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Table of Contents vii
4.9 The Role of Financial Ratios—and a Final Note Expectations Theory 201
on Transparency 121 Interest Rate Risk and the Liquidity Premium 202
Transparency 122
6.6 Corporate Bonds and the Risk of Default 203
4.10 Summary 123 Variations in Corporate Bonds 206
6.7 Summary 209
PART TWO
Appendix 6A: A More Detailed Look at the Yield
VALUE 131 Curve 216
Appendix 6B: Duration: Measuring the Life of a Bond
CHAPTER 5
(available on Connect)
The Time Value of Money 131
9.2 Calculating Cash Flows 307 11.2 Eighty-Five Years of Capital Market
Capital Investment 308 History 363
Investment in Working Capital 308 Market Indexes 363
Operating Cash Flow 309 The Historical Record 364
Using Historical Evidence to Estimate Today’s Cost
9.3 Business Taxes in Canada and the Capital
of Capital 367
Budgeting Decision 311
Depreciation and Capital Cost Allowance 311 11.3 Measuring Risk 369
The Asset Class System 312 Variance and Standard Deviation 369
Sale of Assets 314 A Note on Calculating Variance 372
Termination of Asset Pool 314 Measuring the Variation in Stock Returns 372
Present Values of CCA Tax Shields 315
11.4 Risk and Diversification 374
9.4 Example: Blooper Industries 317 Diversification 374
Calculating Blooper’s Project Cash Flows 318 Asset versus Portfolio Risk 375
Calculating the NPV of Blooper’s Project 320 Covariance and Correlation 378
Further Notes and Wrinkles Arising from Blooper’s Correlation and Portfolio Diversification 379
Project 321 Market Risk versus Unique Risk 382
9.5 Summary 324 11.5 Thinking About Risk 383
Appendix 9A: Deriving the CCA Tax Shield Message 1: Some Risks Look Big and Dangerous but
(available on Connect) Really are Diversifiable 383
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Table of Contents ix
Message 2: Market Risks are Macro Risks 384 How Changing Capital Structure Affects WACC
Message 3: Risk Can be Measured 385 When the Corporate Tax Rate is Zero 436
How Changing Capital Structure Affects Debt and
11.6 Summary 385
Equity when the Corporate Tax Rate is Zero 437
What Happens if Capital Structure Changes and the
CHAPTER 12 Corporate Tax Rate is Not Zero? 438
Risk, Return, and Capital Budgeting 392 Revisiting the Project Cost of Capital 440
12.1 Measuring Market Risk 393 13.7 Valuing Entire Businesses 440
Measuring Beta 394 Calculating the Value of the Concatenator
Betas for Cameco and Royal Bank 397 Business 442
Total Risk and Market Risk 398 13.8 Summary 443
Portfolio Betas 399
12.2 Risk and Return and Capital Asset Pricing PART FOUR
Model, CAPM 400
Why the CAPM Makes Sense 403 FINANCING 451
The Security Market Line 404
How Well Does the CAPM Work? 405 CHAPTER 14
Using the CAPM to Estimate Expected Returns 408 Introduction to Corporate Financing and
Governance 451
12.3 Capital Budgeting and Project Risk 408
Company Risk versus Project Risk 409 14.1 Creating Value with Financing Decisions 453
Determinants of Project Risk 410
Don’t Add Fudge Factors to Discount Rates 411 14.2 Common Stock 454
Book Value versus Market Value 455
12.4 Summary 412
Dividends 456
Ownership of the Corporation 456
CHAPTER 13 Voting Procedures 456
The Weighted-Average Cost of Capital and Classes of Stock 457
Company Valuation 420 Corporate Governance in Canada and
Elsewhere 458
13.1 Geothermal’s Cost of Capital 421
14.3 Preferred Stock 461
13.2 The Weighted-Average Cost of Capital 423
Calculating Company Cost of Capital as a Weighted 14.4 Corporate Debt 463
Average 424 Debt Comes in Many Forms 463
Use Market Weights, Not Book Weights 426 Innovation in the Debt Market 468
Taxes and the Weighted-Average Cost 14.5 Convertible Securities 472
of Capital 427
What If There are Three (or More) Sources 14.6 Patterns of Corporate Financing 473
of Financing? 428 Do Firms Rely Too Heavily on Internal Funds? 474
Wrapping Up Geothermal 428 External Sources of Capital 474
Checking Our Logic 429 14.7 Summary 476
13.3 Measuring Capital Structure 430 Appendix 14A: The Bond Refunding Decision 481
13.4 Calculating Required Rates of Return 432
The Expected Return on Bonds 432 CHAPTER 15
The Expected Return on Common Stock 432 Venture Capital, IPOs, and Seasoned
The Expected Return on Preferred Stock 434 Offerings 488
13.5 Calculating the Weighted-Average Cost
15.1 Venture Capital 490
of Capital 434
Venture Capital Companies 491
Real Company WACC 435
15.2 The Initial Public Offering 492
13.6 Interpreting the Weighted-Average Cost
Arranging a Public Issue 493
of Capital 435
When You Can and Can’t Use WACC 435 15.3 The Underwriters 497
Some Common Mistakes 436 Who are the Underwriters? 498
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x Table of Contents
DEBT AND PAYOUT POLICY 523 17.4 When Do Financial Leases Pay? 576
17.5 Summary 577
CHAPTER 16
Debt Policy 523 CHAPTER 18
Payout Policy 584
16.1 How Borrowing Affects Value in a Tax-Free
Economy 525
18.1 How Dividends are Paid 585
