by Dr. Mukesh Sharma Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Birla institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi Contents 2
➢ Heat Exchanger: Classification,
➢ LMTD and NTU – effectiveness methods of analysis, ➢ Correction factor, Fouling Factor, ➢ Single and multi-pass heat exchangers, ➢ Efficiency and Effectiveness.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 3 Introduction
➢ Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other.
➢ Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice in a wide range of applications, from heating and air-conditioning systems in a household, to chemical processing and power production in large plants. ➢ Heat exchangers differ from mixing chambers in that they do not allow the two fluids involved to mix. ➢ A heat exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the two fluids.
Heat Exchangers 8 Types of Heat Exchangers Types of Shell and tube type Heat Exchanger
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 9 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient ➢ A heat exchanger typically involves two flowing fluids separated by a solid wall. ➢ Heat is first transferred from the hot fluid to the wall by convection, through the wall by conduction, and from the wall to the cold fluid again by convection. ➢ Any radiation effects are usually included in the convection heat transfer coefficients.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 10 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient For a double-pipe heat exchanger 𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿 and 𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋𝐷𝑜 𝐿 The thermal resistance of the tube wall can be written as:
where k is the thermal conductivity of the wall material and L is the length of the tube. Then the total thermal resistance becomes:
In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to combine all the thermal resistances in the path of heat flow from the hot fluid to the cold one into a single resistance R, and to express the rate of heat transfer between the two fluids as
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 11 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
where 𝑈 is the overall heat transfer coefficient, whose unit is 𝑊/𝑚2 · °𝐶, which is identical to the unit of the ordinary convection coefficient ℎ. Canceling ∆𝑇
When the wall thickness of the tube is small and the thermal conductivity of the tube material is high, the thermal resistance of the tube is negligible (𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ≈ 0) and the inner and outer surfaces of the tube are almost identical (𝐴𝑖 ≈ 𝐴𝑜 ≈ 𝐴𝑠 ). Then the overall heat transfer coefficient simplifies to
where 𝑈 ≈ 𝑈𝑜 ≈ 𝑈𝑠 . The individual convection heat transfer coefficients inside and outside the tube When the tube is finned on one side to enhance heat transfer, the total heat transfer surface area on the finned side becomes
where 𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛 is the surface area of the fins and 𝐴𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑 is the area of the unfinned portion of the tube surface.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 12 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 13 Fouling Factor
➢ The performance of heat exchangers usually deteriorates with time as a result of accumulation of deposits on heat transfer surfaces. ➢ The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to heat transfer and causes the rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger to decrease. ➢ The net effect of these accumulations on heat transfer is represented by a fouling factor 𝑅𝑓 , which is a measure of the thermal resistance introduced by fouling. ➢ The most common type of fouling is the precipitation of solid deposits in a fluid on the heat transfer surfaces. ➢ Another form of fouling, which is common in the chemical process industry, is corrosion and other chemical fouling. In this case, the surfaces are fouled by the accumulation of the products of chemical reactions on the surfaces. ➢ Heat exchangers may also be fouled by the growth of algae in warm fluids. This type of fouling is called biological fouling and can be prevented by chemical treatment. ➢ The fouling factor is obviously zero for a new heat exchanger and increases with time as the solid deposits build up on the heat exchanger surface. ➢ The fouling factor depends on the operating temperature and the velocity of the fluids, as well as the length of service. ➢ Fouling increases with increasing temperature and decreasing velocity.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 14 Fouling Factor
The overall heat transfer coefficients for an unfinned
shell-and-tube heat exchanger taking fouling into account can be expressed as
➢ Where 𝑅𝑓,𝑖 and 𝑅𝑓,𝑜 are the fouling factors of
inner and outer tube.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 15 Analysis of Heat Exchangers Assumptions
➢ The mass flow rate of each fluid remains constant, and the fluid properties such as temperature and velocity at any inlet or outlet remain the same. ➢ The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. ➢ The specific heat of a fluid, in general, changes with temperature but in a specified temperature range, it can be treated as a constant at some average value with little loss in accuracy. ➢ Axial heat conduction along the tube is usually insignificant and can be considered negligible. ➢ The outer surface of the heat exchanger is assumed to be perfectly insulated. ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma Heat Exchangers 16 Analysis of Heat Exchangers
➢ From first law of thermodynamics, the rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid be equal to the rate of heat transfer to the cold fluid:
➢ From first law of thermodynamics, the rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid be equal to the rate of heat transfer to the cold fluid:
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Heat Exchangers 17 Analysis of Heat Exchangers
➢ In heat exchanger analysis, the mass flow rate and the specific heat of a fluid into a single quantity. ➢ This quantity is called the heat capacity rate and is defined for the hot and cold fluid streams as
➢ With the definition of the heat capacity rate the equation can also be expressed as
➢ The rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger can also be expressed in an analogous manner to Newton’s law of cooling as
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 18 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
