific Method?
The Cycle of Science: The Scientific Method
Creating and Measuring Constructs
Types of Research
Archival Studies
Naturalistic Observation
Surveys
Case Studies
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Social Desirability
How Do Social Psychologists Design Studies?
Preexperimental Designs
True Experiments
Independent and Dependent Variables
Types of True Experiment
Between-Participants Versus Within-Participants
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Correlational Designs
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Correlation and Causation in Harry
Potter
Cutting-Edge Combinations
How Do Social Psychologists Analyze Their Results?
Comparing Groups
Comparing Two Groups: The t Test Statistic
Comparing Three or More Groups: Analysis of Variance
Patterns in a Single Group: Correlations
Testing for Statistical Significance: p Values
How Can Research Be Analyzed in Terms of Quality?
Reliability, Validity, and Replication
Ethical Considerations
Spotlight on Research Methods: Questions Your Institutional Review Board
Might Ask
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflection
Chapter 3. The Social Self
What Is the “Self”?
The Scientific Study of Self-Awareness
Early Research on Self-Awareness: Darwin and Imitation
Testing Self-Awareness: The Mirror Self-Recognition Test
Defining and Measuring the Self-Concept
Social Comparison Theory

8
 Social Identity Theory
The Regional Self
The Cultural Self
Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals
Self-Schema Theory
How Do We Know the Self Is Social?
Self-Perception Theory: Behaviors Tell Us Who We Are
Self-Discrepancy Theory: Are We Trying to Juggle Three Selves?
The Actual Self
The Ideal Self
The Ought Self
When Selves Don’t Align: Self-Discrepancy
Self-Expansion Theory: Inclusion of Others in the Self
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Self-Discrepancy Theory and Wonder
Woman
Why Do We Present Different Selves in Different Situations?
We Use Impression Management to Get What We Want
Ingratiation: Other-Enhancements and Opinion Conformity
Self-Promotion: Self-Enhancements and Entitlements
Conspicuous Consumption
Brain Damage Can Limit Self-Presentation Ability
Phineas Gage: A Landmark Case Study
Say Goodbye to Self-Presentation
Self-Monitoring: Social Chameleons
Low Self-Monitors
High Self-Monitors
Adaptability Versus Authenticity: Which Way Is Best?
The Symphonic Self: The Poetry of Science
Is the Truth Always the Self’s Friend?
Optimal Margin Theory: Positive Illusions Can Be Beneficial
Self-Serving Cognitive Biases
Biased Views of Our Own Traits
Biased Views of Our Own Behaviors
Biased Views of Feedback About the Self
Spotlight on Research Methods: Positive Illusions in Dating Relationships
What Is Self-Esteem and How Can We Measure It?
Defining Self-Esteem
Two Strategies for Measuring Self-Esteem
Measuring Explicit Self-Esteem (Directly)
Measuring Implicit Self-Esteem (Indirectly)
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Rosenberg’s (1965) Self-Esteem Scale
Collective Self-Esteem

9
 Collective Self-Esteem and Race
Sports Fan Psychology: Basking in Reflected Glory
Self-Esteem Has a Dark Side
The Boosting Self-Esteem Movement
Dangers of Elevated Self-Esteem
Negative Feedback Can Help Us Improve
The Self-Esteem Intervention That Backfired
The Relentless Pursuit of Self-Esteem May Be Harmful
Insidious Dangers of Overvaluing Self-Esteem
The Dangers of Narcissism
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflection
Chapter 4. Social Cognition
How Do We Think?
Dual Processing: Intuition and Logic
Our Two Thinking Systems Interact
Social Thinking Is Shaped by Cultural Influences
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Need for Cognition
Spotlight on Research Methods: Culture Influences How We Think
How Do We Remember Social Information?
Schemas Label and Categorize
Scripts Create Expectations About What Happens Next
Stereotypes Ignore Individual Differences Within Groups
Why Do Our Brains Sometimes Make Mistakes?
Information Overload Leads to Mental Errors
Cognitive Misers
Satisficers Versus Maximizers
Magical Thinking Encourages Mental Errors
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: The Maximization Scale
“If Only . . .” Wishes
Counterfactual Thinking: Upward and Downward
The Optimistic Bias and the Planning Fallacy
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Counterfactual Thinking in Spider-Man
From Where Does Intuition Come?
Intuition Relies on Mental Accessibility
Priming Increases Mental Accessibility
Spotlight on Research Methods: How Priming Can Test for Racism
Experience Improves Mental Accessibility
Can We Trust Our Intuition? The Role of Heuristics and Biases
Heuristics Facilitate Mental Accessibility

10
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 The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
The Availability Heuristic
The Representativeness Heuristic
Parallel Heuristics
We Can Respect—but Not Trust—Our Intuitions
The Confirmation Bias: A Dangerous Way to Think
The Hindsight Bias: A Self-Deceiving Way to Think
The Negativity Bias: Bad Is More Memorable Than Good
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflection
Chapter 5. Person Perception
How Do We Form Impressions of Others?
First Impressions, Expectations, and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Halo Effects
What-Is-Beautiful-Is-Good
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Hollywood
Films
Applications of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Prophecy and Experimenter Bias
Prophecy and Elementary Schoolchildren
Halo Effects and “Intellectual Bloomers”
Replicating and Refining the Research
The External Validity of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Application: Expectations About Young Hockey Players
How Do We Communicate Nonverbally?
Facial Expressions Across Cultures: The Universality Hypothesis
Cross-Cultural Tests of the Universality Hypothesis
Converging Evidence Through Replication
Can You Tell When People Are Lying?
Micro-Expressions: Duping Delight Versus the Duchenne Smile
Affect Blends and Negative Emotions
It Is Difficult to Lie Well
Culturemes Communicate Social Impressions
How Do We Explain Other People’s Behavior?
Attribution Theory: We Try to Isolate the Cause of Behavior
We Make Internal and External Attributions
The Danger of Internal Attributions: Victim Blaming
The Injustice of Believing in a Just World
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Belief in a Just World
Locus of Control