MM’s Argument 526
Cash Dividends 585
How Borrowing Affects Earnings per Share 526
Some Legal Limitations on Dividends 587
How Borrowing Affects Risk and Return 529
Stock Dividends, Stock Splits, and Reverse
Debt and the Cost of Equity 530
Splits 587
16.2 Capital Structure and Corporate Taxes 533 Dividend Reinvestment Plans and Share Purchase
Debt and Taxes at River Cruises 533 Plans 588
How Interest Tax Shields Contribute to the Value
18.2 Share Repurchase 588
of Shareholders’ Equity 535
Why Repurchases are Like Dividends 589
Corporate Taxes and the Weighted-Average Cost
Repurchases and Share Valuation 590
of Capital 535
The Implications of Corporate Taxes for Capital 18.3 How Do Companies Decide on How Much to
Structure 536 Pay Out? 591
The Role of Share Repurchase Decisions 592
16.3 Costs of Financial Distress 537
The Information Content of Dividends and
Bankruptcy Costs 538
Repurchases 592
Evidence on Bankruptcy Costs 539
Direct versus Indirect Costs of Bankruptcy 540 18.4 Why Payout Policy Should Not Matter 594
Financial Distress without Bankruptcy 540 Payout Policy is Irrelevant in Efficient Financial
Costs of Distress Vary with Type of Asset 542 Markets 595
The Assumptions Behind Dividend-Irrelevance 597
16.4 Explaining Financing Choices 544
The Trade-Off Theory 544 18.5 Why Dividends May Increase Firm Value 597
A Pecking-Order Theory 544 Market Imperfections 597
The Two Faces of Financial Slack 545
18.6 Why Dividends May Reduce Firm Value 598
16.5 Bankruptcy Procedures 548 Why Pay Any Dividends at All? 599
The Choice Between Liquidation and Dividends versus Capital Gains 599
Reorganization 551 Dividend Clientele Effects 600
16.6 Summary 552 18.7 Summary 600
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Table of Contents xi
Preface
This book is about corporate finance. It focuses on how com- Modern financial management is not “rocket science.” It is
panies invest in real assets and how they raise the money to a set of ideas that can be made clear by words, graphs, and
pay for these investments. It also provides a broad introduction numerical examples. The ideas provide the “why” behind the
to the financial landscape, discussing, for example, the major tools that good financial managers use to make investment
players in financial markets, the role of financial institutions and financing decisions.
in the economy, and how securities are traded and valued by
investors. The book offers a framework for systematically WHY USE OUR BOOK
thinking about most of the important financial problems that
We wrote this book to make financial management clear,
both firms and individuals are likely to confront.
useful, interesting, and fun for the beginning student. We set
Financial management is important, interesting, and chal-
out to show that modern finance and good financial practice
lenging. It is important because today’s capital investment deci-
go together—even for the financial novice. The key to this is
sions may determine the businesses that the firm is in 10, 20, or
a thorough understanding of the principles and mechanics of
more years ahead. Also, a firm’s success or failure depends in
the time value of money. This material underlies almost all of
large part on its ability to find the capital that it needs.
this text, and we spend a lengthy Chapter 5 providing exten-
Finance is interesting for several reasons. Financial deci-
sive practice with this key concept.
sions often involve huge sums of money. Large investment
The second component of our approach is the extensive use
projects or acquisitions may involve billions of dollars. Also,
of numerical examples. Each chapter presents detailed numeri-
the financial community is international and fast-moving,
cal examples to help the reader become familiar and comfort-
with colourful heroes and a sprinkling of unpleasant villains.
able with the material. We have peppered the book with real-life
Finance is challenging. Financial decisions are rarely cut
illustrations of the chapters’ topics. Some of these are excerpts
and dried, and the financial markets in which companies oper-
from the financial press found in Finance in Action boxes;
ate are changing rapidly. Good managers can cope with rou-
others are built into the text as examples. By connecting con-
tine problems, but only the best managers can respond to
cepts with practice, we strive to give students a working ability
change. To handle new problems, you need more than rules of
to make financial decisions.
thumb; you need to understand why companies and financial
We have streamlined the treatment of most topics to avoid
markets behave as they do and when common practice may
getting bogged down in unnecessary detail that can over-
not be best practice. Once you have a consistent framework for
whelm a beginner. We don’t assume users will have a lot of
making financial decisions, complex problems become more
background knowledge.
manageable.