➢ Here, 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 represent the temperature difference between
the two fluids at the two ends (inlet and outlet) of the heat exchanger. ➢ It makes no difference which end of the heat exchanger is designated as the inlet or the outlet
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 19 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 20 Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers: Use of a Correction Factor ➢ The log mean temperature difference ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 relation developed earlier is limited to parallel-flow and counter- flow heat exchangers only. ➢ Similar relations are also developed for cross-flow and multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers, but the resulting expressions are too complicated because of the complex flow conditions. ➢ In such cases, the equivalent temperature difference to the log mean temperature difference is related. ➢ The relation for the counter-flow case can be expressed as
➢ where F is the correction factor, which depends on the geometry of the heat exchanger and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluid streams. The ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝐶𝐹 is the log mean temperature difference for the case of a counter-flow heat exchanger with the same inlet and outlet temperatures. ➢ The correction factor is less than unity for a cross-flow and multipass shell and-tube heat exchanger. ➢ The limiting value of 𝐹 = 1 corresponds to the counter-flow heat exchanger. ➢ The correction factor F for a heat exchanger is a measure of deviation of the ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 from the corresponding values for the counter-flow case.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers: 21 Use of a Correction Factor
➢ The correction factor F for common cross-flow and
shell-and-tube heat exchanger configurations is given in Figure versus two temperature ratios P and R defined as
and
➢ where the subscripts 1 and 2 represent the inlet
and outlet, respectively. Note that for a shell-and- tube heat exchanger, T and t represent the shell- and tube-side temperatures, respectively. ➢ The determination of the correction factor F The determination of the heat transfer rate for cross- requires the availability of the inlet and the outlet flow and multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers temperatures for both the cold and hot fluids. using the correction factor. ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma Analysis of Heat Exchangers Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers: 22 Use of a Correction Factor
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers: 23 Use of a Correction Factor
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 24 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 25 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method 26
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 27 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 28 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 29 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD ➢ The number of transfer units (NTU) method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers (especially counter current exchangers) when there is insufficient information to calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD). ➢ This method is based on a dimensionless parameter called the heat transfer effectiveness 𝜺 defined as
The actual heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger can be determined from an energy balance on the hot or cold fluids and can be expressed as
where 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 and 𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ሶℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ are the heat capacity rates of the cold and the hot fluids, respectively. To determine the maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger, the maximum temperature difference in a heat exchanger is the difference between the inlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids is to be determined. That is,
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 30 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD ➢ the maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger is
➢ where 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the smaller of 𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ሶℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ and 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 .
➢ Actual heat transfer rate Q can be determined from
➢ The effectiveness of a heat exchanger enables us to determine the heat transfer rate without knowing the outlet temperatures of the fluids. ➢ The effectiveness of a heat exchanger depends on the geometry of the heat exchanger as well as the flow arrangement.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 31 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD ➢ The effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger can be expressed as
➢ 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the smaller heat capacity ratio and 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the larger one, and it makes no difference whether 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 belongs to the hot or cold fluid. 𝑈𝐴 𝑠 ➢ 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 . ➢ 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠𝑁𝑇𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 32 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD
➢ Effectiveness relations have been developed for a large number of heat exchangers, and the results are given in Table
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 33 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 34 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 35 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 36 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Analysis of Heat Exchangers 37 THE EFFECTIVENESS–NTU METHOD
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
References 38
➢ https://learnmech.com/introduction-to-heat-transfer/ ➢ Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman and Lavine, John Wiley & Sons. ➢ Heat and Mass Transfer by J.P. Holman, Tata McGraw Hill ➢ Heat and Mass Transfer by Yunus A. Cengel and A. J Ghajar, Tata McGraw Hill ➢ Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer by R. C. Sachdeva, New Edge Science Ltd., New Delhi ➢ Heat Transfer by S. P. Sukhatme, Universities Press ➢ Heat and Mass Transfer by P. K. Nag, McGraw Hill
