Max. Planck's Quantum Theory

GROUP TOPIC: MAX.
PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
GROUP 4 PRESENTATION
COURSE TITLE: PHYSICAL OPTICS
COURSE CODE: OPT 204
GROUP MEMBERS:
 2211703001
 2211703002
 2211703035
 2211703041
 2211703043
 2011703043
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. History of Planck’s Quantum Theory
2. Planck’s Formula
3. Black body
4. Stefan – Boltzmann Law
5. Einstein’s A & B Coefficients
6. Application of Max. Planck’s Quantum Theory
7. References
History of Planck’s Quantum Theory
Max Planck, a German physicist. He introduced the concept of the quantum theory
in 1900. At that time, physicists were trying to understand the behavior of energy
and matter at the atomic and subatomic level. Planck's theory transformed the field
of physics by proposing that energy comes in discrete packets (now called
photons) rather than being continuous. He introduced the constant h (Planck's
constant) to relate the energy of a photon to its frequency. Quantization of Energy
showed that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, not its
intensity. This challenged traditional understanding and paved the way for
quantum mechanics. Development of Quantum Mechanics Albert Einstein, Niels
Bohr, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrödinger, and Werner Heisenberg built upon
Planck's idea, developing the principles of quantum mechanics. Quantum Field
Theory and Beyond, the quantum theory has continued to evolve, incorporating
relativity and leading to the development of quantum field theory, particle physics,
and ongoing research in quantum gravity and other areas.
Planck’s Formula
In the late 1800’s as spectrographic technology improved, experimenters acquired

considerable data on the spectra of blackbody radiation. For the first time, detailed
maps of the intensity per frequency associated with blackbody radiation became
available over a fairly wide wavelength range. In keeping with Kirchhoff’s notion
of an ideal blackbody radiator, the results were observed to be independent of the
material for most solids.
Wilhelm Wien considered the known physical and mathematical constraints on the
spectrum of blackbody radiation and proposed a spectral function that seemed to
work his formula did a fairly good job of fitting the experimental data. In direct
analogy to photons, he proposed that electrons with momentum p should exhibit
wave properties with an associated wavelength i.e λ = h/p, h = 6.626 × 10−34J, λ =
wavelength (m), p = momentum (kgm/s). Plancks gets well-deserved credit for
interpreting the meaning of his new formula, his interpretation was what he called
an “act of desperation.” He did not necessarily believe in the implications of his
formula presented. It was several years later that the young Einstein published his
paper explaining the photoelectric effect in the context of Planck’s work. He
insight was an enormous step toward understanding the quantum nature of light. it
took another three decades to develop a more complete theory of quantum
electrodynamics.
The quantum mechanics embodied in the 1926 to 1927 formulation is non-

relativistic, that is, it applies only to particles whose speeds are significantly less
than the speed of light. The quantum mechanical description of light was not fully
realized until the late 1940s. However, light and matter share a common central
feature, a complementary relation between wave and particle aspects that can be
illustrated without resorting to the formalisms of relativistic quantum mechanics.
Black body
A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident
electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. The
concept of a black body is crucial in understanding various aspects of physics,
particularly in the fields of thermodynamics, electromagnetism and quantum
mechanics. He introduced the concept of the black body in 1900 to explain the
distribution of energy in the radiation emitted by a perfect absorber which led to
the development of quantum theory, as he introduced the concept of quantized
energy.
Stefan – Boltzmann Law
The Stefan-Boltzmann law, named after Josef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann, is a
fundamental principle in physics that describes the total radiated power per unit
surface area of a black body (an idealized object that absorbs all radiation incident
upon it) at a given temperature. It was first suggested by Stefan in 1879 and
derived thermodynamically by Boltzmann in 1884. The law states that “the power
radiated per unit surface area, often denoted as flux or intensity, is directly
proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the object”. It can
be written as: P = σAT⁴
P = the power radiated per unit surface area in watts per square meter (W/m²),
σ = the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, approximately equal to 5.67 × 10^-8

W/(m²·K⁴),
A = the surface area of the object in square meters (m²)
T = the absolute temperature of the object in kelvin (K).
Eistein’s A & B Coefficients
In 1917, Albert Einstein introduced the A and B coefficients to describe the

absorption and emission of radiation by atoms or molecules. These coefficients
relate to the transition probabilities between energy levels.
The A coefficient represents the probability of spontaneous emission, where an

atom or molecule transitions from a higher energy level (E2) to a lower energy
level (E1) without external influence, releasing a photon.
A = (4 * h * ν^3) / (3 * c^2 * g1)
where:
A = spontaneous emission coefficient
h = Planck's constant
ν = frequency of the emitted radiation
c = speed of light
g1 = degeneracy of the lower energy level
B Coefficient Einstein's Stimulated Emission and Absorption Coefficient
The B coefficient represents the probability of stimulated emission or absorption,

