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THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX AND GENDER
Second Edition
For my parents, Jo-Ellen and Edward.
J. K. B.
For Kate, Kathleen, and my beloved family.
C. E. B.
For Winter and Kelly.
J. A. V.
Sara Miller McCune founded SAGE Publishing in 1965 to support the
dissemination of usable knowledge and educate a global community.
SAGE publishes more than 1000 journals and over 800 new books
each year, spanning a wide range of subject areas. Our growing
selection of library products includes archives, data, case studies and
video. SAGE remains majority owned by our founder and after her
lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures the
company’s continued independence.
Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC |
Melbourne
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX AND GENDER
Second Edition
Jennifer K. Bosson
University of South Florida
Camille E. Buckner
Marymount University
Joseph A. Vandello
University of South Florida
 Copyright © 2022 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bosson, Jennifer K., author. | Buckner, Camille E., author. |
Vandello, Joseph A., author.
 Title: The psychology of sex and gender / Jennifer K. Bosson,
University of South Florida, Camille E. Buckner, Marymount
University, Joseph A. Vandello, University of South Florida.
Description: Second edition. | Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE, [2022] |
Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020031209 | ISBN 9781544393995 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781544394008 (epub) | ISBN 9781544394039 (epub) | ISBN
9781544394015 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Sex (Psychology) | Sex. | Gender identity. |
Interpersonal relations.
Classification: LCC BF692 .B67 2022 | DDC 155.3—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020031209
Printed in the United States of America
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BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Unit I • Foundations
Chapter 1 • Introducing Sex and Gender
Chapter 2 • Studying Sex and Gender
Unit II • Becoming Gendered: Biological and Social Factors
Chapter 3 • The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender
Chapter 4 • Gender Development
Unit III • Stereotypes, Discrimination, and Power
Chapter 5 • The Contents and Origins of Gender
Stereotypes
Chapter 6 • Power, Sexism, and Discrimination
Unit IV • Cognition, Emotion, and Communication
Chapter 7 • Cognitive Abilities and Aptitudes
Chapter 8 • Language, Communication, and Emotion
Unit V • Sexuality, Relationships, and Work
Chapter 9 • Sexual Orientation and Sexuality
Chapter 10 • Interpersonal Relationships
Chapter 11 • Work and Home
Unit VI • Health and Well-Being
Chapter 12 • Gender and Physical Health
Chapter 13 • Gender and Psychological Health
Chapter 14 • Aggression and Violence
Unit VII • Summary and Reflection
Chapter 15 • Gender Past, Present, and Future
Glossary
References
Subject Index
Author Index
DETAILED CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Unit I • Foundations
Chapter 1 • Introducing Sex and Gender
Introducing Sex and Gender
How Do We Explain Central Concepts in the Psychology
of Sex and Gender?
Sex and Gender
The Sex and Gender Binaries
Masculinity and Femininity
Gender Identity
Sexual Orientation
Intersectionality
What Makes Sex and Gender So Complicated?
Complexity and Change
Ubiquity and Invisibility
How Have Gender Movements Shaped History?
Structures of Power and Inequality
Women’s Movements and the Rise of Feminisms
Women’s Movements
Feminisms
DEBATE: Are Men Overlooked in Feminist
Movements?
Men’s Movements
Gay Rights Movements
The Transgender Movement
Where Are We Now? Inclusivity and
Intersectionality
About This Book
Our (Interdisciplinary) Psychological Approach
Our Challenge to You: Critical Thinking
Chapter 2 • Studying Sex and Gender
Studying Sex and Gender
What Is the Meaning of Difference?
DEBATE: Should Psychologists Study Sex
Differences?
What Is Science?
The Scientific Method
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Conceptualizing and
Measuring Masculinity and Femininity
 What Are the Primary Methods Used in Sex and Gender
Research?
Quantitative Research Methods
True Experimental Designs
Quasi-Experiments
Ex Post Facto Designs
Correlational Designs
Qualitative Research Methods
Case Studies
Interviews
Focus Groups
Mixed Methods
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Multiple Studies?
Effect Sizes
Overlap and Variance
Beyond Overall Effect Sizes
What Are Some Biases Common in Sex and Gender
Research?
Identifying the Research Question
Designing the Study and Collecting Data
Interpreting and Communicating the Results
How Do We Address Challenges in Sex and Gender
Research?
Guidelines for Gender-Fair Research
Guidelines for More Inclusive Research
Unit II • Becoming Gendered: Biological and Social Factors
Chapter 3 • The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender
The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender
Nature Versus Nurture or Nature and Nurture?
Gene-by-Environment Interactions
Epigenetics
The Microbiome
How Do Nature and Nurture Shape Sex Differentiation?