We have written the book in a relaxed and informal writing
This book provides that framework. It is not an encyclope-
style. We use mathematical notation only where necessary.
dia of finance. It focuses instead on setting out the basic prin-
Even when we present an equation, we usually write it in
ciples of financial management and applying them to the main
words before using symbols. This approach has two advan-
decisions faced by the financial manager. It explains why the
tages: it is less intimidating and it focuses attention on the
firm’s owners would like the manager to increase firm value
underlying concept rather than just the formula.
and shows how managers choose between investments that
may pay off at different points of time or have different degrees
of risk. It also describes the main features of financial markets WAYS TO USE OUR BOOK
and discusses why companies may prefer a particular source of There are about as many effective ways to organize a course in
finance. corporate finance as there are teachers. For this reason, we have
Some texts shy away from modern finance, sticking instead ensured that the text is modular, so that topics can be intro-
with more traditional, procedural, or institutional approaches. duced in different sequences. Nonetheless, in this edition we
These are supposed to be easier or more practical. We disagree have changed the sequencing of chapters to improve the logical
emphatically. The concepts of modern finance, properly flow of topics. For instance, the chapter on financial statement
explained, make the subject simpler, not more difficult. They analysis has been moved ahead and is now Chapter 4 (Measuring
are also more practical. The tools of financial management are Corporate Performance) as we recognize that many instructors
easier to grasp and use effectively when presented in a consis- will prefer to go directly to this topic after covering Chapter 3
tent conceptual framework. Modern finance provides that (Accounting and Finance), as a gentler transition from a typical
framework. prerequisite accounting course. Also, recognizing that firms
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xiv Preface
have the choice of making investment decisions by either in Action article on prediction markets. Coverage of financial
taking on debt in order to purchase assets or by leasing those intermediaries has expanded coverage of exchange traded
assets, the chapter on leasing has been moved forward as funds (EFTs) and hedge funds. A non-technical introduction
Chapter 17 and now follows the one on debt policy (Chapter 16). to the idea of the opportunity cost of capital provides context
We have made sure that Part Six (Financial Planning) can for the later discussion of present value.
easily follow Part One (Introduction). Similarly, we discuss Chapter 3 (Accounting and Finance) includes a discussion
working capital after the basic principles of valuation and of new Canadian accounting standards for public companies,
financing, but we recognize that many instructors prefer to which are the International Financial Reporting Standards
reverse that order. There should be no difficulty in using Part (IFRS). The discussion of profits versus cash flow includes
Seven (Short-Term Financial Decisions) out of order. When more examples of how accrual accounting impacts cash flow.
we discuss project valuation in Part Two (Value), we stress The tax rates have also been updated.
that the opportunity cost of capital depends on project risk. Chapter 4 (Measuring Corporate Performance—formerly
But we do not discuss how to measure risk or how return and titled Financial Statement Analysis) was previously Chapter 17
risk are linked until Part Three (Risk). This ordering can of the text. In response to user comments, we have moved this
easily be modified. For example, the chapters on risk and chapter to Part One to accompany the previous chapter on
return can be introduced before, after, or midway through the accounting and finance. We also have extensively rewritten
material on project valuation. the chapter with a sharper focus on how financial data can be
used to measure contributions to firm value.
CHANGES IN THE FIFTH CANADIAN Chapter 5 (The Time Value of Money) has been updated
EDITION and rearranged to improve logical flow. The chapter includes
This fifth Canadian edition of Fundamentals includes many new spreadsheet applications.
updates. We have enhanced the analytical tools used with the Chapter 6 (Valuing Bonds) has been updated. The discus-
book: more spreadsheet boxes are integrated into the chapters; sion of the risk of default has been extended to include pos-
end-of-chapter problems include exercises that ask students to sible default of European governments’ debt.
