An Internship Report on

“PYTHON PROGRAMMING”

SUBMITTED BY:
Vishal Kumar
(2301331550114)
Branch: IOT
(III)’B’

November 2024
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING (INTERNET OF THINGS)

NOIDA INSTITUE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY,
GREATER NOIDA

VISHAL KUMAR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.no TOPICS Page Teacher’s signature

no.
1 Declaration 3

2 Certificate 4

3 Abstract 5

4 Introduction To Python 6-7

5 Online Programming 8-10

Platform
6 Project Problem Background 11-12

7 Project Modules 13-17

8 Task Analysis 18-30

9 Snapshot Of Project 31-33

9.1 Simple Calculator Interface 34-38

9.2 To do list generator Output 39-42

9.3 Password Generator Example Output 43-45

10 Application & Importance 46

11 Refrences Format 47

12 Acknowledgment 48

VISHAL KUMAR
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this report, entitled "PYTHON
PROGRAMMING," is the result of my own efforts and has been carried out by me. I affirm
that this report has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, for the award of any other
degree or diploma from any other University or Institute.

In the preparation of this report, I have taken due care to appropriately credit all original
authors and sources. This includes, but is not limited to, words, ideas, diagrams, graphics,
computer programs, experiments, and results that are not my original contributions. All
verbatim sentences have been enclosed in quotation marks and proper citations have been
provided to acknowledge the original authors and sources.

Furthermore, I affirm that no portion of this work is plagiarized. The experiments and results
presented in this report are genuine and have not been manipulated in any way. In the event
of any allegations or evidence of plagiarism or manipulation of the experiments and results,
I acknowledge that I shall bear full responsibility and be answerable to any inquiries or
actions taken as a consequence.

I fully understand the gravity of academic integrity and have adhered to its principles
throughout the course of my work on this report.

Student Name: Vishal Kumar

Roll No: 2301331550114
Signature:

VISHAL KUMAR
 CERTIFICATE

902b781

Vishal Kumar
Python Programming
15/08/2024 to 15/09/2024.

18/09/2024
 ABSTRACT

The internship report encapsulates the giant learning journey and abilties improvement
in Python programming undertaken at Codsoft. This internship mainly aimed to build a
foundational knowledge of Python programming fundamentals, focusing on important
concepts like syntax, manage structures, and libraries through arms-on, realistic
projects. Over the path of the internship, 3 center initiatives had been advanced to help
this goal: a Simple Calculator for appearing arithmetic operations, a Rock-Paper-
Scissors recreation for practising conditional good judgment and loops, and a Password
Generator to explore randomness and string manipulation. Each assignment changed
into crafted to regularly introduce key factors of Python, toughen practical know-how,
and construct the crucial skillsneeded for real-world programming programs.

Python’s position as one of the most flexible and amateur-pleasant programming

languages made it a perfect desire for the internship. Known for its simplicity and
readability, Python enabled an effective gaining knowledge of revel in by using
lowering syntax complexity and permitting a sharper focus on common sense and
hassle-fixing. Through the internship, Codsoft presented precious assets and guidance
to assist make Python standards greater reachable and tasty for beginners. This
environment allowed for a dependent yet self-paced mastering technique that
encouraged unbiased hassle-solving while providing the support wished for ability-
building. As such, the internship served as a foundational revel in, aimed at nurturing
a strong know-how of Python's middle capabilities and skills.

In summary, the internship provided a radical exploration of Python basics through a

sequence of carefully designed initiatives. By finishing the Simple Calculator, Rock-
Paper- Scissors game, and Password Generator, interns won treasured enjoy with
Python’s syntax, control systems, facts types, and libraries. These initiatives bolstered
Python’s position as a versatile language that can deal with a variety of programming
tasks, from fundamental arithmetic to sport logic and facts safety. The internship record
examines each undertaking in detail, documenting the mastering process, challenges
confronted, and capabilities obtained. The enjoy served as a complete introduction to
Python programming, laying a robust basis for similarly research and real-world
packages in software program development.

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 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python, an interpreted and excessive-degree programming language, has grown
drastically in popularity considering its inception in 1991 by using Guido van Rossum.
Known for its simplicity and readability, Python is good for builders of all enjoy
degrees, from beginners to pro specialists. Its design emphasizes code readability,
allowing builders to specific complex ideas in fewer strains of code than different
languages. Python's versatility and simplicity of use have contributed to its huge
adoption in various fields, together with web development, records science, synthetic
intelligence (AI), gadget mastering (ML), and extra. Python's syntax, equivalent to the
English language, simplifies programming, at the same time as its open-supply nature
fosters non-stop enhancement through network contributions.

4.1 Versatility of Python

A defining function of Python is its versatility, obtrusive across a extensive range of

programs and industries. The language gives an extensive selection of libraries and
frameworks tailored to particular tasks, including NumPy, Pandas, TensorFlow, and
Django, which streamline coding and empower builders to construct complex
applications successfully. These libraries, coupled with Python's move-platform
compatibility, make it onhand on running structures like Windows, macOS, and Linux,
allowing for seamless development across unique environments.

4.2 Relevance in Data Science

As one of the quickest-growing fields, records technological know-how heavily is

based on Python for its handy yet powerful toolkit. Python’s simplicity, paired with
records-managing libraries, makes it an premier language for records scientists.
Libraries together with Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy facilitate facts manipulation and
numerical analysis, important for preprocessing and cleansing data. Python’s
compatibility with large facts frameworks, which includes Apache Spark, enables the
efficient handling of big datasets—an important requirement in today’s facts-pushed
international.