where an atom or molecule interacts with an external radiation field.
B = (4 * π^2 * h) / (3 * c^2 * g1)
where:
B = stimulated emission and absorption coefficient
h = Planck's constant
c = speed of light
g1 = degeneracy of the lower energy level
Application of Max. Planks Quantum Theory
The work of the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics focuses on investigating
the quantum world with laser light. The physicists employ complex facilities
comprising many optical components, such as mirrors and lenses, to trap and
manipulate systems of quantum particles right down to individual atoms or
molecules. By generating ultra-short and high-intensity flashes of light the
scientists can observe and control the motion of electrons in atoms.
It has applications in all those fields where quantum mechanics is being used. It
has applications in electrical appliances, the medical field, quantum computing,
lasers, quantum cryptography etc.
Max Planck's quantum theory has significant applications in Optometry,

particularly in understanding the behavior of light and its interaction with matter.
In the field of Optometry, this theory is essential for explaining the nature of light
as both a wave and a particle, known as the wave-particle duality. This duality
helps in understanding how light interacts with the eye, leading to the formation of
images on the retina.
The quantum theory also plays a crucial role in the development of advanced
imaging techniques used in Optometry. For example, technologies like Optical
Coherence Tomography (OCT) rely on the principles of quantum mechanics to
generate detailed cross-sectional images of the eye's internal structures. These
imaging techniques aid optometrists in diagnosing various eye conditions such as
glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
REFERENCES
1. American academy of ophthalmology (2011). Section three: Clinical optics.
Basic and Clinical Science Course (2011-2012 ed.). American Academy of
Ophthalmology. 211–223. ISBN 978-1- 61525-110-0.
2. Atchison, D., & Smith, G. (2000). Optics of the human eye. Elsevier. ISBN
978-0-750-63775-6.
3. Atchison, D.A., Smith, G. (2000). Paraxial optics: Optics of the human eye.
Elsevier Health Sciences, p.237. ISBN 978-0-7506-3775-6.
4. Axelrod. D. (2001). Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in cell

biology. Traffic, 2 (11), 764–74, doi:10.1034/j.1600- 0854.2001. 21104.x,
hdl:2027.42/72779, PMID 11733042.
5. Balaraman, S. (1962). Colour vision research and the trichromatic theory: A

historical review.
6. Psychol Bull, 59, 434-448. Doi:10.1037/h0042588
7. Barry. J.C., Branmann. K., Dunne, M.C. M (1997). Catoptric properties of

eyes with misaligned surfaces studied by exact ray tracing. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 38:1476–1484.
8. Bauman, C. (1992). Ewald Hering's opponent colours: History of an idea.

Ophthalmologe, 82(3), 249-252.
9. Born, M; Wolf, E. (2002). Principles of Optics. Cambridge University Press.

ISBN 978- 1-139-64340-5.
10.Bradl, J. (1996). Comparative study of three-dimensional localization

accuracy in conventional, confocal laser scanning and axial tomographic
fluorescence light microscopy. In I. J. Bigio., W. S. Grundfest., H.
Schneckenburger., K. Svanberg., & P. M. Viallet. (Eds.). Optical Biopsies
and Microscopic Techniques, 2926, p201– 206. doi:10.1117/12.260797.

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GROUP TOPIC: MAX.

PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY

COURSE TITLE: PHYSICAL OPTICS

COURSE CODE: OPT 204

1. History of Planck’s Quantum Theory

4. Stefan – Boltzmann Law

5. Einstein’s A & B Coefficients

6. Application of Max. Planck’s Quantum Theory

History of Planck’s Quantum Theory

In the late 1800’s as spectrographic technology improved, experimenters acquired

The quantum mechanics embodied in the 1926 to 1927 formulation is non-

Stefan – Boltzmann Law

σ = the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, approximately equal to 5.67 × 10^-8

A = the surface area of the object in square meters (m²)

T = the absolute temperature of the object in kelvin (K).

Eistein’s A & B Coefficients

In 1917, Albert Einstein introduced the A and B coefficients to describe the

The A coefficient represents the probability of spontaneous emission, where an

A = spontaneous emission coefficient

ν = frequency of the emitted radiation

g1 = degeneracy of the lower energy level

B Coefficient Einstein's Stimulated Emission and Absorption Coefficient

The B coefficient represents the probability of stimulated emission or absorption,

B = (4 * π^2 * h) / (3 * c^2 * g1)

B = stimulated emission and absorption coefficient

g1 = degeneracy of the lower energy level

Application of Max. Planks Quantum Theory

Max Planck's quantum theory has significant applications in Optometry,

4. Axelrod. D. (2001). Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in cell

5. Balaraman, S. (1962). Colour vision research and the trichromatic theory: A

6. Psychol Bull, 59, 434-448. Doi:10.1037/h0042588

7. Barry. J.C., Branmann. K., Dunne, M.C. M (1997). Catoptric properties of

8. Bauman, C. (1992). Ewald Hering's opponent colours: History of an idea.

9. Born, M; Wolf, E. (2002). Principles of Optics. Cambridge University Press.

10.Bradl, J. (1996). Comparative study of three-dimensional localization

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