use a variety of Internet resources to solve financial problems Chapter 7 (Valuing Stocks) starts with a review of stock
and integrative mini cases. The location of some chapters in the markets and trading procedures and motivates stock valuation
book has been altered to improve the logical flow of topics. In with an example of an investor considering whether to pur-
addition, we have rewritten, rearranged, and added material to chase a particular stock, RIM. We begin this discussion with
improve readability and update coverage across chapters. The valuation by comparables and the distinction between price
following are some examples of the changes that we have made. and intrinsic value. Then the details of dividend discount
Chapter 1 (Goals and Governance of the Firm) has been model are discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion of
largely rewritten to improve readability and interest. This market efficiency.
chapter and Chapter 2 include the real-life case of Research Chapter 8 (Net Present Value and Other Investment
In Motion and its founder Mike Lazaridis, illustrating how Criteria) has been streamlined and reorganized. The chapter
financial markets help infant firms grow into healthy adults. includes a new discussion, “Modified Internal Rate of Return.”
The section on business organizations has new material on Chapter 9 (Using Discounted Cash Flow Analysis to Make
private corporations and the pros and cons of being a public Investment Decisions) has been updated and the discussion of
corporation. Examples of investment and financial decisions project cash flow has been reworked to more carefully show
of well-known companies are used to illustrate the main how each of its components can be estimated. The chapter
activities of financial managers, the role of financial mar- works through a realistic comprehensive example of capital
kets, and the goals of a corporation. Keeping in mind the budgeting analysis and includes updated information on capi-
currency of certain themes, the chapter includes new discus- tal cost allowance (CCA). An appendix showing how the CCA
sion on the global financial crisis, big government bailouts, tax shield is derived is available to the reader on Connect.
credit default swaps, and the subprime mortgage crisis. New Chapter 10 (Project Analysis). The updated chapter includes
content on the ethical issues that confront managers includes revised coverage of NPV breakeven analysis. New Finance in
a Finance in Action article on the value of ethical dealings to Action material includes an article on the uncertainty associ-
maintain reputation in the context of the recent global finan- ated with development costs in the mining industry.
cial crisis. Chapter 11 (Introduction to Risk, Return, and the Oppor-
Chapter 2 (Financial Markets and Institutions) opens with tunity Cost of Capital) starts with a historical survey of returns
the history of Research In Motion. It includes new coverage of on bonds and stocks and goes on to distinguish between the
agency problems and corporate governance and a new Finance unique risk and market risk of individual stocks.
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Preface xv
Chapter 12 (Risk, Return, and Capital Budgeting) market Chapter 21 (Cash and Inventory Management) has an
data has been updated and shows how to measure market risk updated table of payments methods in different countries
and discusses the relationship between risk and expected around the world. The discussion of just-in-time inventory
return. management has been extended to talk about the risk of not
Chapter 13 (The Weighted-Average Cost of Capital and holding inventory. The Finance in Action article deals with the
Company Valuation) market data has been updated. A new impact of environment disasters, such as Iceland’s volcano ash
discussion of the choice of the risk-free security, Treasury bill, and Japan’s earthquake and tsunami, on the access to supplies.
or long-term government bond when implementing CAPM The discussion of the various types of short-term investments
has been added. includes asset-backed commercial paper. A new Finance in
Chapter 14 (Introduction to Corporate Financing and Action article deals with the asset-backed commercial paper
Governance) has been extensively updated, and includes new crisis and how it was resolved.
discussion on the recent subprime crisis in the United States Chapter 22 (Credit Management and Collection) empha-
and its impact on credit markets and economic activity in sizes that buying goods on credit is in effect a loan from the
countries around the world, including Canada. Two new supplier. The equation for calculating the effective annual inter-
Finance in Action boxes discuss the fallout from the crisis and est rate when using trade credit has been revised to show vari-
another examines the bounce back of corporate financing ous ways to assess the impact of forgoing the cash discount.
activity in Canada, in which debt markets have played an Chapter 23 (Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Control)
important role. has been fully reorganized, and now begins with an overview
Chapter 15 (Venture Capital, IPOs, and Seasoned Offer- of why mergers and other forms of reorganization may make
ings). The chapter has updated material on developments in the sense. Next are the mechanics of acquisitions and barriers to
IPO market. An appendix to the chapter discussing the financ- mergers, including antitrust law, political and public opposi-
ing of new and small enterprises has been rewritten to reflect tion, and merger evaluation. Then we progress to the market
changes in the venture capital industry and other sources of for corporate control and discuss various methods for achiev-
small business financing in Canada. ing corporate control: proxy contests, takeovers, leveraged
Chapter 16 (Debt Policy) has been updated with Canadian buyouts and then divestitures, equity spin-offs, and carve-
examples and statistics in the discussions on costs of financial outs. The chapter has many new examples and data.