Typical Sex Differentiation
Chromosomes and Genes
Hormones and Anatomy
Intersex Conditions
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Unlocking Genetic and
Hormonal Contributions to Sex
Chromosomes and Genes
Hormones and Anatomy
DEBATE: Should Intersex Individuals Be Allowed to
Compete in Athletic Competitions?
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 How Do Nature and Nurture Shape Sex Assignment
and Gender Identity?
Optimal Sex
Gender Identity
Gender Confirmation Procedures
What Do Sex Differences in Brain Structure Reveal?
Sex Differences in the Brain
Equating the Brain With “Nature”
Neuroscience or Neurosexism?
How Do Theories of Sex Differences Account for Nature
and Nurture?
Evolutionary Psychology
Biosocial Constructionist Theory
Chapter 4 • Gender Development
Gender Development
How Central Are Sex and Gender in Early
Development?
What Are the Major Theoretical Approaches to Gender
Development?
Social Learning Theories and Sources of
Socialization
Parents and Siblings
Teachers and Peers
Media
DEBATE: Should Toys Be Marketed as Gender
Neutral?
Cognitive Theories
Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Gender Schema Theory
Developmental Intergroup Theory
Gender Self-Socialization Model
Evaluating Social Learning and Cognitive Theories
What Are the Experiences of Gender-Nonconforming
Children?
Biological and Social Contributions to Gender
Nonconformity
Nonconforming Identities and Milestones
How Do Sex and Gender Shape Development in
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood?
Puberty and the Transition to Young Adulthood
Relationships With Parents
Friendship, Dating, and Social Networking
Gendered Self-Views Across Time and Cultures
 How Do Sex and Gender Shape Development in Middle
and Late Adulthood?
Cultural Ideals of Womanhood and Manhood
Gendered Self-Views
Women’s Gender Advantage?
The Double Standard of Aging
Unit III • Stereotypes, Discrimination, and Power
Chapter 5 • The Contents and Origins of Gender
Stereotypes
The Contents and Origins of Gender Stereotypes
What Are the Contents and Structure of Gender
Stereotypes?
Communion and Agency
The Stereotype Content Model
The Women-Are-Wonderful Effect
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Think Manager–Think
Male
Subgroups and Intersectionality
Transgender Stereotypes
Sexual Orientation Stereotypes
Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From?
Evolutionary Psychology
Social Role Theory
Biosocial Constructionist Theory
What Are Some Consequences of Gender Stereotyping?
Penalizing Gender Role Violators
Confirming Negative Stereotypes
Are Gender Stereotypes Accurate?
DEBATE: Are Gender Stereotypes Accurate?
Challenges: Defining “Reality” and Accuracy
Cognitive Stereotypes
Personality Stereotypes
Nonverbal and Verbal Communication Stereotypes
Stereotypes Across Multiple Domains
So How Universal Are Gender Stereotypes, Really?
Chapter 6 • Power, Sexism, and Discrimination
Power, Sexism, and Discrimination
How Do Power and Privilege Relate to Sex and Gender?
Patriarchal and Matriarchal Social Structures
Structural Versus Dyadic Power
Ways of Exerting Power
Force
Resource Control
 Cultural Ideologies
Privilege
Intersectionality, Double Jeopardy, and Invisibility
What Is Sexism, and Why Does It Persist?
Ambivalent Sexism Toward Women
Ambivalent Attitudes Toward Men
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Measuring Gender Role
and Sexist Attitudes
Social Dominance and System Justification
Theories
Why Do Sexist Attitudes Matter?
DEBATE: Do Men Experience Sexism?
What Is Gender Discrimination?
Overt Discrimination and Microaggressions
Global Gender Discrimination in Education and
Politics
How Can We Resist and Reduce Gender
Discrimination?
Employment Nondiscrimination: It’s the Law
Confronting Gender Discrimination: Individual
Efforts
Resisting Gender Discrimination: Collective Action
Being an Ally
Unit IV • Cognition, Emotion, and Communication
Chapter 7 • Cognitive Abilities and Aptitudes
Cognitive Abilities and Aptitudes
What Is Cognitive Ability?
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Measuring the Brain
From Phrenology to fMRI
Sex Differences in General Mental Ability
What Are the Sex Differences and Similarities in
Cognitive Abilities?
Verbal Performance
Vocabulary and Verbal Fluency
Reading and Writing
Verbal Reasoning
Quantitative Performance
Visual-Spatial Performance
Mental Rotation
Spatial Perception and Visualization
Spatial Location Memory
Sex Differences in the Variability of Cognitive
Abilities
 How Do Individual Differences and Context Influence
Cognitive Performance?
Culture, Race, and Educational Access
Math Anxiety
Achievement Motivation and Sensitivity to
Feedback
How Do Sex and Gender Relate to Outcomes in School
and STEM Fields?
Education and School Performance
Cultural Influences
Home and Classroom Dynamics
DEBATE: Do Children Fare Better in Single-Sex
Classrooms?