11
 Defensive Attributions: Terror Management Theory
Kelley’s Covariation Model of Attribution
Spotlight on Research Methods: Experimentally Manipulating Thoughts of
Death
Why Do We Misjudge One Another?
Cognitive Errors Accumulate Into Flawed Perceptions
The Fundamental Attribution Error
The Actor-Observer Attribution Bias
Attributions to Explain History
Cultural Expectations Affect Attribution Errors
We Make Self-Serving Attributions
The False Consensus Bias
The False Uniqueness Bias
The Good and Bad of Bias
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflection
Chapter 6. Attitudes and Persuasion
What Are Attitudes, and Do They Predict Behavior?
Attitudes Evaluate Something
The Model of Dual Attitudes
Implicit Versus Explicit Attitudes
Attitudes Facilitate Decision Making
Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?
Converging Evidence About Attitudes and Behavior
The Specificity Principle
Self-Perception Theory and the Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Self-Affirmation Theory
Attitudes and the Theory of Planned Behavior
Subjective Norms and Perceived Control
Three Predictors Are Better Than One
From Where Do Attitudes Come?
Nature and Nurture Interact: Twin Studies
Attitudes Come From Experience
Social Learning Theory
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Applying Attitude Acquisition to Real Life
How Are Attitudes Measured?
Direct Measures of Explicit Attitudes
Social Desirability and the Bogus Pipeline

12
 Indirect Measures of Implicit Attitudes
The Implicit Associations Test (IAT)
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: The Implicit Attitudes Test
Spotlight on Research Methods: An Ingenious Method to Create
Cognitive Dissonance
How Does Cognitive Dissonance Influence Attitudes?
Cognitive Dissonance Motivates Attitude Change
Beware of the Rationalization Trap
Individual, Situational, and Cultural Differences in Dissonance
How Do Attitudes Change?
There Are Two Paths to Persuasion
Inoculation Against Persuasion
The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and the
Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM)
Applying the Persuasion Model to the Courtroom
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Persuasion of Juries in My Cousin
Vinny Versus A Time to Kill
Applying the Persuasion Model to Retail Sales
Explaining Celebrity Endorsements: The Communication-
Persuasion Matrix
Four Elements of Persuasion: The Message-Learning Approach
Source Variables
Message Variables
Recipient Variables
Context Variables
What Persuasion Techniques Are Used to Change Attitudes?
Commitment and Consistency
The Lowball Technique
Foot-in-the-Door
The Norm of Reciprocity
Door-in-the-Face
Not-So-Free Samples
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflections
Chapter 7. Social Influence: Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience
What Types of Social Influence Exist?
Social Norms and the Herd Mentality
Conforming Is Contagious
Social Contagion
Mass Psychogenic Illness

13
 The Tanganyikan Laughter Epidemic
Why and When Do We Choose to Conform?
Informational Social Influence
Why We’re Tempted by Informational Social Influence
Public and Private Conformity
Spotlight on Research Methods: Sherif and the Auto-Kinetic Effect
Generational Influence on Conformity
Normative Social Influence
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Conformity
Fitting in Beats Being Right
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Conformity in Mean Girls and The
DUFF
Cultural Values and Conformity
Conformity, Culture, and Eating
Ironic Conformity: Hippies and Goth
How Do Social Roles Change Our Behavior?
The Setup for the Stanford Prison Study
Anonymity, Deindividuation, and Disinhibition
Clothing Can Facilitate Particular Social Roles
Clothes That Prime Positive and Negative Social Roles
Anonymity That Encourages Intimacy
The Self Behind the Mask
What Can We Learn From Milgram’s Experiments on Authority?
The Man Behind the Controversy: Stanley Milgram
The Historical Context
The Study’s Procedure
Milgram’s Replications
The Path to Disobedience
Ethical Considerations
Beyond Obedience: Sacrificing for a Higher Cause
Sacrificing for a “Noble” Cause
Historical Evidence
Two Interpretations of Milgram—and of the Holocaust
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflection
Chapter 8. Group Processes
Why Are Groups So Important to Us?
Groups Provide Social Support
The Westgate Housing Projects at MIT
The Housing Projects at the Robert Taylor Homes

14
 Groups Provide a Sense of Identity
Groups Make Us Feel Safe
Groups Provide Meaningful Information
Why Are We More Committed to Certain Groups?
Difficult-to-Get-Into Groups Are More Appealing: The Initiation Effect
We Get Caught in the Escalation Trap: The Hazing Effect
Spotlight on Research Methods: Group Initiations Foster Group Commitment
Initiation Rituals Strengthen the Group’s Authority
Maltreatment Effects
Stockholm Syndrome
Fear of Being Ostracized
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Rejection Sensitivity
Optimal Distinctiveness Theory: Being Special Matters
How Do Groups Help and Hinder Individual Effort?
The Presence of Others Can Help Performance: Social Facilitation
The Competitive Instinct: Triplett’s Bicycle Racing Experiments
When Facilitation Fails
The Cockroach Experiments
Evaluation Apprehension Versus Mere Presence
The Presence of Others Can Hinder Performance: Social Loafing
Free Riders: Ringelmann’s Oxen Experiments
Not Everyone Loafs: Situational, Personality, and Cultural Effects
Process Loss Versus Coordination Loss
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Likelihood to Be a Social
Loafer
Diffusion of Responsibility
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Group Dynamics in the Justice League
of America
How Do Individuals Influence Groups?
The Most Effective Leader Depends on the Situation
Contingency Theory of Leadership
Applying the Contingency Theory of Leadership
Types of Leaders
Individuals Can Influence Group Decision Making
Group Polarization and the Risky Shift
Groupthink
The Spiral of Silence and Pluralistic Ignorance
What Increases Group Creativity?
The Wisdom of Crowds and Crowdsourcing
Brainstorming Can Help
Inspiring Creativity
When Brainstorming Doesn’t Work

15
 Guidelines for Successful Brainstorming
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflections
Chapter 9. Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Why Do We Stereotype?
Stereotypes Are Efficient but Biased: Adaptive Categorization
Stereotypes Help Us to Be Cognitive Misers
The Minimal Group Paradigm
Ingroups Are Comforting and Validating: Social Identity Theory
Culture Reinforces Stereotypes: The Power of Privilege
Intergenerational Transmission: Social Learning Theory
Stereotypes as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Social Role Theory
Becoming Our Own Worst Enemy: Stereotype Threat
Spotlight on Research Methods: Dolls, Prejudice, Schools, and the Supreme
Court
How Do Stereotypes Turn Into Prejudices?
We Compete Over Limited Resources: Realistic Conflict Theory
Frustration Leads to Aggression: Scapegoat Theory
Maintaining Positive Self-Esteem: Applying Social Identity Theory
We React With Emotions: The Stereotype Content Model
Is Prejudice a Personality Problem?
The Authoritarian Personality
Social Dominance Orientation
Religiosity
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring “Prejudiced” Personality
Traits
Has Prejudice Decreased Over Time?
Old-Fashioned Prejudice
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice
Benevolent + Hostile = Ambivalent Prejudice
How Can We Reduce Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination?
An Early Hope: The Contact Hypothesis and Robbers Cave
Sherif’s Solution: Superordinate Goals
Applying Superordinate Goals: Jigsaw Classrooms
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Prejudice Reduction in Remember the
Titans
Try This at Home: Forming Friendships
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application