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4.3 Role in Web Development

Python has a strong presence in web improvement, more often than not through
frameworks consisting of Django and Flask. Django is a excessive-stage framework
that emphasizes speedy improvement and clean design. It affords pre-constructed
functionalities, including consumer authentication, database control, and URL routing,
which considerably lessen the effort needed to construct complex applications. Flask,
a micro-framework, offers a extra minimalistic approach, offering developers with the
ability to construct programs tailored totheir precise needs.

4.4 Python for Automation and Scripting

Python is widely diagnosed for its automation and scripting skills, making it famous
among IT specialists and device administrators. Automation is increasingly valued in
modern places of work, where performance and productiveness are paramount. Python
scripts can take care of repetitive obligations, including records processing, report
management, and network monitoring. The language’s comprehensive trendy library
consists of modules for report coping with, listing management, and community
connections, allowing builders to automatea extensive variety of tasks.

4.5 Ideal for Simple Projects and Prototyping

Python’s simplicity and fast improvement velocity make it nicely-proper for small
projects and fast prototyping. Developers can quick write and test Python code,
taking into account experimentation with new ideas with out extensive setup. A
developer can, as an example, create a basic calculator, a to-do listing, or an internet
scraper with minimum attempt.

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 ONLINE PROGRAMMING PLATFORMS
5.1 Online Programming Platforms: An Introduction to Codsoft

In the digital age, online programming systems have revolutionized learning, offering
accessible assets, fingers-on practice, and undertaking-constructing competencies.
Codsoft isa recent addition to this area, mainly designed to guide beginners by means
of simplifying complex programming ideas. With functions like a user-pleasant
interface, actual-time feedback, an incorporated improvement environment (IDE), and
a supportive learning structure, Codsoft caters to the ones simply beginning out in
coding. This precis highlights the principle functions of Codsoft and explains the way
it serves as a complete device for beginner coders.

5.2 User-Friendly Interface

Codsoft’s interface is intuitive and newbie-targeted, making it clean for users to start
getting to know with out feeling crushed. Upon login, customers are supplied with a
nicely- organized dashboard where tutorials, initiatives, and coding challenges are
sorted by way of language and difficulty stage, helping learners locate their manner
with minimum effort.

In addition to a easy format, Codsoft presents essential alternatives on a sidebar, such

as get right of entry to to profile settings, route progress, and saved initiatives,
permitting customers to preserve tune of their getting to know journey effortlessly. The
platform also makes use of icons and tooltips to give an explanation for capabilities,
reducing the cognitive load on beginners. This streamlined layout facilitates newbies
focus on coding rather than navigating a complex system, developing an greatest
mastering environment.

5.3 Real-Time Coding Feedback

One of Codsoft’s standout features is its actual-time remarks system, which facilitates
beginners research from their mistakes right away. As inexperienced persons code,
Codsoft right away flags syntax mistakes, logical errors, and inefficiencies, supplying
causes that help users understand and correct those issues. For novices, who often face
demanding situations in debugging, this immediately remarks is precious, as it reduces
the frustration ofawaiting errors messages after running the program.

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Real-time comments is particularly beneficial in languages with strict syntax
necessities, likePython. Codsoft’s code editor highlights errors directly, making it clear
what went wrong and presenting steerage on how to restoration it. For example, if a
person forgets to close a bracket, Codsoft will now not most effective flag the mistake
but also explain it, encouragingcustomers to internalize those corrections and gradually
construct a deeper knowledge of the language. This function promotes a hands-on
gaining knowledge of method, where customers study by using doing, correcting, and
understanding.

5.4 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Codsoft’s browser-primarily based IDE is a center feature that drastically enhances the
studying experience. Unlike traditional programming setups, which regularly require
software program installations and dependency management, Codsoft’s IDE eliminates
those technical boundaries, permitting customers to begin coding immediately. This
setup is mainly beneficial for beginners who would possibly warfare with software
installations and configurations.

The IDE itself is comprehensive, supporting more than one languages like Python,
Java, JavaScript, and C . It consists of vital features inclusive of a coding area,
output console, and mistakes logger, ensuring a whole coding surroundings within
the browser. Codsoft’s IDE also comes preloaded with commonly used libraries and
frameworks, enabling beginners to experiment with superior equipment without
extra setup. This integrated surroundings encourages novices to recognition on
coding competencies, supplying a seamless, distraction-free experience.

5.5 Support for Beginner Coders

One of Codsoft’s primary dreams is to make programming on hand, and the platform’s
functions replicate this undertaking. Codsoft gives a number of academic resources,
such as interactive tutorials, coding demanding situations, and video lessons,
protecting fundamentalsubjects like variables, manage structures, loops, and functions.
Each lesson builds upon preceding ideas, creating a dependent development that
enables beginners set up a robust basis earlier than advancing to extra complex topics.

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Beyond tutorials, Codsoft affords coding demanding situations that support mastering
and allow users to test their talents in real-global eventualities. These sports encourage
practice, which is essential for beginners, and provide users the possibility to use their
understanding gradually. Codsoft’s structured method to mastering fosters self belief
by using emphasizing repetition and alertness, which might be key to getting to know
coding talents.

Codsoft additionally supports a colourful network where customers can ask questions,
proportion initiatives, and get hold of guidance from mentors and friends. This
community factor is beneficial for beginners who can also sense isolated or unsure
whilst learning programming on their own. By imparting a collaborative surroundings,
Codsoft ensures that users have get entry to to a guide community, supporting them
conquer common demandingsituations and encouraging them to live influenced.

5.6 Benefits of Learning Through Codsoft

Codsoft’s platform offers numerous advantages for novices, which includes flexibility,
accessibility, and self-paced gaining knowledge of. Since it’s browser-primarily based,
customers can access Codsoft from any device with a web connection, permitting them
to examine wherever and every time it suits them. The platform’s organized curriculum
ensuresthat rookies development via ideas step by step, that is important for building a
robust expertise of programming basics.