distress and explaining financing choices. Chapter 24 (International Financial Management) has new
Chapter 17 (Leasing) has been moved forward and discussion on the global financial crisis including two Finance
included with the other two chapters on financing decisions, in Action articles on the effects of the crisis on Greece and on
namely debt policy and payout policy. The chapter has been other Eurozone countries. Another new Finance in Action box
updated to include two new Finance in Action boxes assessing discusses the implications of a strengthening Canadian dollar
the impact of accounting under IFRS on the retail and trans- and the possibility of it being overvalued.
portation industries. Chapter 25 (Options) has updated market and institutional
Chapter 18 (Payout Policy) has been extensively updated information. A new subsection, Payoff Diagrams Are Not
and revised to reflect its broader focus on share repurchases Profit Diagrams, provides new drawings of call and option
along with dividend policy. A new Finance in Action box dis- payoffs with the costs of the call and option subtracted from
cusses George Weston’s special dividend payout. the payoff. This shows the net payoff from the option. Also a
Chapter 19 (Long-Term Financial Planning—formerly new subsection on executive and employee stock options has
titled Financial Planning). The concept of net operating work- been added. The discussion includes option backdating issues
ing capital (5 operating current assets – operating current lia- and an example of a company that had its shareholders approve
bilities) has been added. All interest-bearing liabilities, including a stock option exchange program for its employees.
operating lines of credit, are classified as sources of financing, Chapter 26 (Risk Management) includes updated discus-
not included in the operating current liabilities. The discussion sion on different ways to manage risk. The chapter includes new
of forecasting interest expense explains the implications of cal- writeup on derivative instruments such as credit default swaps
culating the current year’s interest expense on the basis of the in the context of the global financial crisis. Two new Finance in
assumption of when the new debt is acquired. Action articles provide further context. The first examines the
Chapter 20 (Short-Term Financial Planning) has been role of Goldman Sachs in their dealings with mortgage-related
updated with new examples of short-term financing. A new instruments and with AIG, the giant insurer. The second exam-
Finance in Action has been added that deals with the impor- ines Goldman’s role in the financial crisis through some of its
tance of working capital management for coping with the speculative activities with derivative products.
financial crisis.
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xvi Preface
PEDAGOGY WALK-
18
PART 5
THROUGH Debt and
Payout CHAPTER
To provide guidance and insights Policy return on their investment. Some long-established
companies have never yet paid a cash dividend.
Sooner or later, however, most corporations do pay
Payout Policy
to Pay Out? dividend payout?
dividends are paid. We then show that in an ideal
18.4 Why Payout Policy Everett Collection.
world, the value of a firm would be independent
Should Not Matter
of its dividend policy. This demonstration is in the
18.5 Why Dividends May
Increase Firm Value
In this chapter we explain how companies set their same spirit as the Modigliani and Miller debt-
18.6 Why Dividends May
payout policy, and discuss the controversial ques- irrelevance proposition of Chapter 16.
Reduce Firm Value tion of how dividend policy affects value. That leads us to look at the real-world complica-
18.7 Summary Shareholders invest in the company when they tions that might favour one dividend policy over
buy newly issued shares and when the company another. These complications include transaction
reinvests earnings on the shareholders’ behalf. The costs, taxes, and the signals that investors might
shareholders do not usually demand a prompt cash read into the firm’s payout announcement.
LO2
Describe how dividends are paid and how companies decide on
dividend payments.
Explain how share repurchases are used to distribute cash to
LO1 18.1 HOW DIVIDENDS ARE PAID
shareholders. CASH DIVIDENDS
learning objectives (LOs) included to LO3 Explain why dividend increases and repurchases are good news
for investors and why dividend cuts are bad news. Explain why
cash dividend Payment of cash
by the firm to its shareholders.
On February 23, 2011, Maple Leaf Foods Inc. (MFI) announced a regular quarterly cash
dividend of $.04 per share, making a total payment of $.16 for the year; soon after, its board of
directors met and approved the decision. The term regular indicates that MFI expected to main-
payout policy would not affect firm value in an ideal world.
provide a quick introduction to the LO4 Show how differences in the tax treatment of dividends and capital
gains might affect dividend policy.
tain the payment in the future. If it did not want to give that kind of assurance, it could have
declared both a regular and an extra dividend. In July 2004, Microsoft did just that. The cash-rich
software giant declared a whopping US$32 billion special dividend, because it could not find any
LO5 Explain why dividends may be used by management to signal the other way to spend its sizeable cash flows. The company also declared a US$3.5 billion regular
material students will learn and should prospects of the firm. quarterly dividend and still had $20 billion cash on hand. Investors realize that extra dividends
are less likely to be repeated.1 The nearby Finance in Action box discusses the aftermath of a
special dividend declared by another cash-rich company, George Weston.