Sex, Gender, and STEM Fields
Discrimination
Interests, Values, and Expectations
Gendered Family Responsibilities
Chapter 8 • Language, Communication, and Emotion
Language, Communication, and Emotion
How Do Gender-Related Words Influence Social
Perception?
Gendered Features of Language
The Generic Masculine
Grammatical Gender
Diminutives and Gender Labels
The Influence of Gendered Language on
Perceptions
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Verbal
Communication?
Sex Differences in How People Communicate
Who Talks More?
Who Interrupts More?
Sex Differences in What People Communicate
Gossip
Social Media
Beyond Sex Differences: Intersectionality in
Communication
Verbal Communication: What’s the Big Picture?
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Nonverbal
Communication?
Smiling and Eye Contact
Personal Space and Touch
Body Posture and Gait
 Nonverbal Communication: What’s the Big Picture?
How Do Sex and Gender Shape the Experience,
Expression, and Identification of Emotions?
Emotional Experience and Expression
DEBATE: Are Women More Emotional Than Men?
Nature and Nurture
Display Rules
Encoding and Decoding Accuracy
Empathy and Emotional Intelligence
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Understanding Empathy,
From Darwin to Mirror Neurons
Unit V • Sexuality, Relationships, and Work
Chapter 9 • Sexual Orientation and Sexuality
Sexual Orientation and Sexuality
How Do Understandings of Sexuality and Sexual
Orientation Differ Across Time and Culture?
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Sexual Orientation
Change Efforts
What Is Sexual Orientation?
Sexual Identity
Motivation: Desire and Love
Sexual Behavior
Complexity of Sexual Orientation
How Does Sexual Orientation Develop?
Phase Models of Sexual Identity Development
Milestone and Narrative Models of Sexual Minority
Identity Development
Why Do People Differ in Sexual Orientation?
Biological Theories
Evolutionary Theories
The Integrative Approach
Evaluation of Theories
How Do Sex and Gender Contribute to the Experience
of Sexuality?
Sexual Behavior, Attitudes, and Brain Activity
DEBATE: Do Men Have a Stronger Sex Drive Than
Women?
Orgasm Frequency and Sexual Satisfaction
Sexual Fluidity
How Does Sexuality Change Over the Life Course?
Sexual Trajectories
The Medicalization of Sexual Changes
Chapter 10 • Interpersonal Relationships
 Interpersonal Relationships
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Social Networks
and Friendships?
Social Networks and Friendships
Friendship Intimacy
Cross-Sex Friendships
Hookups and Friends With Benefits
LGBTQ+ Friendships
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Interpersonal
Attraction?
Mate Preferences: Similarities and Differences
Mate Selection: Whom Do We Choose?
Dating Relationships
Dating Scripts and Paternalistic Chivalry
Love and Romance
What Is the Nature of Marriage—Past and Present?
A Brief Social History of Marriage
Contemporary Marriage-Like Relationships
The Changing American Family
Arranged Versus Autonomous Marriages
Polygyny and Polyandry
Consensual Nonmonogamy and Polyamory
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Committed
Relationships?
Happy Relationships: Equity and Love
Making Decisions
Dividing Labor and Childcare
Showing Love
Relationship Struggles: Jealousy and Conflict
Jealousy
Dealing With Conflict
DEBATE: Did Women and Men Evolve Different
Jealousy Reactions?
Separation and Divorce
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Parenting and
Family Relationships?
Parent to Parent: Gender and Parental
Relationships
Parent to Child: Gender and Caring for Children
Chapter 11 • Work and Home
Work and Home
How Have Work and Home Labor Divisions Changed?
 How Do People Divide Housework and Childcare at
Home?
Trends and Inequities
Who Does What?
Childcare
Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor
Time Availability
Relative Income
Gender Role Ideology
Maternal Gatekeeping
How Does Gender Operate in the Workplace?
Gender and Leadership
Glass Ceilings, Glass Cliffs, Glass Escalators, and
Sticky Floors
Workplace Bias Based on Sex
Bias Against Women
Bias Against Men
Workplace Bias Based on Sexual Orientation,
Gender Identity, Race, and Disability Status
How Can We Explain the Gender Wage Gap?
What Is the Gender Wage Gap?
DEBATE: Is the Gender Wage Gap a Myth?
Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap
Education and Occupational Segregation
Occupational Feminization
Salary Negotiation
Relocations and Career Interruptions
Overwork
Conclusions About the Gender Wage Gap
How Do Work and Family Roles Interact?
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: From Work–Family
Conflict to Work–Life Enrichment
Balance, Conflict, and Enrichment
Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies
Unit VI • Health and Well-Being
Chapter 12 • Gender and Physical Health
Gender and Physical Health
How Have Understandings of Health and Longevity
Changed Over Time?
Changes in Life Expectancy
Mortality (Death) and Morbidity (Sickness)
DEBATE: Do Women or Men Experience Better
Physical Health?