Features like real-time feedback and an integrated IDE provide a streamlined

experience, permitting novices to recognition at the studying process without the
distractions of software program setup or debugging delays. By reducing those
technical obstacles, Codsoft enables novices construct self assurance, that's essential
for lengthy-term achievement in programming.

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 PROJECT PROBLRM BACKGROUND
6.1 Project Problem Background

The primary goal of the internship was to build a strong foundation in Python
programming through hands-on experience with various real-world tasks. Python is
one of the most versatile programming languages, offering wide applications across
diverse domains such as web development, data science, automation, artificial
intelligence, and more. The purpose of this internship was to gain practical insights into
Python programming by working on a set of projects that would help develop core
programming skills. Each project was specifically chosen to target different
fundamental aspects of Python, ensuring that the intern could not only learn basic
syntax but also understand how to solve problems using Python effectively.

6.2 Simple Calculator

The first project, the Simple Calculator, was chosen because it provides an excellent
opportunity to practice basic arithmetic operations and work with user input.
Calculators are among the most common applications that programmers develop early
in their careers. This project introduces the concept of performing mathematical
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using Python’s
built-in arithmetic operators. By building this project, the intern learns to handle user
inputs, convert input types (such as converting strings to integers), and output results in
a readable format. Additionally, it reinforces understanding of control flow through
simple if-else conditions, which are essential for validating user inputs and managing
errors (e.g., ensuring the user does not divide by zero). Furthermore, the Simple
Calculator project also demonstrates how to build a basic interactive user interface, a
foundational concept for many Python applications, especially when creating command-
line applications.

6.3 To do list Generator

The second project, to do list generator, was selected to teach essential concepts such
as conditionals, loops, and random number generation. This is a simple yet effective
way to practice decision-making in programming. This involves a player choosing one
of three options (add, delete, remove, modify), and the computer randomly selecting
one as well. The objective is to compare the user's choice with the computer’s to
determine the character. This project allows the intern to work with conditional
statements (if-elif-else), which are vital forhandling different option outcomes.

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6.4 Password Generator

The third project, the Password Generator, was selected to demonstrate string
manipulation, randomness, and the importance of security in programming. A strong
password generator is an essential tool for safeguarding data and is a common feature
in many applications. This project requires the intern to generate a random password
based on user input, such as password length and the types of characters to include
(letters, numbers, special characters). By building this tool, the intern gains exposure to
Python’s string operations, such as concatenation and character selection, as well as
working with the `random` module to generate random values. Additionally, this
project introduces the concept of security best practices by ensuring that passwords
generated are sufficiently complex and meet certain criteria. The intern will also learn
about input validation, ensuring the user provides valid inputs for the password length
and character set. By creating a password generator, the intern develops a deeper
understanding of how Python’s capabilities can be applied to real-world security needs,
a skill that is highly relevant in today’s data-driven world.

6.5 Why These Projects?

These projects were chosen specifically to cover a broad spectrum of essential Python
concepts. They each target fundamental areas that every programmer needs to
understand in order to write efficient, readable, and functional code. By working on
the Simple Calculator, the intern learned about basic operations, error handling, and
user interfaces. The to do list generator provided practice with conditionals, loops, and
randomness, while the Password Generator project highlighted the importance of
string manipulation, security, andinput validation.

In conclusion, the internship aimed to provide a balanced mix of theory and hands-on
practice by developing projects that are both educational and practical. By completing
these tasks, the intern not only learned key Python concepts but also developed the
problem- solving mindset necessary for successful programming. Each project was
specifically chosento reinforce a core aspect of Python programming, ensuring that the
intern gained well- rounded experience in this versatile programming language.

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 PROJECT MODULES

7.1 Detailed Breakdown of Each Project

The internship targeted at the improvement of three core projects the usage of Python:
a Simple Calculator, a Rock Paper Scissors Game, and a Password Generator. These
initiativesfurnished an great platform to study key programming concepts inclusive of
enter dealing with, control systems (like conditionals and loops), string manipulation,
and randomness.
Each venture became designed to enhance those ideas in a realistic way.

7.2 Simple Calculator

- Purpose: The Simple Calculator changed into designed to enforce primary

arithmetic operations which includes addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
department. The goal became to benefit proficiency in handling consumer input,
appearing calculations, and displaying results.

7.2.1 Modules:

- Input Handling: The first step in building the calculator become managing user
input. Thecalculator prompts the user to enter two numbers and pick an mathematics
operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division). This turned into completed
using Python's
`enter()` characteristic, which captures the user’s choices.

- Arithmetic Functions: After receiving the inputs, this system executes the
appropriate operation based on the user’s desire. The use of easy arithmetic operators
like ` `, `-`, `*`, and
`/` in Python allowed us to carry out the calculations. Additionally, Python’s
exception managing mechanisms have been hired to cope with division through 0
mistakes, ensuringthis system doesn’t crash underneath such conditions.

User Interface: The interface of the calculator changed into kept minimalistic, that
specialize in functionality in preference to complex layout. The person interface
relied on clear activates and concise mistakes messages for consumer steerage.

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intuitive, making sure the consumer may want to easily comply with instructions and
carryout calculations.

Through this venture, vital talents inclusive of input validation, conditional

branching (for choosing operations), and errors handling had been mastered. The
calculator served as a brilliant advent to programming logic and Python's basic
functionality.

7.3 To Do List Generator

- Purpose: The to do list generator turned into a fun and engaging manner to exercise
conditionals and loops. It simulated the conventional recreation in which the consumer
playsagainst the laptop, and the winner is decided primarily based on the rules.
This venture served as an creation to common sense-constructing and the
randomization manner in Python.