Who receives the MFI dividend? That may seem an obvious question, but because shares
understand fully before moving to the trade constantly, the firm’s records of who owns its shares can never be fully up to date. So MFI
announced that it would send a dividend cheque to all shareholders recorded in its books on
March 10, 2011. This is known as the record date.
next chapter. This is followed by a nar- 1 Companies also use the term “special dividend” for payments that are unlikely to be repeated.
NUMBERED EXAMPLES
Numbered and titled examples are extensively integrated into the chapters to provide detailed applica-
tions and illustrations of the text material.
INTERNATIONAL ICON
An international icon appears where the authors discuss global issues.
ETHICS ICON
An ethics icon appears where the authors discuss ethical issues or the
implications of unethical practices.
The value of a stock
is the present value
of the dividends it
will pay over the
KEY POINTS investor’s horizon
These marginal boxes, identified with a key icon, summarize plus the present
the importance of the adjoining material, at the same time value of the expected
helping students focus on the most critical content. stock price at the
end of that horizon.
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Preface xvii
CHECK POINT QUESTIONS Check Point 3.6 Would the following activities increase or decrease the firm’s cash balances?
Numbered Check Point boxes with questions are provided in a.
b.
Inventories are increased.
The firm reduces its trade payables.
each chapter to enable students to check their understanding c.
d.
The firm issues additional common stock.
The firm buys new equipment.
as they read. Both conceptual and calculation-type questions
have been included in this edition. Answers are provided at the
end of each chapter.
KEY FORMULAS
Key mathematical formulas, identified by a number, are called out in the text. A sum-
mary of these key formulas can be found by visiting Connect.
KEY TERMS
Key terms, when introduced, appear in colour and bold in the main text and are
defined in the margin. A glossary made up of all these definitions is also available at
the back of the book and on Connect.
immediately, the next cash flow is interpreted as coming at the end 16,000 CFj 16,000 CFi 2350,000 ENTER ↓
of one period, and so on. We can illustrate using the office block 466,000 CFj 466,000 CFi 16,000 ENTER ↓
as an example. To find the project IRR, you would use the following 7 I/YR 7 i 16,000 ENTER ↓
sequence of keystrokes:
466,000 ENTER ↓
Spreadsheets.
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xviii Preface
Links, Key Terms, Questions and Problems, Solu- BASIC 8. Financial Targets. Managers sometimes state a target
tions to Check Points, and Mini Cases. To help 1. Financial Planning. True or false? Explain. (LO1)
a. Financial planning should attempt to minimize risk.
growth rate for sales or earnings per share. Do you think
that either one makes sense as a corporate goal? If not,
students achieve the stated learning objectives, the b. The primary aim of financial planning is to obtain
better forecasts of future cash flows and earnings.
why do you think that managers focus on them? (LO1)
LO numbers are included in the chapter Summaries c. Financial planning is necessary because financing
and investment decisions interact and should not be
INTERMEDIATE
*9. Percentage-of-Sales Models. Here are the abbreviated
and the Questions and Problems. The Questions made independently.
d. Firms’ planning horizons rarely exceed three years.
financial statements for Planners Peanuts:
INTERNET PROBLEMS
Many problems are provided that are meant to be solved using the wealth of material available on the
Internet.
EXCEL QUESTIONS
Excel questions are incorporated into the end-of-chapter Questions and Problems, and are identified
by the icon in the margin. These templates are available for download on Connect.
MINI CASES
Integrative mini cases end many chapters. These allow students to apply their knowledge to relatively
complex, practical situations. Several new such cases have been added for this edition.
Key Features
Simple Assignment Management With Connect, creating assignments is easier than ever, so you can spend more time teaching
and less time managing.
• Create and deliver assignments easily with new banks of homework questions and test bank material to assign online
• Streamline lesson planning, student progress reporting, and assignment grading to make classroom management more efficient
than ever
• Go paperless with the eBook and online submission and grading of student assignments
Smart Grading When it comes to studying, time is precious. Connect helps students learn more efficiently by providing feed-
back and practice material when they need it, where they need it.
• Automatically score assignments, giving students immediate feedback on their work and side-by-side comparisons with correct
answers
• Access and review each response; manually change grades or leave comments for students to review
• Reinforce classroom concepts with practice tests and instant quizzes
Instructor Library The Connect Instructor Library is your course creation hub. It provides all the critical resources you’ll need
to build your course, just how you want to teach it.