16
 Personal Reflections
Chapter 10. Helping and Prosocial Behavior
What Motivates People to Help Others, in General?
The Evolutionary Perspective: Prosocial Behaviors Help Our Groups
Survive
Kinship Selection
Reciprocal Altruism
Prosocial Social Norms Increase Helping
The Difficulty of Studying Prosocial Behavior
Helping and Belief in a Just World
Helping and the Social Responsibility Norm
We Help to Avoid Negative Emotions: Negative State Relief
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Captain America: A Paragon of
Prosocial Action
We Help Because We Care: The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?
A Prosocial Personality
Religious Norms Promote Obligations and Options
Intrinsic Versus Quest Religiosity
Spotlight on Research Methods: Personality and Prosocial Behavior
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Prosocial Personality
Traits
When Religion Isn’t Enough: The Good Samaritan Experiment
Gender and Communal Behaviors
Gender Socialization: Agency and Communion
Changing Patterns of Gender Socialization
Cross-Cultural Differences in Helping
What Circumstances Make Helping More or Less Likely?
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Kitty Genovese’s Story on Film
More People = Less Helping
The Urban Overload Hypothesis
Diffusion of Responsibility: The Bystander Effect
We Help People We Like (and Who Are Similar to Us)
Latane and Darley’s Five-Step Model of Helping
Step 1: Notice the Event
Step 2: Interpret the Event as an Emergency
Step 3: Take Responsibility
Step 4: Knowing How to Help
Step 5: Implementing the Decision to Help
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application

17
 Personal Reflection
Chapter 11. Aggression
What Does It Mean to Be “Aggressive”?
Typologies Help Define Aggression
A Descriptive Typology
A Motivational Typology
Microaggressions
The Persistence of Aggression Over Time
The Escalation of Aggression: Stages of Provocation
The Big Picture of Worldwide Aggression
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Aggressive Tendencies
Is Aggression Explained by Biological Instincts?
Genetic Determinism
Status and Mating Motives
Biological Mechanisms of Aggression
Responding to Threat
A Low Resting Heart Rate
The Role of Alcohol in Aggression
Spotlight on Research Methods: Low Heart Rate and Domestic Violence
The Influence of Testosterone on Aggression
Is Aggression Explained by Cultural Influences?
Cultures of Honor
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Belief in a Culture of
Honor
Gender Roles and Aggression
Sports Culture
Perpetrators and Targets
The Color Black: A Cultural Cue for Aggressive Behavior
Sports Can Be a Humanizing Influence
Is Aggression Explained by Situational Influences?
Aggression in Times of War
Modeling Aggression
Bandura’s Bobo Doll Studies
Media Cues
Violent Television
Violent Video Games
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Aggression in the Movies
A Cognitive Explanation for Environmental Cues
Weapons Priming
Cognitive Associations With Alcohol
Heat
How Can We Manage or Reduce Aggression?

18
 Tempting but Bad Ideas: Catharsis and Revenge
Testing the Catharsis Hypothesis
Revenge Is Sweet, but Only Briefly
Hope for the Future: Cultures of Peace and Modeling Forgiveness
Creating Cultures of Peace
Modeling Forgiveness
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflections
Chapter 12. Intimate Relationships
What Causes Attraction?
Similarity
Mere Exposure and Proximity
The Westgate Housing Study
Exposure Leads to Liking
Spotlight on Research Methods: Misattribution of Arousal in the Shaky Bridge
Study
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Misattribution and Love in The Hunger
Games
Physiological Arousal and Misattribution
What Makes Us Physically Attractive?
Symmetry
“Average” Faces
Waist-to-Hips and Waist-to-Shoulders Ratios
Do We Have a Relationship Personality?
The History of Attachment Theory
The Strange Situation
Three Attachment Styles
Advances in Attachment Research
A New Model: Four Styles Instead of Three
Applying Social Psychology to Your Life: Measuring Your Attachment Style
Social Psychology in Popular Culture: Attachment Theory in Harry Potter
How Do We Decide to Commit?
“Nontraditional” Relationship Options
Arranged Marriages
Hooking Up
Friends With Benefits
Polyamorous Relationships
Interdependence Theory (Social Exchange Theory)
Satisfaction
Alternatives

19
 Investments
Do Men and Women Act Differently and, if So, Why?
Sex Differences in Attraction
Sex Differences in Jealousy
Sex Differences in Promiscuity
An Evolutionary Explanation
A Cultural Explanation
Same-Sex Relationships
Chapter Summary
Theories in Review
Critical Thinking, Analysis, and Application
Personal Reflection
APPLIED MINI-CHAPTERS
A. Social Psychology and a Sustainable Environment
What Are Threshold Effects, and Why Are They Important?
Defining Threshold Effects
Responding to Threshold Effects
Evaluating Scientific Claims
Collecting and Analyzing Data
Persuading Others of the Value of Science
What Happens When Environmental Thresholds Are Exceeded?
Noise
PTSD and the Sounds of War
Soundscapes: From Problem to Solution
Crowding
Density Versus Crowding
Environmental Design
A Role for Social Psychologists
The Tragedy of the Commons
B. Social Psychology of Law and the Courtroom
How Do Psychology and Law Fit Together?
Common Goals: Reliability and Validity
Different Philosophies: Advocacy Versus Objectivity
Hugo Münsterberg
Louis Brandeis
Mamie Clark and Kenneth Clark
The Social Psychology of False Confessions
A Confession Does Not Equal Guilt
Instrumental, Coerced Confessions
Instrumental, Voluntary Confessions
Authentic, Coerced False Confessions
Authentic, Voluntary False Confessions

20
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 Psychologists and the APA Torture Scandal
The Social Psychology of Eyewitness Testimony
What Career Opportunities Unite Psychology and Law?
The False Television World of Forensic Psychology
The Real World of Forensic Psychology
Trial Consultants
Dispute Mediation
Evaluation
Reformers
C. Social Psychology of Stress and Health
How Do Environmental Stressors Influence Health and Health Care?
Stress-Related Health Problems
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Measuring Stress
Managing Stress
The Mindfulness Approach to Stress Management
Social Support
Personality Types: Promoting Health and Preventing Heart
Disease
A Healthy Environment
How Can Social Psychology Facilitate Adherence to Medical Advice?
Nonadherence Is a Big Problem
Nonadherence to Prescribed Medicines
Nonadherence Is a Persuasion Problem
Use the Principles of Persuasion
Persuasion Tactic: Create Cognitive Dissonance
Alternative Persuasion Tactics
Evaluation and Assessment
D. Social Psychology and Happiness: Positive Psychology
What Is Positive Psychology?
Three Pillars of Positive Psychology
Positive Subjective Experiences
Positive Individual Traits
Positive Institutions
Subjective Well-Being: Shifting From Negative to Positive
Psychology
Positive Psychology Is Not “Pop Psychology”
Placebo Effects
The Peer Review Process
The PERMA Approach
What Are Historical and Upcoming Topics in Positive Social
Psychology?