 How Do Biological Factors Shape Sex Differences in
Health?
Genetic Factors
Hormonal Influences
An Evolutionary Theory of Health and Longevity
How Do Social Factors Contribute to Sex Disparities in
Health?
Health-Relevant Behavior: Things That People Do
Accidents and Risky Sex
Smoking, Alcohol Use, and Diet
Physical Activity and Exercise
Health-Relevant Traits: Ways That People Are
Accessing Health Care
Seeking Health Care
Receiving Health Care
Gender-Egalitarian Communities and Health
How Do Multiple Systems of Discrimination Shape
Health and Health Care?
Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and
Culture
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
What Do We Know About Sex-Specific Health Issues?
Sex-Specific Medical Conditions
The Medicalization of Reproductive Health
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Pregnancy and
Childbirth Advice Through the Centuries
Chapter 13 • Gender and Psychological Health
Gender and Psychological Health
How Are Mental Illnesses Defined, Classified, and
Conceptualized?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the
International Classification of Diseases
The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and
Externalizing Disorders
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Treatment of
Transgender Identity in the DSM
What Contributes to Sex Differences in Internalizing
Disorders?
Gender Role Factors
Abuse and Violence Factors
Personality Factors
Biological Factors
 What Contributes to Sex Differences in Externalizing
Disorders?
Gender Role Factors
Personality Factors
Biological Factors
DEBATE: Do Women Suffer From Depression More
Than Men?
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Eating and
Body Image Disorders?
Objectification Theory, Body Image, and Eating
Disorders
Links to Women’s Mental Health
Roles of Media and Culture
Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among
Women
Gender Identity, Body Dissatisfaction, and Eating
Disorders
Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Men
How Do LGBTQ Statuses Relate to Mental Health?
Victimization, Discrimination, and Rejection
Homelessness
Institutional Discrimination: A Hostile Environment
Internalized Stigma: Homophobia and Transphobia
From Within
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Mental Health
Help-Seeking?
Sex Differences in Rates of Help-Seeking
Intersectionality and Help-Seeking
What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Happiness and
Well-Being?
Subjective Well-Being
Communion, Agency, and Well-Being
Chapter 14 • Aggression and Violence
Aggression and Violence
Are There Sex Differences in Aggression?
Sex Differences in Perpetrating Aggression
Violent Crime
Physical Aggression
Verbal Aggression
Relational Aggression
Bullying and Cyberbullying
Sex Differences in Experiencing Aggression
What’s the Big Picture?
 What Are the Major Forms of Gender-Based Aggression
and Violence?
Sex-Based Harassment
Intimate Partner Violence
DEBATE: Do Men Perpetrate Intimate Partner
Violence More Often Than Women?
Situational Couple Violence Versus Intimate
Terrorism
Sexual Violence: Rape and Sexual Assault
How Common Is Sexual Violence?
Who Commits Sexual Violence?
The Aftermath of Sexual Violence
Aggression and Violence Against LGBTQ
Populations
What Explains Gender-Based Aggression and Violence?
Biological Factors
Testosterone
Evolved Jealousy
Sociocultural Factors
Honor Cultures
Precarious Manhood
Power and Structural Gender Inequality
I3 Theory
What Is the Relationship Between Pornography and
Sexual Aggression?
Definitions and Prevalence
JOURNEY OF RESEARCH: Science, Politics, and
Pornography
Pornography and Sexual Aggression
Unit VII • Summary and Reflection
Chapter 15 • Gender Past, Present, and Future
Gender Past, Present, and Future
Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th
Centuries)?
Gender Present: Where Are We Now (in the 21st
Century)?
Theme 1: Critical Thinking and Systematic
Research
“Male” and “Female” Hormones
Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences
Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People
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 Theme 2: The Interconnectedness of Nature and
Nurture
Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality
Gender Future: Where Are We Going?
Methodological Advances
Unanswered Questions
Revisiting Our Challenge to You: Critical Thinking
Glossary
References
Subject Index
Author Index
PREFACE
This book reflects a new approach to the psychology of sex and
gender. As instructors of undergraduate psychology of gender
courses, we regularly face three challenges when selecting a
textbook. First, some textbooks lack broad coverage of the latest sex
and gender science. Second, existing gender textbooks often
emphasize the psychology of women rather than giving equal weight
to the experiences of people of all sexes and gender identities.
Third, the field of gender research changes at a remarkable pace,
making textbooks feel dated quickly. In this book, we specifically
tackle each of these challenges to yield an updated and engaging
addition to the field.
To tackle the first challenge—that gender textbooks lack coverage of
the latest sex and gender science—our book puts contemporary
empirical scholarship at the center. This approach reflects our belief
that students must critically evaluate the empirical evidence and
draw their own conclusions about controversial issues and findings.