 User Input: The software prompts the user to enter their tasks. This input is
captured using the input() function and transformed to ensure case
insensitivity and correct formatting. A loop is used to continuously ask for
input, allowing the user to add multiple tasks without restarting the
program.

 Task Management: To store the tasks, Python's list data structure is used.
This allows for dynamic addition of tasks and provides an easy way to
manage and display the tasks. This introduces the concept of lists and
demonstrates how they can be used in applications that require collection and
manipulation of items.

 Task Display: The core of the application lies in displaying the tasks to the
user. Conditional statements (if, elif, else) are used to determine if tasks are
present in the list. Based on the user's input, the program can display all
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tasks,

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 mark tasks as completed, or delete tasks from the list. This part of the project
requires careful consideration of list operations and conditional logic.

 Enhanced Functionality: In addition to the core functionality of task

management, the project also involves creating clear outputs, displaying
the current list of tasks after each user action. This project provides
valuable experience in working with loops, conditionals, and list
manipulation—key concepts in Python programming.

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7.4 Password Generator

- Purpose: The Password Generator task aimed to demonstrate using string

manipulation andrandomness. In latest virtual age, password protection is a important
concern, and generatingstrong, random passwords is a essential talent. This challenge
furnished insight into how Python may be used to create secure passwords using a
aggregate of letters, numbers, and special characters.

7.4.1 Modules:

- Input for Password Length: The person is first brought on to go into the favored
period of the password. This enter is proven to ensure the period is inside a reasonable
range, stopping the user from coming into excessively quick or lengthy values. This
taught the significance of input validation and records kind conversion.

- Randomness: Randomness turned into a key element of this task. Python’s `random`
module became used to generate random characters for the password. The
`random.Desire()` feature changed into hired to randomly pick out characters from
unique sets (uppercase letters, lowercase letters, digits, and logos). This function
ensures the generated password is unpredictable and secure. This brought the idea of
producing pseudo-random values and understanding the way to create non-repetitive
sequences.

- Character Selection: The software utilizes distinct man or woman units for
producing passwords. It combines uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and
emblems to make certain the password is strong and difficult to bet. The application
concatenates the randomlyselected characters into a unmarried password string. After
generating the password, it's miles exhibited to the consumer.

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7.4.2 Conclusion

Each of those initiatives supplied treasured classes in essential programming ideas,

such as enter coping with, loops, conditionals, and string manipulation. The Simple
Calculator helped solidify an know-how of simple mathematics operations and
consumer interaction. The Rock Paper Scissors Game provided sensible revel in with
conditionals, loops, and randomness, imparting insight into sport good judgment and
selection-making. Finally, the Password Generator added more advanced topics like
string manipulation and randomness, showcasing how Python can be applied to real-
global problems, consisting of cybersecurity.

By finishing these projects, I became capable of construct a strong basis in Python

programming, placing the level for greater complicated and advanced responsibilities
inside the destiny.

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 TASKANALYSIS

8.1 : Simple Calculator

8.1.1 Overview of Simple Calculator Logic
1. User Input and Interface: The application begins by using showing a menu to
the consumer, showing available alternatives for arithmetic operations. This
interface provides a clean, consumer-friendly experience, allowing the person to
pick an operation through coming into a corresponding number. User input is
captured using the `input()` function, transformed to the suitable statistics type, and
established to ensure accuracy.

2. Arithmetic Operations Using Functions: Each arithmetic

operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication, department) is
implemented as a separate feature (e.G.,
`add()`, `subtract()`). This method no longer best makes the code modular and
reusable butadditionally enhances clarity. For example, the addition characteristic
takes two parameters,
`x` and `y`, and returns their sum. Similar logic applies to subtraction, multiplication,
anddivision, all of which leverage Python's built-in operators (` `, `-`,
`*`, `/`) to execute the calculations successfully.

3. Handling Division and Error Checking: A key characteristic of the calculator is

its capacity to address department by zero. When the consumer selects department,
the program checks if the denominator is 0. If it's miles, an errors message ("Error!
Division by way of zero.") is again in preference to intending with the calculation,
making sure that this system does not crash. This component of errors dealing with
demonstrates the way to contain conditional common sense to manage exceptions
andkeep easy application go withthe flow.

4. Looping for Multiple Calculations: To enhance usability, the calculator operates

in a loop, permitting users to carry out more than one calculations without restarting
thissystem. After every calculation, the consumer is brought about to pick whether or
not to keep with some other calculation or exit. If they choose to continue, the
program restarts the operation selection system, making the calculator flexible and
conscious ofuser wishes.

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8.1.2 Flowchart of the Simple Calculator (fig 1)

Flow chart 1

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8.1.3 Code Breakdown and
Explanation Here is a basic structure of
the calculator code:python
def add(x, y):
return x + y

def subtract(x, y):

return x - y

def multiply(x, y):

return x * y

def divide(x, y):

if y == 0:
return "Error! Division by zero."
return x / y

def calculator():
while True:
print("Select operation:")
print("1. Add")
print("2. Subtract")
print("3. Multiply")
print("4. Divide")

choice = input("Enter choice (1/2/3/4): ")

# Input validation for choice

if choice not in ('1', '2', '3', '4'):
print("Invalid input! Please select a valid operation.")
continue

num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))

# Handling operation
if choice == '1':
print(f"{num1} + {num2} = {add(num1, num2)}")
elif choice == '2':
print(f"{num1} - {num2} = {subtract(num1, num2)}")
elif choice == '3':
print(f"{num1} * {num2} = {multiply(num1, num2)}")
elif choice == '4':
print(f"{num1} / {num2} = {divide(num1, num2)}")

next_calculation = input("Do you want to perform another calculation? (yes/no): ")

if next_calculation.lower() != 'yes':
break

print("Thank you for using the calculator!")

calculator()

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8.1.4 Code Explanation
 Functions: Each arithmetic operation (add, subtract, multiply, divide) is
encapsulatedwithin its function for better modularity.
 User Input: The program prompts the user for input and validates the
choice of operation. Input validation ensures that the user enters valid
numerical values andprevents errors like division by zero.
 Looping: The program uses a while loop to continuously allow the user to
performcalculations until they choose to exit.
8.1.5 User Input Validation
 Operation Selection: If the user enters anything other than 1, 2, 3, or 4, the
programwill display an error message and ask the user to select a valid
option.
 Numbers: The float() function is used to convert the input into numbers. An
exceptioncan be added here to ensure that only valid numbers are entered
(e.g., using
a try/except block).