21
 The Early History of Positive Psychology
The First Positive Psychology Experiment: Triplett and
Sport Psychology
Peak Performance, Ethics Interventions, and Slumping
Athletes
The Future of Positive Social Psychology
Clinical Applications: Building Resilience
Military Training
Game-Based Assessments
The Controversy of Life Coaches
Health
Positive Psychology’s Strange Definition of Success
E. Social Psychology and Behavioral Economics
What Is Behavioral Economics?
A Brief History of Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics Maps the Boundary Between Rational and
Irrational Behavior
Psychology and the Nobel Prize in Economics
Psychology Guides the Behavioral Economic Model
How Is Behavioral Economics Applied to Everyday Situations?
The Psychology of Tax Policy: The Laffer Curve
Game Theory Predicts Interactions Between Economics and
Psychology
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
The Ultimatum Game: Quantifying Fairness
F. Social Psychology and Relationship Violence
What Are Different Types of Relationship Violence?
The Importance of Choosing Research Methodology: Surveys
Versus Archival Data
Archival Data
Self-Report Surveys
Type 1: Intimate Terrorism
Type 2: Situational Couple Violence
Male Victims
What Is the Psychology of People Experiencing Relationship Violence?
The Cycle of Violence
Romantic Myths
Cognitive Dissonance and Minimization
Faulty Affective Forecasting
How Can Survivors Heal and Move Forward?
Escape: From Victims to Survivors
Healing and Moving Forward

22
 Narrative Therapy
Posttraumatic Growth
G. Social Psychology of Work: Industrial/Organizational Psychology
What Is Industrial/Organizational Psychology, and What Is Its History?
I/O’s Pioneer: Walter Dill Scott
The Origins of Psychological Testing
The Science-Practitioner Gap
Modern Psychological Tests
What Content Areas Are Included in Industrial/Organizational
Psychology?
How I/O Psychologists Help Employees
Employee Morale and Employee Satisfaction
Performance Appraisal
Compensation
Work/Life Balance
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)
How I/O Psychologists Help the Organization
Job Analysis
Personnel Needs Assessment
Organizational Development
Organizational Structure
Evaluation and Assessment
Leadership
Careers in Social Psychology and I/O Psychology
H. Social Psychology of Volunteerism and Internships
Why Do People Volunteer?
Personality
Job Hunting
Health Benefits
Life Satisfaction
Altruistic Service Versus Overjustification
How Do Internships Provide Career Guidance?
High-Impact Internships
Diversify Your Experience
An Internship on Your Resume
Abuse of Interns
Reevaluate Your Prior Decisions
References
Glossary
Index

23
Preface

If social psychology is a roller coaster and we are its passengers, then the recent pace of
discovery justifies throwing our hands into the air and screaming. Since the 1930s, the
percentage of articles published in PsycINFO (the largest database of psychological
research) related to social psychology has quadrupled. This is an impressive growth pattern
because when you are actually doing science, the pace of discovery feels more like a race
between snails than a careening roller coaster. So why is social psychology growing so fast?
Why all the excitement?

The number of articles published in journals devoted to social psychology has quickly
increased since the 1930s.

24
Three Social Forces
There are three social forces at work that explain the excitement behind what is happening
in social psychology: numbers, psychological literacy, and a scientific mission.

Numbers.

More than one million students in the United States are taking at least one course in
psychology every year, and social psychology is among the most popular offerings. It’s gone
global. In China in the 1970s, there were only three or four departments of psychology;
there are now approximately 250–300 (see Halpern, 2010). Social psychology’s insights
provide practical guidance. The head of a start-up software company finally understood the
fundamental attribution error (a major concept within the field) when he said, “You mean .
. . if an entire department is unproductive, then the problem might not be with them, but
in the situation I created in that department?” Social psychology provides practical
guidance to retail consumers and marketers, to trial lawyers and judges, to athletes and
coaches, and to politicians and voters. We have a large and growing audience. We can’t tell
social psychology’s distinctive story often enough or well enough. Numbers = New
Opportunities.

Psychological Literacy.

A new term is clarifying our mission as teachers: psychological literacy (Cranney & Dunn,
2011; McGovern et al., 2010). A free society requires intelligent citizenship; psychological
literacy creates better citizens. We shouldn’t be surprised. Everyone benefits from social
psychological insights into conformity, aggression, attitudes, attraction, prejudice . . . and
much more. A psychologically literate parent will (politely, we hope!) ask, “How do we
know whether the D.A.R.E. program really reduces drug abuse . . . that an anger
management class really reduces domestic violence . . . that boosting self-esteem solves
specific social problems?” Psychological literacy helps citizens ask better questions of people
in authority—and helps people in authority make better decisions. Psychological Literacy =
Better Citizenship.

A Scientific Mission.

We college and university teachers of social psychology are the front line soldiers in the
ancient war between science and superstition. Science wins every time a student dares to
publicly ask, “How do you know that?” But we teachers of social psychology wield unusual
weapons in this war. Like Shakespeare, we employ both tragedy and comedy. The
motivating tragedies behind scientific social psychology are both obvious (wars and mass
murder) and small (stereotyping and prejudices). Social psychology’s studies of tragedies are
brightened by flashes of humor. (What else can you call a memory-related study about

25
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 “Meanin’ Fox and you locks horns?”
“Partly that. When we bring this herd up outa the brakes, Fox’ll
know that his game is lost. It’ll be either run er shoot it out, and he
ain’t the runnin’ kind. It’ll be me er him, that’s all. The range is too
small tuh hold us both.”
Tad nodded.
“I’m layin’ my bets on you, Joe.”
“I’m obliged, pardner.”
They turned and entered the cabin.