Given the centrality of sex and gender to most of our lives, people
tend to approach these topics with preconceived views, but such
views can stem from stereotypes, folk beliefs, and outdated
assumptions that are inconsistent with systematic, empirical
observations. Our book emphasizes science as a useful, albeit
imperfect, method for reducing biases. At the same time, we cover
politically charged topics and tackle challenging discussions when
relevant. Research on sex and gender has inevitable social and
political implications, and when such implications arise, we invite
students to consider multiple perspectives and question their
assumptions.
To tackle the second challenge—that existing textbooks often
prioritize the psychology of women—our book takes a broad
approach to the psychology of sex and gender. Many of the top-
selling psychology of gender textbooks are primarily about women,
and for good reason: These books fill an important social and
historical need, as women and women’s experiences were largely
neglected by mainstream psychology for many decades. That said,
ours is a different kind of textbook, one that closely reflects current
sociocultural contexts and understandings of sex and gender. Our
book includes not only the rich literature on men and masculinity but
also the expanding literatures on transgender, nonbinary, agender,
and gender-nonconforming identities and experiences. It also
highlights sexual orientation diversity and intersectionality and
pushes students to think about ever more inclusive ways of
conceptualizing sex and gender.
To tackle the third challenge—that the field of gender research
proceeds at a breakneck pace—we cover the most up-to-date
findings and interweave these with classic, time-honored theories,
approaches, and studies. In the past decade, scientific
understandings of sex and gender saw rapid transitions. We now
know more than ever before about topics like gender identity and
sexual orientation, genes and hormones, the effects of gender
biases, and the nature of sexism. Old theories and assumptions that
long held sway are regularly upended by new findings. At the same
time, underlying these rapid changes are some enduring
psychological principles and truths. Psychology of gender instructors
need a book such as this one that both keeps up with the forefront
of the field and situates it within the fundamentals of psychology.
Not only does this book fill needs specific to the psychology of sex
and gender, it also fills a more general need shared by all
instructors: to enhance students’ learning by promoting deep
processing of information. Specifically, this text uses current best
practices from the scholarship of teaching and learning to facilitate
students’ understanding of material by prompting them to develop
habits of critical and integrative thinking.
Finally, a word about our title. We realize that many books on the
same topic will opt for the simpler Psychology of Gender. Many
gender researchers avoid the term sex because of the convention in
the field that sex refers to biological and anatomical differences
among people, while gender refers to the sociocultural assumptions
and roles that accompany sex differences. Breaking from this
convention, we embrace the term sex and use it simply to refer to
categories of difference, such as “male,” “female,” “intersex,” and
“nonbinary.” We therefore include sex in our title to illustrate that
categories of sex are conceptually distinct from gender, rather than
to imply any distinction between biological and social causes. In fact,
throughout the book, we regularly insist that nature and nurture are
intertwined in ways that make them impossible to separate. This
reflects a growing awareness within psychology of the inseparability
of nature and nurture: Biological factors shape how people and
cultures conceptualize gender, and social factors shape our
interpretations of the anatomy and physiology of sex. We highlight
this theme explicitly in Chapter 3 (“The Nature and Nurture of Sex
and Gender”) but return to it repeatedly throughout the book.
INTENDED COURSES AND READERS
We intend this book to be used as a core text for undergraduate
courses in the psychology of gender, the psychology of women, and
the psychology of men. As such, it covers requisite content including
sex versus gender, the sex and gender binaries, gender stereotypes,
gender role socialization, sexism, and sex similarities and differences
in cognitive, emotional, relational, workplace, and health outcomes.
Many universities—both public and private, research oriented and
teaching focused—offer these or similar courses as part of the
regular curriculum in the Psychology Department, but these courses
also appear in Departments of Sociology, Women’s and Gender
Studies, and Men’s Studies. A course in the psychology of gender
has wide appeal for students, regardless of academic major. While
many are majors in psychology, sociology, or women’s and gender
studies, with some planning to pursue graduate study in these
disciplines, others take the course out of interest in the topic or
because understanding sex and gender will prepare them for a
career in an applied area. This textbook should appeal to a broad
range of students, and our writing reflects this by incorporating
cross-disciplinary material regularly.
ORGANIZATION, FEATURES, AND
PEDAGOGY
This book is organized into seven units, although instructors can
easily shift the order of chapters without disrupting the flow. Unit I
lays the foundation for the rest of the book by introducing the
concepts of sex and gender, defining essential terminology, and
placing the study of sex and gender within sociohistorical contexts in
Chapter 1. This unit also discusses some of the unique
methodological approaches and challenges in the study of sex and
gender and prepares students to evaluate the validity of research
designs and researchers’ conclusions critically (Chapter 2). Unit II
covers material on how people become gendered beings, from their
prenatal origins and sex assignment at birth (Chapter 3) to childhood
gender role socialization and adult development (Chapter 4). In Unit
III, we focus on gendered social perception and systems of sex- and
gender-based status and power by examining gender stereotypes
(Chapter 5) and sex-related differences in structural power and
discrimination (Chapter 6).