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 8.2 : Rock Paper Scissors Game
8.2.1 Overview of the To-Do List Generator

The To-Do List Generator is a simple program designed to help users manage their tasks
efficiently. Users can add tasks, view the current list of tasks, mark tasks as completed, and
delete tasks. This program provides a basic yet effective way to handle daily tasks.

8.2.2 Flow Chart of the To-Do List Generator

Perform Action Based on Choice:

 Add Task: Prompt for task and add to list
 View Tasks: Display all tasks
 Mark Task as Completed: Prompt for task number and mark as completed
 Delete Task: Prompt for task number and delete task
 Exit: End program

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8.2.3 Code Breakdown and Explanation
def to_do_list():
print("Welcome to the To-Do List

Generator!") tasks = []

while True:
print("\nMenu:")
print("1. Add Task")
print("2. View Tasks")
print("3. Mark Task as Completed")
print("4. Delete Task")
print("5. Exit")

choice = input("Enter your choice (1-5):

") if choice == '1':

task = input("Enter the task:
").strip() if task:
tasks.append({"task": task, "completed": False})
print(f"Task '{task}' added.")
else:
print("Invalid input! Task cannot be empty.")

elif choice ==
'2':
if not tasks:
print("No tasks available.")
else:
print("\nCurrent Tasks:")
for idx, task in enumerate(tasks, 1):
status = "Completed" if task["completed"] else "Pending"
print(f"{idx}. {task['task']} - {status}")

elif choice ==
'3':
if not tasks:
print("No tasks available to mark as completed.")
else:
try:
task_num = int(input("Enter the task number to mark as completed:
")) if 1 <= task_num <= len(tasks):
tasks[task_num - 1]["completed"] = True
print(f"Task '{tasks[task_num - 1]['task']}' marked as
completed.") else:
print("Invalid task
number.") except ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid number.")

elif choice ==
'4':
if not tasks:
print("No tasks available to delete.")
else:
try:
task_num = int(input("Enter the task number to delete:
")) if 1 <= task_num <= len(tasks):
deleted_task = tasks.pop(task_num - 1)
print(f"Task '{deleted_task['task']}' deleted.")
else:
print("Invalid task
number.") except ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid number.")

elif choice == '5':

print("Thank you for using the To-Do List
Generator!") break

else:
print("Invalid choice! Please enter a number between 1 and 5.")

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8.2.3 Code Explanation
 User Input: The game prompts the user to input their choice. If an invalid
choice isentered, the program requests a valid input.
 Random Selection: The computer randomly selects one of the three
options usingthe random.choice() function.
 Condition Checking: The game logic compares the user's choice with the
computer'schoice using if-elifstatements to determine the outcome.
 Replay Feature: After each round, the program asks if the user wants to play
again. Ifthe user chooses 'no', the game ends.

8.2.4 Challenges and Considerations

 Handling invalid user inputs is essential to ensure a smooth gameplay experience.

 The randomness introduced by Python’s random.choice() adds an
element ofunpredictability, making the game fun and engaging.

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 8.3 : Password Generator
8.3.1 Overview of Password Generation Logic
The password generator creates strong passwords using randomness. The
program allows theuser to specify the desired length of the password and
randomly selects characters from uppercase, lowercase, digits, and special
characters. The goal is to ensure that the passwordis complex and difficult to
guess, enhancing security.
8.3.2 Flowchart of the Password Generator

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Flow chart 3

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8.3.3 Code Breakdown and Explanation

import random
import string

def generate_password(length):
characters = string.ascii_letters + string.digits +
string.punctuation password = ''.join(random.choice(characters)
for i in range(length)) return password

def password_generator():
print("Welcome to the Password Generator!")

while True:
try:
length = int(input("Enter desired password length:
")) if length < 8:
print("Password length should be at least 8 characters
for security.")
continue
except
ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid
number.") continue

password = generate_password(length)
print(f"Your generated password is:
{password}")

generate_again = input("Do you want to generate another password?

(yes/no): ").lower()
if generate_again !=
'yes': break

print("Thank you for using the Password

Generator!") password_generator()

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8.4.4 Code Explanation
 Character Set: The password is generated by selecting random characters
from astring that contains all uppercase, lowercase, numeric, and special
characters using string.ascii_letters, string.digits, and string.punctuation.
 Password Length: The user is asked for a password length, with a
minimum value of8 to ensure strong passwords.
 Password Generation: The password is generated by joining random
characters into astring. Python's random.choice() ensures that each character is
selected randomly.
 User Input Validation: The program checks if the user’s input for password
length isvalid

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 SNAPSHOTS OF PROJECT
Figure 9.1: Simple Calculator Interface

Fig 1

9.1.1 Description:
This is a graphical interface for a basic calculator program that allows users to
performsimple arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division). The interface has buttons for numbers and operations, with an area to
display the calculationresult.