There followed half an hour of cross-questioning the

outlaw who had begged for mercy when he had been
wounded. They learned that there were no more men to
be accounted for. Tad told of the conversation he had
overheard between Bill and his companion.
“Then we got clear trail ahead,” said Kipp. “Bill’ll pick up the gent
at the rimrock, bein’ they’re sorter pardners. We might as well bed
down and take it easy till mornin’. We’ll take turns standin’ guard.
There’d orter be beds out under the trees so’s them as ain’t on
guard kin rest. Come daylight, we’ll take the herd out and I’ll take
the pris’ners tuh Hank’s place.”
This plan met with hearty approval. Not a man there but needed
rest. Tad took first guard.
Black Jack, conscious now, had lapsed into a sullen silence. His
black eyes were opaque, his bearded features expressionless. No
amount of questioning could open his thin lips.
“That’s the Injun in him,” grinned Shorty as he and Pete followed
Kipp outside in search of beds.
“My work is done, Sheriff,” smiled Pete Basset when Shorty was
out of earshot. “I’m giving myself up to you. I’m ready to go back to
Deer Lodge.”
“Better wait a day er so, Pete. I’m too danged busy tuh fool with
yuh right now. Keep yor gun fer a spell. It may come in handy. Fox’ll
have men with him when we meet up with him at the lone
cottonwood to pay off yore dad’s note. This show ain’t over. Till it is,
yo’re plumb free, savvy?”
“That’s white of you, Sheriff. I’ve had a hunch for a long time that
you were in cahoots with Fox and his gang. Black Jack’s recent talk
clinches that suspicion. Also, it’s plain that you’re breaking with the
LF. I want you to know that I’m for you.”
Beyond the cottonwood grove near the corrals, Shorty was jerking
the saddle from his tired horse and staking the animal out where the
grass was high. He sang as he worked:

“Parson, I’m a maverick, jest runnin’ loose an’ grazin’,

Eatin’ where’s the greenest grass and drinkin’ where I choose;
Had tuh rustle in my youth an’ never had no raisin’;
Wasn’t never halter broke an’ I ain’t got much tuh lose;
Used tuh sleepin’ in a sack an’ livin’ in a slicker;
Church folks never branded me, I don’t know as they tried,
Wisht you’d say a prayer fer me and try tuh make a dicker
For the best they’ll give me when I cross the Big Divide.”
 XII

At midnight Tad went outside to call Kipp for guard duty.