In Unit IV, we examine cognitive and emotional aspects of sex and
gender, including similarities and differences in cognitive ability
(Chapter 7) and gendered aspects of communication and emotion
(Chapter 8). Unit V focuses on domains of personal and social life,
including sexuality, relationships, and the work–home interface.
While Chapter 9 offers in-depth analyses of sexual orientation and
sexuality, Chapter 10 covers friendships, romantic relationships, and
parenting. Chapter 11 then examines the interconnection between
work and home life in the context of changing family arrangements
and societal norms. Unit VI, which covers health and well-being,
considers the roles of sex and gender in both physical health
(Chapter 12) and psychological health (Chapter 13). This unit also
considers the gendered aspects of aggression and violence that
impact health (Chapter 14). Finally, Unit VII, which is new to the
second edition, stimulates reflection on the main themes presented
throughout the textbook. It prompts students to consider past and
present understandings of gender psychology and use these to
identify unanswered questions that will likely shape the field in the
future (Chapter 15). We encourage instructors to use Chapter 15 to
generate end-of-the-term critical thinking exercises and assignments
that allow students to reflect on what they have learned by reading
this book.
The themes that guided our writing, which are evident throughout
each chapter, include the following:
Updated Science. We cover up-to-date findings in the psychology
of sex and gender. This keeps students abreast of the latest
scholarship in the field, prepares them to evaluate unfounded
assumptions about sex and gender critically, and offers them a solid
foundation of knowledge upon which to build.
Diversity Emphasis. We wrote this book to meet the needs of an
increasingly globally aware and sophisticated student population. To
this end, we focus on a diversity of gender identities, sexual
orientations, races and ethnicities, cultural and subcultural
backgrounds, and intersections among these dimensions. Moreover,
we routinely integrate diversity and intersectionality into the chapter
text rather than boxing them separately or treating them as
afterthoughts. This emphasis on diverse perspectives and contents
benefits students in several ways. First, exposure to inclusive
content increases feelings of belonging among underrepresented
students, who see their own experiences reflected in the text. This
can foster interest in and engagement with the material, as students
see that the psychology of sex and gender is about everyone, not
just those who occupy dominant or privileged social groups. Second,
exposure to diverse content can increase students’ awareness of the
unique backgrounds of others who differ from them, foster an
appreciation for issues of social justice, and help students build
interpersonal skills that will assist them in their chosen careers and
life paths. Finally, exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences
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The final fixing of the location was accomplished by aligning the tip
of a rocky promontory resembling a human nose with a farther peak
and walking directly away from it until a small ravine was
encountered. The deposit was 75 yards farther on, according to the
instructions, in a direction a little south of east. All four men paced it
off with extended strides, ending up in a scattered configuration,
with no two of them more than ten yards apart.

The men faced each other and looked about. It was a rock-strewn
area similar to a dozen others they had passed through on the way
here. But closer inspection revealed one difference. Here and there
were piles of dry, gray bones of different sizes, some of them
crumbled almost into dust.
"Looks something like an animal graveyard," said Dr. Grimwood. "But
I rather imagine it's less purposeful than that, and most of them
simply made the mistake of sleeping here."
"Well," said Stokely, his voice harsh and a trifle high-pitched,
"where's the jade?"
He deliberately pointed his gun at the doctor, who regarded him
dubiously.
"I'm sure it's here," said Dr. Grimwood, "but I really don't know
much about its appearance in the natural state. They carefully
avoided any mention of that on their map, you know. That map was
intended for them alone." The doctor began to walk slowly among
the rocks, studying them. "I seem to recall, though, hearing
something about—"
He paused, bent down slowly with the weight of his pack, and dug
with his space-gauntleted fingers at a hollow in one of the larger
rocks.
"—moss!" he finished. "Gray moss. I think this is it."
The tufted moss was hardly distinguishable from the stone itself in
the waning light. Dr. Grimwood plucked from its core a thimble-sized
lump. Holding it up, he scraped away part of the gray coating. It was
as if, with some magic flint, he had struck green fire. The eerie glow
of the gem made the surrounding area seem suddenly darker by
contrast.
Will Archer only glanced at it, returning his gaze quickly to Stokely,
on his left. In the big man's reaction to this climactic discovery might
lie some clue to his probable course of action.
And the expression on Stokely's face was not good to see. The pale
eyes which had widened at the first sight of the gem now narrowed
to slits, while his normally regular features pulled into an ugly mask.
A dark flush suffused his freckled cheeks.
Archer watched him with growing alarm. There was little doubt that,
for the moment, Stokely was not sane.