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 Figure 9.2: To do list Generator

Fig 2

9.2.1 Description:
This figure shows the output of a "Rock, Paper, Scissors" game. The user selects one
of thethree options, and the computer randomly generates its choice. The output
displays both selections and declares a winner or a draw based on the game's rules.

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Figure 9.3: Password Generator Example Output

Fig 3

9.3.1 Description:

This screenshot shows the output of a password generator that creates secure
passwords based on user specifications, such as length and inclusion of special
characters. The generated password is displayed in an output field.

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 APLLICTIONS AND IMPORTANCE

10.1 Simple Calculator

The development of a simple calculator application is a foundational project for many
learning programmers, and it holds significant importance beyond just basic
arithmetic. While seemingly straightforward, a calculator serves as an essential tool
for countless daily calculations. This project is typically among the first undertaken in
software development because it introduces beginners to core programming concepts,
including handling user input, performing calculations, displaying output, and
managing basic control flows. The creation of a simple calculator application also lays
the groundwork for more advanced applications and financial software, helping
developers understand how to manipulate numbers and apply logical operations,
which is critical in more complex programming scenarios.

10.1.1 Importance of a Calculator in Daily Life

1. Daily Arithmetic Operations: Calculators are widely used for basic arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These operations are
frequently encountered in everyday situations, whether calculating the total cost of
groceries, balancingpersonal finances, or determining the amount of ingredients for a
recipe. The presence of a simple, user-friendly calculator simplifies these tasks, saving
time and reducing the chances of human error.

2. Learning Tool for Students: Calculators are essential educational tools for students
learning mathematics. While the use of a calculator might seem to reduce the mental
exerciseof solving problems by hand, it also provides learners with a practical way to
verify answers and understand concepts better. Through consistent practice, students
can better comprehend mathematical operations and develop a stronger foundation in
numeracy.

3. Convenience in Professional Settings: Professionals across a wide array of fields

also rely on calculators for quick computations. For instance, business analysts might
use them for rough financial estimations, architects may calculate measurements, and
scientists could perform preliminary data calculations. Although specialized software
exists in these fields, a basic calculator can serve as a quick and convenient option,
especially for simple or on-the- fly calculations.

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4. Foundation for Financial Management: Simple calculators play a vital role in
helping individuals manage their finances. From calculating interest on loans to
budgeting monthly expenses, calculators offer users a way to understand their
financial situations better. By allowing people to work out the costs associated with
loans, savings, and investments, calculators encourage informed decision-making
and promote financial literacy.

10.1.2 Building Blocks for Complex Software Applications

Developing a simple calculator is not only about creating an application but also about
understanding the fundamental programming skills that underpin software
development. Creating a calculator introduces developers to critical concepts,
including:

1. User Interface (UI) Development: Whether through a command-line interface or a

graphical user interface (GUI), building a calculator helps developers learn the basics
of user interface design. This project teaches them how to structure the interface,
handle user inputs,and display results clearly. These skills are crucial in more complex
applications, as the user interface is often the most interactive aspect of software.

2. Error Handling and Validation: A calculator project exposes programmers to error

handling. Users may enter invalid data (such as non-numeric characters or division by
zero), and the application must handle these situations gracefully. Learning how to
validate input and prevent errors is crucial in any software project, as it improves the
program's robustness and user experience. This skill is especially important in
financial software, where accurate calculations are critical.

3. Mathematical Logic and Operations: Developing a calculator requires programmers

to understand basic arithmetic operations and implement them accurately. This
understanding is essential when building more complex applications like accounting
software, where calculations may involve multiple mathematical operations, interest
rates, and amortization formulas.

4. Event Handling: In a GUI calculator, each button press is an event that the
application must process. Learning event handling enables programmers to respond to
user interactions effectively. This concept is essential for any interactive application,
as it allows the softwareto respond dynamically to user actions, whether it’s clicking a
button or entering text.

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5. Programming Logic and Control Structures: Building a calculator requires
developers touse conditional statements and loops to handle various operations and
responses. For example, an "equals" button must trigger a calculation, while other
buttons should perform their respective operations. Control structures are
foundational programming concepts, helping programmers create logical flows and
execute tasks based on conditions.

10.1.3 Importance in Building Financial Software

Financial software demands precision, reliability, and the ability to handle complex
operations accurately. A simple calculator serves as a microcosm of these
requirements, offering developers insight into how to approach more sophisticated
applications. Several elements learned from developing a calculator can directly
apply to financial software, including:

1. Data Accuracy and Validation: Financial calculations must be precise, as errors can
lead tosignificant financial loss or legal issues. Building a calculator helps developers
understand the importance of correct calculations and input validation, which is
essential in applications like payroll systems, accounting software, and investment
analysis tools.

2. User-Friendly Interfaces: Financial software needs to be accessible and easy for

users to interact with. A calculator project demonstrates how to design a user-
friendly interface for numerical input and output, a skill that can be scaled up to
create intuitive designs for budgeting apps, mortgage calculators, or financial
planning tools.

3. Basic Arithmetic and Logical Operations: Many financial applications rely on

arithmetic and logical operations to perform calculations, such as interest
computation, tax deductions, and loan payments. The mathematical logic behind a
simple calculator directly translates to these applications, where developers must
ensure the correctness and efficiency of algorithms to maintain software performance
and reliability.

4. Scalability for More Complex Applications: Building a calculator can

introduce developers to scalability. A simple calculator could be expanded to
include scientific functions, trigonometry, or financial calculations like
compound interest.

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10.1.4 Broader Implications of Building a Calculator

Aside from the direct applications in software development and financial systems, the
process of building a calculator has several broader implications for programmers:

1. Confidence and Motivation: Successfully building a calculator can give new

programmers confidence in their abilities. Completing this project demonstrates that
they can create a functional application from scratch, encouraging them to take on
more challenging projects and expand their knowledge.