He found the old officer sitting on a tarp-covered bed,
smoking. “Herd’s a layin’ peaceful, Joe. I done found a
jug uh licker and Slim and the yaller ’un has drunk
theirselves tuh sleep. Black Jack’s the fust breed I ever run acrost
that don’t tech t’rant’lar juice.”
Kipp Smiled absently and got to his feet. Tad was pulling off his
boots already. The sheriff’s form was silhouetted against the lighted
doorway for a moment, then the door closed.
Tad, in the act of pulling off a second tight-fitting boot, paused,
his wide brow furrowed in thought. For as long as a minute he sat
thus. Then he pulled the boot back on his foot and donned its mate.
He listened for a moment to Shorty’s snoring then, moving stealthily,
Tad made his way to the cabin, crouching by the window, the glass
of which had been broken earlier in the night.
“Hurry up and cut these ropes,” Tad heard Black Jack command in
a low-pitched tone.
“No,” came Kipp’s answer.
The sheriff’s voice sounded tired, the voice of an old man who
carried too heavy a burden.
“Yuh know what it means fer us both if I talk?”
“Yes. I’ve done figgered it all out. I’m takin’ my medicine and
givin’ you yourn. There ain’t no use talkin’. I’m goin’ through with
this. I aim tuh come clean with the hull story. How you killed a man
when he ketched yuh stealin’ hosses. How yuh got life fer it. How I
filed the bars uh the window on that Los Cruces jail and staked yuh
to a hoss tuh git away into Mexico. Yuh said you’d never bother me
no more. I come north, changed my name and lets the past lay
dead. Then you and this Fox hunts me out and makes me play yore
dirty game. I’m tellin’ all that when the time comes. They kin do
what they —— please with me. I’ll die in the pen knowin’ I’ve
squared my accounts here on this side uh the Big Divide.”
The breed made no reply. Tad, peering through the logs where a
bit of chinking had dropped out, saw the sheriff squatted with his
back against the door, a Winchester across his knees.
Black Jack’s back was toward Tad. He could see the brown,
muscular hands, one of them swollen and discolored, twist at the
tightly knotted rope.
“You’d bust the promise yuh made to a dyin’ woman?”
“I’ve kept that promise,” replied Kipp slowly, “more than kept it. I
reckon you know that as well as I do.”
“Yes,” came the breed’s answer, “I reckon I do. You done yore
share and more. I aim tuh do mine.”
One of those brown hands had so maneuvered that it had slipped
inside the waistband of the overalls and was hidden. Unseen by
Kipp, it now came forth, holding a tiny derringer. Before Tad grasped
the import of the breed’s intention, Black Jack had pressed the
muzzles of the little double-barreled gun into his own back. A dull
roar as the hammer fell and the soft-nosed .44 slug ripped its way
upward through Black Jack’s spine and into his chest. A second
thudding roar. Then the smoking gun dropped to the floor.
Kipp was on his feet, staring strangely at the breed. Tad saw
Black Jack’s face twist upward, white teeth showing in a twisted grin.
“Yuh see I’m keepin’ my word,” said the breed through smiling
lips. “I won’t bother yuh no more. I’m—goin’ now. So long.”
The bearded head sagged forward. The body swayed sidewise.
Kipp caught it and lowered him gently to the floor, dead.
Tad, entering the cabin, saw dimly outlined in the blue smoke
haze Kipp squatting beside the body of the dead outlaw, staring into
the glazing black eyes of the half-breed who had made the old
sheriff’s life a living hell.
 Kipp looked up. Tad was amazed to see the sheriff’s eyes wet with
unshed tears.
“He was my son, Ladd,” said Kipp simply.
Tad stared stupidly for a moment, stunned at the sheriff’s words.
Then he nodded understandingly. Slim and the other outlaw, stirred
in their drunken slumber and slept on. Tad looked up to see Shorty,
gun in hand, framed in the doorway.
“Black Jack done killed hisse’f, Shorty,” Tad explained. “Pete
awake?”
“Awake and on the way, Tad. Yonder he comes, limpin’. Bet he
stepped on a cactus in his sock feet.”
“I reckon Joe wants tuh be left alone, pard. Tell——”
“Hold on, Ladd,” said Kipp quietly, rising. “Let Pete come. The
time has come fer explainin’ off a few things. Come in and set.”
The three younger men, awed into respectful silence by Kipp’s
gravity, did as he asked.
“I won’t take long, boys,” Kipp began. “Ner will I try fer tuh git
yore sympathy. Yonder lays my boy, the only child by a marriage that
never should uh bin. She was Apache, I was a white man. We was
both kids at the time and mistook lonesomeness fer love. We run off
and was married down in Mexico.
“When she run off with me, she outlawed herself from her folks.
They hated white men. I was —— fool enough tuh think I could
make her over into a white woman. —— knows she was purty
enough and as decent as ary white gal that ever lived. But in the
towns, the white women shied off from her. Men called me a squaw-
man and treated me as such. We wa’n’t so happy as we might uh
bin them days, and we stuck clost to the little cow ranch I had down
on the border. Then the boy come and fer a while it looked like we
was goin’ tuh be happy onct more.
“But it didn’t last long. I was gone a heap, round-ups and hoss
huntin’ and such. She was left alone on the ranch. There was a good
lookin’ Mexican that used tuh drop in sometimes. Fancy outfit and
always shaved and wearin’ of a clean shirt. He had money. I didn’t
know till later that he made it sellin’ stolen hosses. She was a right
purty little thing. I come in from a week’s work in the hills tuh find
her gone. She’d took the boy, then a kid ten years old, with her.
“I oiled my gun and hit their trail. But ——, they was plumb gone.
I rode over half uh Mexico, then come home tuh find my cattle
scattered and run off and nary hoss left. The Mexicans had stole me
blind, durin’ the twelve months I’ve bin gone. Travelers has tore
down my corrals tuh build camp fires. A rattler strikes at me as I
steps into the gutted cabin which I’d called home, and I’m that low
in speerits that I goes back to my hoss without shootin’ the snake’s
head off. Keepin’ clear uh town er the ranches where I’m known, I
quits that range fer keeps.
“Cowpunchin’, ridin’ grub-line, breakin’ broncs, night-hawkin’, even
takin’ a whirl at cookin’, and I’m driftin’ like a tumbleweed afore a
norther. Doin’ my share uh drinkin’ and —— raisin’ with the rest,
aimin’ tuh fergit that I got a wife an’ kid a strayin’ somewheres. But
it ain’t noways easy tuh fergit and I keeps driftin’ back across the
border hopin’ tuh cut their trail and always I got a shell in my gun
fer the greaser that’s mavericked my wife an’ kid.
“It’s ten years from the day they run off from me, that I finds
Mister Mex. I’m ridin’ into a li’l’ ol’ Mex town when I hears shootin’. I
rounds the corner uh the adobe rurale fort in time tuh see a rurale
firin’ squad blowin’ the smoke from their carbines. In a heap against
a ’dobe wall is my Mex, plumb full uh lead. They’ve done ketched
him stealin’ hosses. His pardner, a ’breed kid, has out rode ’em and
got away after killin’ three uh their men. That ’breed kid,
understand, is my son.
“That night I finds my wife down in a stinkin’, dirty ’dobe shack in
Gopher town. She’s got fat and black lookin’ and she’s dyin’ from
pneumonia. I stays by her till she dies. The kid, a good lookin’,
black-eyed young tough, drifts in as she’s goin’ out. Not knowin’ me,
he stands there in the door a-coverin’ me till she tells him he’s linin’
his sights on his own dad. He’s there when I promises her to look
after him and get him weaned off from his wild ways. He’s laughin’
at me and her when she closes her eyes and I feels her hand go
limp in mine.
 “‘We’ll be startin’ fer Arizona when we’ve buried yore mother,’ I
tells him.
“‘The —— we will,’ he says, blowin’ cigaret smoke in my face. ‘You
shore got a good imagination. Diggin’ graves is outa my line uh work
and yore ways is too tame fer me. I jest dropped in tuh git some
ca’tridges and a bottle uh mescal. My father, eh? A —— of a father,
you are. And —— yuh, don’t go tryin’ tuh reform me, sabe? Bury the
squaw if yuh feel like it, then go back to where yuh belong.’
“He steps out into the dark and is gone. The next time I sees him,
he’s in jail at Los Cruces, bound fer Florence tuh serve a life
sentence. I brings him some smokin’ and pays off his law sharp and
figgers I’ve done my best. But he gits under my hide about this here
promise I done made his mother. He swears he’ll quit the country
complete and reform if I gits him loose. I weakens and that night I
lets him out.
“I changes my name and drifts to Montana, aimin’ tuh begin fresh
and thinkin’ the kid has gone tuh South America and made a clean
start. Fifteen years passes and I’m sheriff here. Then him and Fox
shows up. The kid’s older now and his whiskers keeps me from
recognizin’ him.
“Me and Hank Basset rides into the brakes follerin’ the sign uh the
stolen cattle. We splits up. I gits my hoss shot out from under me
and takes to the brush. I jumps this Black Jack sudden, shootin’ the
gun outa his hand. I’m puttin’ the ’cuffs on him when he tells me
who he is.”
Kipp paused. His hands went out in a weary gesture.
“You kin guess the rest, boys. Fox and him a houndin’ me. They
tell me that the night uh the Los Cruces jail break, a deputy was
killed. The kid shot him, like as not. Him er Fox who was in town at
the time, dickerin’ fer stolen hosses that the kid brung across the
line. But they’ve laid the killin’ on to me and I’m wanted down there.
Likewise the kid plays on this promise I done made his mother,
sayin’ how I done wrong by her all the way through and if he’d had
the right kind uh raisin’ he’d uh turned out different. Mebbe so, by
gittin’ Fox and cleanin’ up this gang, I kin make up a mite fer what
or’nariness I’ve done. Then I’m goin’ back tuh Los Cruces and let
’em do what they want with me. That’s the hull —— story, boys. The
story that’s writ in black and white and lays in my safe. I want that
you should know this afore I meets up with Fox.”