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or contact us at [email protected]
Preface xix
Instructor’s Manual
This supplement was completed by our authors, and includes a descriptive preface containing alternative course formats and case
teaching methods, a chapter overview and outline, key terms and concepts. Complete solutions to all end-of-chapter problems
are included.
Image Gallery
The complete set of figures from the text can be downloaded from the image gallery on Connect and easily embedded into
instructors’ PowerPoint slides.
• Assign eBook readings and draw from a rich collection of textbook-specific assignments
• Access instructor resources, including ready-made PowerPoint presentations and media to use in your lectures
• View assignments and resources created for past sections
• Post your own resources for students to use
eBook Connect reinvents the textbook learning experience for the modern student. Every Connect subject area is seamlessly
integrated with Connect eBooks, which are designed to keep students focused on the concepts key to their success.
• Provide students with a Connect eBook, allowing for anytime, anywhere access to the textbook
• Merge media, animation, and assessments with the text’s narrative to engage students and improve learning and retention
• Pinpoint and connect key concepts in a snap using the powerful eBook search engine
• Manage notes, highlights, and bookmarks in one place for simple, comprehensive review
SUPERIOR SERVICE
Service takes on a whole new meaning with McGraw-Hill Ryerson and Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. More than just
bringing you the textbook, we have consistently raised the bar in terms of innovation and educational research. These invest-
ments in learning and the education community have helped us to understand the needs of students and educators across the
country, and allowed us to foster the growth of truly innovative, integrated learning.
INTEGRATED LEARNING
Your Integrated iLearning Sales Specialist is a McGraw-Hill Ryerson representative who has the experience, product knowledge,
training, and support to help you assess and integrate any of our products, technology, and services into your course for optimal
teaching and learning performance. Whether it’s helping your students improve their grades, or putting your entire course online,
your iLearning Sales Specialist is there to help you do it. Contact your iLearning Sales Specialist today to learn how to maximize
all of McGraw-Hill Ryerson’s resources!
COURSE MANAGEMENT
McGraw-Hill Ryerson offers a range of flexible integration solutions for Blackboard, WebCT, Desire2Learn, Moodle, and other
leading learning management platforms. Please contact your local McGraw-Hill Ryerson iLearning Sales Specialist for details.
TEGRITY
Tegrity is a service that makes class time available all the time by automatically capturing every lecture in a searchable format
for students to review when they study and complete assignments. With a simple one-click start-and-stop process, you capture
all computer screens and corresponding audio. Students can replay any part of any class with easy-to-use browser-based viewing
on a PC or Mac. Educators know that the more students can see, hear, and experience class resources, the better they learn.
Fourth Pass
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xx Preface
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We take this opportunity to thank all of the individuals who helped us prepare this fifth edition. We want to express our apprecia-
tion to those instructors whose insightful comments and suggestions were invaluable to us during this revision.
We owe much to our colleagues at the University of New Brunswick and the Schulich School of Business, York University.
We extend much gratitude to professors Dr. Tom Beechy, Ingrid McLeod-Dick and Elizabeth Farrell, accounting experts at the
Schulich School of Business, York University, who provided tremendous assistance regarding the treatment of IFRS in this text.
Thanks go to Professors Gopalan Srinivasan, Eben Otuteye and Muhammad Rashid, University of New Brunswick, for useful
suggestions, and also to the Faculty of Business Administration, University of New Brunswick, for some research support on this
project.
We would like to express our appreciation to Navid Kheradmand and Drew Cameron, University of New Brunswick, for adept
research and computational assistance and to Danielle LeBlanc, University of New Brunswick for calculator work on some end-
of-chapter problem solutions. Thanks to Andy Thi, David Jiang and Becky Zhou, Schulich undergraduate students, who did
editing and calculator work. Thanks to David Birkett, University of Guelph, for the technical review of the text. In addition, we
would like to thank our supplement authors William Lim, Helen Prankie and Sepand Jazzi. Their efforts will help students and
instructors alike.
We are also grateful to the talented staff at McGraw-Hill Ryerson, especially Kimberley Veevers, Sponsoring Editor; Daphne
Scriabin, Developmental Editor; and Graeme Powell, Supervising Editor. We want to thank copy editor Rodney Rawlings for his
energetic attention to the details.
Finally, we cannot overstate our indebtedness to our spouses, Bruce Rhodes and Koumari Mitra, and to David Rhodes, Elizabeth’s
son, and Anusha Mitra, Devashis’ daughter. They supported us and forgave us when we were very absorbed in the project.
— Näethän että olen omasi, sinun täytyy auttaa minua, sanoi hän
hiljaa.
— Tunnen kaihoa!
Hän tiesi että tulija oli Samuel Stern. Hän näki hänen kauniin
suunsa, jolla oli sama lempeä ilme kuin muinoin nuoruuden päivinä.