2. Adaptability: The calculator project introduces developers to the adaptability

needed toimprove or modify software. Whether they need to add new functions or
enhance the interface, this experience teaches them to approach software
development with flexibilityand responsiveness to user needs.

3. Introduction to Collaboration and Code Management: If working in teams,

developing a calculator introduces new programmers to collaboration tools like
GitHub, where they can learn about version control, code sharing, and peer reviews.
This experience is invaluable for future software projects, where collaboration and
maintaining code integrity are vital.

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10.2 To-Do List Generator
The To-Do List Generator: Significance in Learning Data Management, User
Interaction, and Modular Programming Foundations
The To-Do List Generator is a practical and straightforward program that serves as an
excellent tool for introducing essential programming concepts, particularly for
beginners. It allows users to add, view, mark as completed, and delete tasks from a list,
simulating a basic task management system.
This seemingly simple program offers deep learning opportunities across various areas
of programming, including data management, user interaction, and modular coding. By
creating a To-Do List Generator in Python, developers gain hands-on experience with
control flow, list manipulation, and user input handling, which are relevant in diverse
programming scenarios.

10.2.1 Learning Data Management

Data management is a fundamental concept in programming that allows a program to

handle and organize data efficiently. In the To-Do List Generator, data management is
crucial to store, update, and display tasks. Python uses lists and dictionaries to
implement these features, making it easy to manage the task data.
For instance, the program needs to store each task in a list, where each task can be
represented as a dictionary with attributes such as the task description and completion
status:
 Adding a task: The user inputs a task description, which is appended to the list of
tasks.
 Viewing tasks: The program iterates over the list of tasks to display them to the user.
 Marking tasks as completed: The program updates the status of a task in the list.
 Deleting tasks: The program removes a task from the list based on user input.
This logic is implemented using a series of list and dictionary operations that manage
the tasks. By developing these features, programmers become familiar with data
management using Python's built-in data structures, an essential skill in many
programming tasks. This aspect of the program reinforces an understanding of data
management and allows developers to think through how to organize and manipulate
data effectively.

10.2.2 Understanding User Interaction

User interaction is an essential aspect of the To-Do List Generator, as it involves

taking input from the user, processing that input, and providing feedback. For example,
the program asks the user to choose an option from a menu by entering their input.
This interaction teaches beginners how to gather input from users and handle different
types of responses.
In the To-Do List Generator, the user’s input is captured through Python’s input()
function. The program must then validate this input to ensure it matches one of the

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valid options in the menu. If the input does not match any of these options, the
program can prompt the user to re-enter a valid choice. This process of validating input
introduces the concept of error handling and user guidance, which is crucial in making
applications user-friendly and robust.
Furthermore, after the program processes the user’s input, it displays the appropriate
message to the user, showing the updated list of tasks or confirming the action taken.
This feedback loop is critical in enhancing user engagement, an essential principle in
user interface development.

10.2.3 Reinforcing Modular Coding and Functions

The To-Do List Generator encourages modularity by allowing programmers to

separate different components of the program logic into functions. For instance, the
code for adding a task, viewing tasks, marking a task as completed, and deleting a task
can be encapsulated in separate functions.
By dividing the program into functions, developers practice modular coding, a best
practice in software development that makes code more organized, reusable, and
maintainable. Functions provide a way to break down complex logic into smaller,
manageable components, a strategy that is crucial for developing larger and more
sophisticated programs. In professional software development, modular design allows
multiple developers to work on different components of the program simultaneously
and also simplifies testing and debugging processes.

10.2.4 Learning Foundational Software Development Concepts

Although the To-Do List Generator is quite simple, it introduces several foundational
software development concepts. One of these is the concept of a "program loop,"
where the program waits for the user’s input, processes the input, and then displays the
result. This cycle continues until the user decides to stop using the program. In more
advanced programs, this loop often involves complex timing, event handling, and real-
time data processing, but the To-Do List Generator provides a simple framework for
understanding the program loop structure.
Additionally, this project highlights the importance of user experience (UX) in
software development. Even in a simple program like the To-Do List Generator,
ensuring the program is enjoyable, easy to understand, and provides timely feedback is
crucial for user satisfaction. The program’s simplicity allows developers to focus on
creating an intuitive flow from input to output, reinforcing the importance of UX
principles, which are critical in software development and interactive application
design.

10.2.5 Building a Foundation for More Advanced Applications

For beginners interested in pursuing software development, the To-Do List Generator
offers a solid foundation for more complex applications. While the program is

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straightforward, the skills learned — data management, user interaction, modular code
structure, and program flow — are applicable to a wide range of applications. For
example, students can progress from the To-Do List Generator to applications with
more complex data structures, user interfaces, and functionalities.
By understanding the underlying logic and structure of the To-Do List Generator,
developers can build on these concepts to create more sophisticated applications, such
as project management tools, personal organizers, and interactive web applications.
These foundational principles can also be extended to develop graphical applications
using libraries like Tkinter or web-based applications using frameworks like Flask or
Django, which allow developers to create visual and interactive elements.
.

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10.3 Password Generator

10.3.1 Introduction to Password Security

In the cutting-edge digital age, password safety is greater critical than ever. With an
increasing quantity of sensitive information saved online, robust passwords function
the firstline of protection towards unauthorized get entry to and cyber threats. Weak or
predictable passwords can without problems be exploited, making it critical for users
to create complex, specific, and randomized passwords to shield their online accounts
and statistics. For builders and cybersecurity specialists, expertise the way to generate
sturdy passwords is an crucial talent that contributes to typical statistics protection and
private safety on digital systems.