Opening the door, Joe Kipp stepped out into the night,
his hair silvery white in the bright moonlight.
“I wonder,” said Pete Basset, as if musing aloud, “what
we can say to make him know we’re for him?”
“Leave it tuh Tad,” whispered Shorty. “He kin do ’er. Hop to it,
Taddie. Do it and I’ll give yuh them Chihuahua spurs yuh bin
wantin’.”
Tad gave his little partner a withering look, then stepped over to
Black Jack’s dead body, looking down into the upturned face. Then
he jerked the blanket off the snoring Slim and covered the body of
Joe Kipp’s son.
“I wish you would say something to him, Tad,” said Pete earnestly.
“I’m afraid I’d make a mess of it.”
“If I gotta, I gotta,” replied Tad grimly. “Shed them spurs, runt.”
Tad met Kipp at the corral. He held out his hand to the old sheriff.
Kipp’s eyes were misty as he gripped it. “That goes fer all of us,”
said Tad simply.
 XIII

Luther Fox swung a long leg across his saddle horn and
thus at ease in his saddle, gazed at the rudely lettered
sign nailed to the lone cottonwood. A cold cigar jutted
from the corner of his thin-lipped mouth. The age-
yellowed ivory butt of a long-barreled .45 poked itself from beneath
the long tail of his rusty black coat. He removed the cigar from
between his crooked teeth and sprayed the sign with tobacco juice.
One or two brown specks were added to the already badly spotted
white expanse of shirt front.
“Barring —— and high water,” he addressed his two roughly
garbed, heavily armed companions who had dismounted and
squatted on the ground, “that sign will come off that tree before
sundown.”
“No more dead-line between Basset’s and the LF, eh, boss?”
Fox nodded. The corners of his mouth twitching. Then he pointed
with the butt of a home-made quirt to a small dust cloud, slowly
approaching from the direction of the Basset place.
“What do you make of it, boys? How many comin’?”
“Two. Two hossbackers. Nary steer.”
“That’ll be Basset and his sweet-tempered wife. We’re due to
receive a tongue lashing, boys. —— a man that can’t do business
without his —— cat of a woman tagging along. Killing’s too good an
end for such females.”
“I wonder where’s the cattle and them two waddies yuh hired,
boss?”
 “Quit the country, no doubt. I sent a man over here yesterday to
see ’em. They’d pulled out and Basset was making no effort to
gather the few head uh stuff he has on his range. As a matter of
fact, Basset’s wife had the old fool penned off in the blacksmith
shop.”
Fox smiled faintly. The two punchers laughed coarsely.
“Yuh aim tuh make a dicker fer the Basset iron, boss? Watch clost
that ol’ Hank don’t sluff the ol’ lady off on yuh along with the brand.”
Hank and Ma Basset came on slowly, their horses scuffing up
puffs of yellow dust.
The old couple looked tired and worried. Ma, dressed in bib
overalls, flannel shirt, and an old slouch hat, filled her saddle to the
point overflowing. Her eyes were a bit red as if from recent shedding
of tears. Of the two, Hank looked the more downcast as they
approached the lone tree that marked the boundary line. Low on
Hank’s thigh swung a .45 in a weather-stained holster. Across Ma’s
saddle pommel rested a sawed-off shotgun.
“Looky here, Hank Basset, perk up. I don’t aim that Fox should
see us down in the mouth. Land sakes, can’t yuh scare up a grin of
some description to wear on yore face. You don’t see me sittin’ my
hoss like a dogie in a blizzard.”
At that moment her horse, an old flea-bitten gray, stumbled and
went to his knees, jolting the breath out of Ma as her saddle horn
jabbed her. Hank did his best to hide a grin. Ma, red-faced and
gasping, gave him an angry look.
“If that ain’t a cowpuncher for yuh! I do believe you’d laugh if I
was to be killed by this crow-bait of a hoss. Now what’s so comical?
What yuh grinnin’ at?”
“Yuh ’lowed I was tuh perk up, Ma. I’m perkin’.”
Hank’s hand, searching for tobacco, encountered Kipp’s sheriff
badge.
“Joe Kipp and the Ladd feller ’lowed they’d be here at noon today.
The sun lacks half a hour uh throwin’ the short shadder. We ain’t
licked yet.”
 “If ary harm had come to Pete, I’d feel it in my bones, Hank.
What was it Joe Kipp said about that paper in his safe?”
“He ’lowed it ’ud be useful to us.”
“Huh! He mighta said more. Yonder’s Fox, lookin’ fer all the world
like a turkey buzzard, drat him. I’d like tuh give that old skinflint a
piece uh my mind. Set up straight, can’t yuh? Goodness, a person
’ud think you was a hunchback. If them new galluses is too tight, let
’em out a notch.”
The couple approached the tree. Fox, his long leg still crooked
across his saddle horn, lifted his hat with an air of mocking gallantry.
“The dried up ol’ he school-marm,” muttered Ma Basset, freezing
him with a hard stare.
Fox’s head, bare as a billiard ball, disappeared beneath the wide-
brimmed black hat.
“I understood there was a bunch of cattle to be delivered here,
Basset,” he said as if surprised to see no herd. “My two boys are
bringing them, perhaps?”
“Perhaps,” snapped Ma Basset. “’Tain’t noon yet.”
“On such a beautiful Sabbath morning, we mortals should forget
our quarrels, Mrs. Basset. I come on an errand of peace. Ours
should be a relationship of neighborly friendship instead on enmity.”
His bony hand indicated Basset’s sign. “It is my wish that such
things should not exist, madam. In my pocket is your note. I would
gladly destroy that bit of paper and seal, in that manner, our bond of
mutual friendship. In return, I ask for something that is of little
value. Namely, the transfer of your iron into my name. It is evident
that but a handful of cattle in that iron exist. I am offering to lift the
burden of debt from you in return for a brand that has no value.”
“Why?” snapped Ma Basset.
“That such ill feeling as is shown by yonder sign may be wiped
away. You will be taken care of. Moreover, I shall myself make a plea
to the governor of the State for an absolute pardon for your son. I
wish to prove to you that Luther Fox is not the scoundrel you would
have men think him to be.”
 His bony thumbs hooked in the armholes of his grease-spotted
waistcoat, he attempted a yellow-fanged smile.
“A buzzard chatterin’ like a magpie,” was Ma Basset’s audible
comment to her husband.
Fox’s yellow cheeks took on a pinkish hue. His eyes glittered
venomously.
“We ain’t askin’ no compromise, Fox,” said Hank. “The deal goes
as she lays.”
“So be it.”
Fox bit off his words sharply. Pulling forth a huge watch, he held it
in the palm of his hand.
“You have exactly twenty-eight minutes to produce those cattle,
Basset.”
“And that’s a plenty, Luther Fox! Look yonder!” cried Ma Basset.
Out of a long draw came a moving mass of stock. The faint sound
of bawling cattle came to them. The brownish spot widened quickly,
taking form as the herd spread out across the prairie.
Fox went pasty white. The crooked smile on his thin lips vanished.
A man seeing a ghost could look no more startled.
“Something’s wrong as ——,” he muttered as his leg swung to
catch the ox-bow stirrup. Beads of moisture stood out on his cheeks.
His claw-like fingers shook as they wrapped about the ivory butt of
the low-hung .45. He gazed as if fascinated at the oncoming herd.
With those cattle came ruination and defeat. The absence of Kipp,
Tad and Shorty was now accounted for. Somehow, they had gotten
into the Pocket, killed or captured Black Jack and his men and were
bringing out the stolen herd. The swift vision of a prison cell made
him wince. He shut his eyes against it and his chin dropped to his
chest. When he looked up a moment later, the color had come back
into his lips. He turned to his two followers.
“You’ll find fresh horses at the corral in town. It’s a forty-hour ride
to the Canadian line. You’d better lose no time.”
The two men gazed at him for a moment, then whirled their
horses and were gone in a cloud of dust, without a word of parting.
Fox now turned to Hank Basset and his wife who acted like people
who moved in a dream, stupefied. With steady hand, Fox brought
forth Hank Basset’s note and slowly tore it to bits. The scraps of
paper fluttered to the ground.
“It would be better if you rode back towards your ranch, madam.
I bid you good day.”
Ma Basset hesitated, her eyes moving from Fox to her husband.
Something in Fox’s bearing silenced her usually ready tongue.
“Better drift, Ma,” mumbled Hank.
She turned her horse and rode away. The old horse, headed on
the homeward trail, voluntarily quickened his pace and she gave him
rein.
Hank licked his dry lips and stared at Fox who had taken the .45
from its holster and was spinning the cylinder, his eyes on a solitary
horseman who had quit the herd and was riding toward the lone
tree.
“That will be Joe Kipp,” said Fox, his voice flatly emotionless. “For
a man who has spent his life in the saddle, he sits a horse badly.”
The white-handled gun went back in its holster. Then Fox rode to
the cottonwood and with an abrupt movement, jerked Hank Basset’s
sign from its place on the tree trunk.
“You’ll have no further need of it, Basset, and the thing was an
eyesore. The spelling was miserable. Should Kipp shoot better than
he rides, bury me on the LF side of the tree.”
Midway between the tree and the herd, Joe Kipp came on, his
horse at a running walk. Fox, riding to meet him, halted for a
moment to call over his shoulder to Hank.
“A man may be a scoundrel, Basset, but still not be a coward.”
Then he rode on.
Those that watched saw the two men ride toward each other. Saw
the gap between them lessen. Two puffs of white smoke appeared
at precisely the same instant. Both men swayed drunkenly in the
saddle. The horses, startled, leaped forward. The riders slipped to
the ground to lie quietly, but ten feet apart.
 Tad was the first to reach the spot. He swung from his saddle to
bend over Kipp. Fox, a red smear oozing from the hole between his
eyes, lay face upward, his gun still clutched in his lifeless hand.
“Is Kipp dead?” panted Shorty, riding up.
Tad looked up, shaking his head. “Creased. He’ll come to directly.
Fox’s bullet done parted his hair. The sun must’a’ somehow sp’iled
the buzzard’s aim.”
Hank rode up, panting as if from a hard run.
“Toss me Kipp’s badge, Hank,” called Tad. “He’s done earned the
right tuh wear it.”