Samuel Sternin ääni kajahti siltä, kuin olisi hän ilahtunut jostakin.
Thoran tunnelma valtasi hänetkin. Hänestä oli äkkiä kuin nuoruuden
päivinä, kun he vaeltelivat yhdessä ja hän yhtyi Thoran haaveisiin.
Tämä oli rauhoitettua aluetta, jossa he voivat kohdata toisensa…
melkoisen matkan päässä arkielämästä.
Hiljaisuus seurasi.
Samuel Stern katsoi Thoraa. Näytti siltä kuin tämä olisi unohtanut
hänen läsnäolonsakin.
— Silloin sanoi minulle joku: »Miksi suret sitä että ruoho lakastuu
ja laulu vaikenee ja kynttilä palaa loppuun. Sellaista on elämä!» —
— Niin olin siis siellä… Siksi tulin tänne viime kesänä, että olin
ollut siellä, — minun täytyi levätä hiukan. —
Samuel Stern aikoi sanoa jotakin, mutta Thora esti sen. Hän laski
kätensä hänen käsivarrellensa.
Sitten pyysi hän vain että Thora nukkuisi, sillä niinhän oli tapana
tehdä tähän vuorokauden aikaan.
*****
Illan tultua oli Thora tosiaankin toisten mukana. Hän istui katsoen
heidän huvitteluansa. Hänen mielensä kävi aina niin alakuloiseksi,
kun hän kuuli tanssimusiikkia ja näki ihmisten tanssivan. Hän voi
saada kyyneleet silmiinsä. Hulluahan se tietysti oli.
*****
Hän ei tiennyt, kuinka viisaaksi Thora oli tullut ja kuinka hyvin hän
nyt ymmärsi maailmaa. Hän ei tiennyt, ettei Thora luottanut
ainoaankaan hänen sanaansa niin, että olis kätkenyt sen
sydämeensä. Oli vahinko ettei Samuel Stern käsittänyt, kuinka täysin
levollinen hän olisi voinut olla, ja kuinka tarpeettomia kaikki
varovaisuuskeinot olivat Thoraan nähden.
Mutta tuolla ylhäällä — siellä voi tapahtua, että Thora unohti tuon
kaiken… unohti kuluneen ajan… kaiken, mitä välillä oli ehtinyt
tapahtua…
Silloin voi hänestä tuntua, ettei ollut olemassakaan muuta kuin he
kaksi ja että kaikki oli kuten muinoin. Ja hänestä tuntui, kuin voisi
hän istua siellä alati, antaen elämän hiljaa mennä menojansa. —
Se oli noiden nummen iltojen syy! Kun aurinko laski ja tuli tyyntä ja
hiljaista, kun veripunaiset säteet virtailivat yli nummen, värittäen sen
hehkullansa…
Nuo hetket olivat Thoralle kuin suloinen elämys, jonka iän kerran
ennen oli kokenut unessa.
Ja päivisin oli kaikki niin omituisen pikkumaista. Hän väsyi siitä niin
kovin. Väliin oli hänestä kuin ei hän olisi ollut täysin tajuissansa.
Nummella hän virkistyi. Hän unohti — ja se tuotti lohtua. Ja sitäpaitsi
— pianhan kaikki olisi lopussa!
Ehkä Samuel Stern nyt juuri laski leikkiä Thamar rouvan kanssa
siitä, että tuo iltahuvittelu niin kiinnitti Thoran mieltä.
Hän kysyi itseltään ivallisesti: Minne hän nyt jälleen oli joutunut?
Tiesihän hän, että kaikki tuo ei ollut minkään arvoista. Miksi oli sitten
elämä käynyt hänestä jälleen mielenkiintoiseksi? Tulisikohan hän
koskaan järkeväksi!
Näin hän oli ajatellut: Kun nuo pikku sadut häntä huvittivat, miksi
halveksisi hän niitä? Kernaasti olisi hän vaihtanut niihin päivän pitkän
tarinan…
Hän puolustelihe sillä ettei niitä lausuttu, mutta mitä se auttoi, kun
ne sentään olivat olemassa?
Hyvä että hän nyt oli päättänyt, että tuosta kaikesta piti tulla loppu.
*****
Oli kerran merimies, joka oli ollut kauan poissa ja palasi jälleen.
Hän kiiruhti kotiseudulleen, nuoruutensa maahan. Ilolta ei hän
saanut nukutuksi yöllä. — Hän ajatteli pientä tupaa, jonka seinämää
kukat peittivät korkealti… ja äitiänsä, joka asui tuossa tuvassa, ja
Dordia, mielitiettyänsä.