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Lesson 1 - Introduction

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Lesson 1 - Introduction

Uploaded by

therevil021218
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of

Steel Design
WHAT IS STEEL ?
Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon, and other metals
(manganese, nickel, chromium,molybdenum, boron,
titanium,vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, and niobium). Carbon
is added to reduce ductility and increase hardness.
Physical and Structural Properties of Steel
• Steel is widely used as a building material. This is
because of a number of factors including its mechanical
properties, availability in a variety of useful and practical
shapes, economy, design simplicity, and ease and speed
of construction.
• Steel can be produced with a variety of properties to suit
different requirements. The principle requirements are
Tensile strength, ductility, weldability, and corrosion
resistance.
ADVANTAGES
• High strength
• Uniformity
• Elasticity
• Permanence
• Ductility
• Toughness
DIS ADVANTAGES
• High maintenance costs
• Fireproofing costs
• Corrosion
• Susceptibility to buckling
• Less availabilty
Result of tensile test of Steel

1. Stress and strain are linear up to proportional limit


2. Upper Yield point is quickly reached, then level off at the lower
yield point
3. The Stress remain constant but Strain continues to increase
4. Load can still be applied in the steel, causing a rise in the curve
5. The Specimen reached its ultimate capacity, then necks down
6. Cross sectional area is reduced in the failed area
ASTM Type of Steel Min.Yield Stress(Fy) Specified
Designation MPa Min.Tensile
Strength(Fu)
A36 Carbon 248 400-551

A529 Carbon 290 414-580

A441 HighStrengthlow - alloy 276-345 414-484

A572 HighStrengthlow - alloy 290-450 414-551

A242 Atmospheric CorrosionResistantHighstrengthlow - alloy 290-345 435-484

A588 Atmospheric CorrosionResistantHighstrengthlow - alloy 290-345 435-484

A852 QuenchedandTemperedlow- alloy 484 622-484

A514 QuenchedandTemperedlow- alloy 622-690 690–898


Standard Steel Sections
Building Codes
Gives standard provision and design requirement in building
and design and do not give design procedures.

Design Specification
AISC - American Institute of Steel Construction
AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and
Tranportation Officials
ACI - American Concrete Institute
NSCP- National Structural Code of the Philippines

Construction Manual
AISC - Steel Consctruction Manual
ASEP- Steel Handbook
203.3 Load Combinations using Strength Design and
Load and Resistance Factor Design
• 1.4(D+F) (203-1)
• 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
• 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) (203-3)
• 1.2D + 1.0W +f1L +0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
• 1.2D + 1.0E +f1L (203-5)
• 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (203-6)
• 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)
• f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for Live loads in
excess of 4.8 Kpa
• f1 = 0.5 for other live loads
203. 4. Load Combinations using Allowable Stress and
Strength Design
• D+F (203-8)
• D+H+F+L+T (203-9)
• D+H+F+(Lr or R) (203-10)
• D+H+F+0.75[L+T+(Lr or R)] (203-11)
• D+H+F+(0.6W or E/1.4) (203-12)
Design Philosophoes (NSCP 2015)
• ASD - Allowable Strength Design
In allowable strength design (ASD), a member is selected that has cross-
sectional properties such as area and moment of inertia that are large
enough to prevent the maximum applied axial force, shear, or bending
moment from exceeding an allowable, or permissible, value.

The allowable stress will be in the elastic range of the material. This
approach to design is also called elastic design or working stress design.
Design Philosophoes (NSCP 2015)
502.3.4 Design for Strength using

Ra ≤ Rn
Ω (502.3-1)
where : Ra = required strength (ASD)
Rn = nominal strength
Ω = safety factor
Rn/Ω = allowable strength
Design Philosophoes (NSCP 2015)
LRFD - Load and Resistance Factor Design

Similar to plastic design in that strength, or the failure


condition, is considered. Load factors are applied to the
service loads, and a member is selected that will have
enough strength to resist the factored loads.
Design Philosophoes (NSCP 2015)
502.3.3 Design for Strength using Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD)
Ru ≤ΦRn (502.3-1)
where : Ru = required strength
Rn = nominal strength
Φ = resistance factor
ΦRn = design strength
Design Philosophoes (NSCP 2015)
• Plastic design is based on a consideration of failure
conditions rather than working load conditions. A
member is selected by using the criterion that the
structure will fail at a load substantially higher than the
working load.
Design Philosophoes (NSCP 2015)
The relationship between resistance factors and safety
factors is given by

= 1.67 (Yielding) = 0.9 (Yielding)


= 2.0 (Rupture) = 0.75 (Rupture)
Example
1.1 A column is Subjected to a compressive force from
the following sources : Dead Load = 30KN, Live Load =
17KN,
a. If LRFD is used, determine the required strength to be used in designing
the column.
c. What is the nominal strength of the column if the resistance factor is 0.9 ?
d. If ASD is used determine the load capacity to be used in the design of the
column.
e. What is the required nominal strength if factor of safety is 1.67.
EXAMPLE
Given : Tension Member in a Truss.
Dead Load : 125 KN
Live Load : 34 KN
Roof Live Load : 22 KN
Wind Load : 27 KN
Find : a. What is the required strength Ru for LRFD?
b. If resistance factor Ø is equal to 0.90, what is the required nominal
strength?
c. What is the required strength Ra for ASD?
d. If the safety factor Ω is equal to 1.6, what is the required nominal
strength?
1. Given : Tension Member in a Truss.
Dead Load : 133KN
Live Load : 39 KN
Roof Live Load : 28 KN
Wind Load : 28 KN
Earthquake Load : 25 KN
Determine the ff:
a. Required Nominal Strength, Rn , use LRFD, 0.9
b. Required Nominal Strength Rn, use ASD, 1.67

2. What is the difference between elastic range


and plastic range in the stress-strain diagram?
• References :
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP), ‘National Structural Code of
the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015)’ C101-15, Vol. I (7th ed.) Buildings, Towers, and Other
Vertical Structures.
William T. Segui, Steel Design, 5th edition
https://structural.community/articles/advantages-of-steel-construction/

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