From Ma Basset’s kitchen came the savory odor of roast

turkey, baking pies and coffee.
In the front room, cotton covers had been removed
from plush seated chairs and the place buzzed with
conversation, generously punctuated by laughter. Holiday spirit
prevailed.
Shorty Carroway, scrubbed, shaved, resplendent in a suit of store
clothes, was gradually becoming more red of cheek due to the
confines of a shining celluloid collar.
“That red tie uh yourn has slipped up under yore off ear, runt,”
confided Tad, also in holiday garb, in a voice that carried the length
of the room.
Shorty rescued the truant tie and grinned wickedly.
“Is it the style tuh wear one sock draggin’ low thataway when yuh
got low water shoes on, Ox? Swap yuh this here Los Cruces letter uh
Joe Kipp’s fer Pete Basset’s pardon paper. Dang me if I ever knowed
so many big words could be herded together on one hunk uh paper.
This judge gent in Los Cruces shore tells it scary. And them two
reward checks fer Fox and Black Jack, man, they runs into real
money. Joe ’lows the Black Jack reward goes tuh you.”
“Fer gosh sake, dry up,” muttered Tad. “Don’t go sp’ilin’ Joe’s
dinner, talkin’ about the breed. Where’n —— yore manners? And
mind yuh, act purty when Miz Basset sets yuh alongside thet school-
marm at the table.”
Shorty squirmed, his glance darting to an angular maiden lady
across the room. Tad chuckled softly.
Joe Kipp, exonerated from the Los Cruces killing and recently
returned from the border town, was in a corner with Pete Basset
who had that morning made his triumphant return from Deer Lodge.
Ma Basset and the school teacher were fluttering about the room
collecting vacant chairs and setting the table. The school teacher,
taking advantage of a lull in the operations, headed like a homing
pigeon for the vacant place on the setee alongside Shorty. The little
puncher grinned in a sickly fashion and swallowed hard.
“We’ll have a chance to finish that thrilling tale of yours now,
Mister Carroway,” she cooed.
Shorty, catching Hank’s eye, sent a look of desperate appeal that
might have brought results had not Tad interfered.
“If there’s anything Mister Carroway loves, it’s relatin’ them hair-
brained escapes uh hisn. Git him tuh tell yuh about the time he
stumbled over Lafe Tucker’s tame polecat in the dark, ma’am.”
Ma Basset, sensing Shorty’s agonized frame of mind, came to the
rescue.
“Hattie, if yuh don’t mind, will yuh put on the red napkins. I’m
gettin’ that hefty that my feet kills me when I’m on ’em long.”
She dropped into a chair and fanned herself with her apron.
Hattie reluctantly obeyed and Ma winked at Shorty. The little
puncher grinned his thanks.
Hank Basset, who had been hovering in the vicinity of the
cupboard where Ma’s bottle of snake-bite cure was concealed,
caught Joe Kipp’s eye and a meaning glance was exchanged.
“Ma,” said Hank, sniffing audibly, “ain’t them biscuits burnin’?”
THE END
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