His gun, still pointed at Dr. Grimwood, moved slightly, and Archer
saw his finger tightening on the trigger. In one motion, Archer
slipped free of his pack and flung himself at the heavier man.
The gun went off just as he struck, and Stokely, caught off guard,
was bowled over like a tenpin. His head-globe hit hard against the
rocky ground, protecting his head but smashing a large hole in the
globe.
He went over so easily that Archer himself was thrown off balance.
He stumbled over Stokely's legs and fell a few feet beyond. Rolling
over quickly, he scrambled to a crouching position, then paused, and
drew himself slowly erect.
Evans was standing just beyond Stokely, and the gun in his hand
was aimed steadily at Archer's stomach. Dr. Grimwood was lying
prone and limp, his blood trickling out between the stones under
him, the bit of jade glinting near his outstretched hand.
Stokely picked up his gun and got to his feet dazedly, shaking his
head to clear it. Archer studied his face and saw there a vast, rising
anger, but no longer the wild light of utter unreason. The man was
in a dangerous mood and might readily kill again, but he had
evidently been jolted back to a semblance of sanity.
Suddenly, Stokely's eyes widened and fear became dominant in his
expression. He obviously had just realized the implication of the fact
that his head-globe was broken. He licked his lips, and looked back
and forth from Archer to Evans.
His mouth tightened with sudden purpose.
"Evans! Look out!" Archer shouted, but too late.
Stokely had lashed out with his gun and caught Evans sharply on the
right wrist. As Evans' gun dropped from paralyzed fingers, Stokely
easily shoved him away and scooped it up from the ground. He
stepped back a few paces, keeping a watchful eye on Archer.
"Okay," he ordered Evans grimly, "take it off!"

Only then, evidently, did Evans' slow wits grasp the meaning of what
had happened. His dark eyes stared with fright, but he loosened the
clamps with trembling fingers, and set his head-globe carefully on
the ground. Stokely, now in possession of all three guns, holstered
the one in his left hand, removed his cracked head-globe with some
difficulty, and even more awkwardly replaced it with Evans'.
Head-globes were interchangeable, though the individually
proportioned suits were not. The reason that Stokely had called
upon Evans, not Archer, to remove his globe was disturbingly
obvious. Stokely wanted Evans in the same status as himself, for the
time being—which should have been reassuring to Evans. To Archer
it was quite the contrary, and he was not surprised when Stokely
scowled at him a moment later and spoke in a voice that was too
quiet:
"As for you, you're too smart for your own good. I don't think we
need you around any longer." The gun in his right hand swung
slowly.
"On the contrary," said Archer quickly, "since that borrowed helmet
might not make any difference now, you need me worse than ever.
That is, unless you trust each other implicitly." He spoke the last few
words with slow emphasis.
For a long moment, the gun held steady, then it lowered a little.
Stokely gestured with the other hand.
"Take it off," he said harshly, "and I'll hear what you have to say. I'm
not promising anything, though. For instance—why should I trust
you?"
Archer removed his head-globe, admitting the outer air. It was cold
against his face, and so dry by comparison with the humidified air of
his pressure-suit that it caught in his throat as he breathed. He left
his headset on for communication with Stokely.
"Maybe you won't have to," Archer answered steadily. "I have a plan
that might work in spite of our low regard for each other's veracity.
But—in case it doesn't—you'll be better off if you take off that
globe."
Stokely sneered. "You'll have a hard time selling me that idea!"
"I don't think so, when you see the point. You're forgetting that in
this case, a false cure is just as deadly as the disease. I don't know
just how full of the virus the air is hereabouts, but as far as either of
us can tell, you may be cutting down your chances of getting
infected. Evans' chance, and mine, with full exposure, will be four
out of five. That means if we can't find out for sure whether we have
it, we can take an injection and be 80 percent sure of being right.
"How sure can you be?"
Stokely's face set in a grim mask as the realization sank in. He
removed his globe and set it out before him on the ground. Again
the gun raised to Archer's chest.
"Okay, bright lad, you put it on!"
Archer smiled thinly and shook his head. "Could you be sure that I
don't know more about the infection than I've admitted? In which
case, it might be a trick to get the globe for myself."
Stokely's face was twisting dangerously again, and Archer went on
quickly:
"Better leave us all in the same boat, anyhow—it'll work out better
later on."
It was a full, tense minute before Stokely's fury subsided to a point
where he could speak.
"I think I'm making a mistake in letting you live," he said thickly.
"This plan of yours had better be good. How does it work—with
mirrors? Let's have it!"
"Lacking mirrors of a size which would show a good contrast—say
about ten feet square," Archer returned calmly, "we'll have to use
other means. My plan will give each of us an equal chance, at least.
I'll tell you the first part now: we take all the jade we can find
around here, before dark if possible, and go back to the ship. I'll tell
you the next step when we get there. If that isn't good enough—or
if an 80 percent chance is—you can shoot and be damned!"