The Password Generator challenge in Python introduces college students and

beginners to the idea of steady password advent. By constructing this undertaking,
customers learn the principles of randomness and complexity, each of that are
significant to robust password protection. The challenge also covers realistic
applications of Python's string manipulation, the random module, and enter validation,
all of which might be abilities that may be without delay implemented to actual-
international programming demanding situations. Through this venture, students
advantage perception into how programming abilities can make contributions to
security measures, a important element inside the subject of cybersecurity.

10.3.2 Importance of Randomness in Cybersecurity

Randomness is a fundamental aspect of robust passwords. Randomly generated

passwords are some distance more stable than those based totally on styles, as they
make it exponentially tougher for attackers to bet or "brute-pressure" them. Brute-
force attacks involve systematically trying each possible password mixture, and
passwords that lack complexity or randomness are lots less difficult to crack. For
example, not unusual phrases, repeated characters, or predictable sequences (such as
"123456" or "password") provide minimum safety towards these kinds of attacks.

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10.3.3 Building the Password Generator in Python

The Password Generator assignment is designed to generate robust, random passwords

primarily based on person-distinctive standards. The software prompts the person to
enter the desired password period, which usually tiers from eight to 16 characters for
widespread use. However, many organizations advise using passwords with a
minimum period of 12 characters for highest quality protection. Based in this enter,
this system creates a password by using randomly deciding on characters from more
than one person sets.

10.3.4 Character Sets and Password Complexity

In this mission, Python's random module and string manipulation strategies are used to
pick characters from four primary units:

Uppercase
Letters: A-Z
Lowercase
Letters: a-z
Digits: zero-nine
Special Characters: Symbols such as @, #, $, %, !, and many others.
Each person set enhances the password’s complexity, making it harder for attackers to
are expecting or guess. For instance, the usage of most effective lowercase letters (26
feasible characters) consequences in a particularly small pool of combinations.
Adding uppercase letters doubles this pool, at the same time as such as digits and
unique characters in addition expands the range of feasible combos exponentially. A
complex password with characters from a majority of these sets is consequently
exponentially extra steady than one which include most effective letters or numbers.

10.3.5 Program Flow and Structure

The application shape for the Password Generator may be broken down into the
subsequentsteps:

Input Validation: The software begins with the aid of prompting the person to
enter the preferred password period. Input validation ensures the person inputs a
range of inside a reasonable range (e.g., among 8 and 32 characters).

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Character Pool Creation: Based on predefined units (uppercase letters,
lowercase letters, digits, and unique characters), the program creates a pool of
characters from which to randomly draw. This pool may vary relying on particular
user requirements or safety regulations.

Password Generation: Using a loop, the program selects random characters from the
pool, appending every character to a list till the list reaches the specified length. The
program thencombines those characters right into a unmarried string, forming the very
last password.

Output: The generated password is exhibited to the consumer, who can then use it to
secure money owed or sensitive facts. In a actual-international utility, the password is
probably encrypted and stored securely for future use.
Practical Applications of the Password Generator

The Password Generator is a foundational project that teaches users about data
security and Python programming. While this precise undertaking focuses on
producing sturdy passwords, the talents learned can be applied to other components of
cybersecurity. For example:

Personal Data Security: Strong passwords are vital for personal bills, defensive
against unauthorized access to emails, social media profiles, and economic
records. A passwordgenerator empowers customers to create passwords which are
precise and hardto crack,extensively enhancing their protection.

Corporate Cybersecurity: Companies frequently have password guidelines requiring

employees to use complicated passwords for gaining access to sensitive facts.
Automating password era ensures that these passwords comply with protection
recommendations .

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Learning and Expanding Skills: This undertaking introduces primary concepts of
randomness and security that can be multiplied into more advanced topics. For instance,
developers can build upon the Password Generator to create extra sophisticated tools,
which includes multi-thing authentication systems, encrypted password managers, or
structures that periodically rotate passwords.

Integration with Other Projects: The Password Generator may be included with
differentpackages to steady consumer debts or structures. For instance, builders
creating a login gadget would possibly comprise this password generator to
indicate robust passwords tousers or to car-generate passwords for brief money
owed.

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 REFERENCES FORMAT

1. For research papers:

- [1] Oliphant, T. E., 2007: Python for Scientific Computing. Comput. Sci. Eng.,
9(3), 10–20.
- [2] Millman, K. J., & Aivazis, M., 2011: Python for Scientists and Engineers. Comput.
Sci. Eng., 13(2), 9–12.

2. For books:
- Zelle, J. M., 2010: Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science.
Franklin,Beedle & Associates Inc.
- Sweigart, A., 2019: Automate the Boring Stuff with Python, 2nd Edition:
PracticalProgramming for Total Beginners. No Starch Press.

3. For web data repositories:

- Python Software Foundation, 2023: Python Documentation, Accessed
November 10,2023, https://docs.python.org/3/
- Kaggle, 2023: Python for Data Science and Machine Learning
Bootcamp Datasets,Accessed November 10, 2023

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Codsoft for providing me with the
invaluable opportunity to complete this internship in Python programming. This experience
has significantly enriched my understanding and practical skills in programming, and I am
profoundly thankful for the guidance and support offered by the entire team at Codsoft.

I also extend my sincere thanks to the Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology and the
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Internet of Things) for their unwavering
support, encouragement, and resources throughout this internship. Their academic and
technical resources, along with their continuous mentorship, have been instrumental in my
learning journey.

Furthermore, I am deeply grateful to my mentors, colleagues, and everyone who dedicated

their time and expertise to aid my growth. Their valuable insights and constructive feedback
have greatly enhanced my skills and motivated me to push my boundaries.

Thank you to everyone who supported me through this journey, making this internship a
truly impactful and memorable experience.