It was nearly three hours later, very dark and very cold, when they
returned to the ship. Archer and Evans carried Dr. Grimwood's body,
consigned to the same storage compartment as the dead
prospector's. Stokely evidently had not altogether abandoned his
original plan for disposing of the evidence. The question now, Archer
thought grimly, was how many bodies there would be.
Stokely himself carried the jade, of course. Under his prodding, they
had literally left no stone unturned in the vicinity of the deposit. It
had yielded nine pieces of varying size and a total weight of perhaps
a hundred and fifty carats. They added up to riches beyond
imagining.
One of the lockers, as would be expected aboard a prospector's ship,
contained an assortment of standard chemicals, and Archer lost no
time in locating a bottle of ethyl alcohol. There was also a balance
and a set of weights.
"The next step is simple," he said, anticipating Stokely's question. "I
make up a solution of antitoxin. There are hypodermics in the
medical kit, which is in the control room. The doctor put the one we
found up there in it, and I'm pretty sure I noticed a couple of others.
Perhaps you will trust Evans to go get it, and in the meantime, I'll
trouble you for about 30 carats of jade."
"Thirty carats! That's enough for all three of us! We may not all be
infected."
"No—as a matter of fact the odds work out to be only a little better
than 50-50 that we all have it. But we've all got to have the means
of doing something about it if we find out—otherwise the plan won't
work.
"If we find out!" Stokely echoed harshly. "Archer, you've stalled
around long enough! What is this plan?"
Archer looked at him in open disgust. "You've stalled around long
enough! There's only 20 more minutes until the three-and-a-half
hour deadline. Let me get the stuff made and then we'll talk about
it. Incidentally, 30 carats is less than the share you offered me—and
also a lot less than I value my life. So you can figure the shots are
on me."
With a reluctant grimace, Stokely removed the utility kit from his belt
and poured out a small but dazzling cascade. Archer weighed several
combinations of the smaller gems, and found one group of three
which came to a little under six and a half grams or about 32 carats.
Unceremoniously, he dumped them into a small beaker, and poured
in a little alcohol. After a minute or so, they softened and dissolved.
Archer added distilled water and stirred the solution gently.
Evans returned from the control room and handed the medical kit to
Archer, who took out the three hypodermics. Forcing himself to take
great pains, he divided the solution among the three.
"No time to sterilize these," he said. "Not that they should need it.
Here is the one used by the dead man—I don't mind taking it, if
anybody else does. This next one has a little more in it than the
others. Stokely, you're the biggest, so—but suit yourself. Now let's
get these suits off and get outside."
"Why can't we wear the suits?" asked Evans. "It's freezing out
there!"
"Because they're opaque," said Archer patiently, "and the aura is so
faint that your cranium alone probably wouldn't give off enough to
be visible. Personally, I'm going to strip to the waist. I'd be inclined
to strip further, if it weren't for the fact that some of those crawling
things out there are about as deadly as the virus."

In silence, the three men climbed down from the airlock, their
flashlights cutting holes in the thick darkness. Faria was a moonless
planet, and the hour was late.
Under the watchful eye of Stokely, Archer walked clear of the
retractable landing supports and shone his flashlight about the small
level area in which the ship was fairly centered. He held the beam
steady on an outcropping of rock about 40 feet away.
"There's a good background for you, Stokely. It faces the lock, and I
imagine you'll want to do the same."
He swung the flashlight slowly around. There were several piles of
boulders standing about, and Archer indicated two of them, each
about 120 degrees from the first.
"Evans and I can take those two positions. That way we'll form a
triangle, each of us about 40 feet from the ship, and in plain sight of
the others—that is, if we develop that fatal glow. In any case,
Stokely, I think you can depend on us staying put until we find out,
since—"
"And then what happens?" Stokely demanded impatiently. "How do
we find out—without trusting each other? The whole set-up sounds
silly to me!"
"It's my life, too," Archer reminded him. "And in case you're in any
doubt, I don't trust you, either. Here's the plan: As you know, all of
us were exposed within a very few minutes of each other. That
means, according to our late friend, the doctor, that in ten to 12
minutes from now—perhaps a few minutes longer—one or more of
us should show the symptomatic aura.
"Now there's the point: one or more of us. There's an excellent
chance we won't all show it. Allowing an adequate margin, the next
20 minutes should reveal who has the infection and who hasn't. I
propose that at the end of that time each of us in turn announces,
not which of the others shows it but simply whether he sees the
aura at all. He doesn't tell whether one or both of the others shows
it, but merely whether at least one does."
"What good would that do anybody?" asked Stokely glumly.
"None, in itself. But you forget that all of us will be reporting. For
instance, supposing Evans says he sees it, but I don't show it, or
vice versa—two very distinct possibilities. Then you'd know that the
only place Evans could have seen it—"
"What if he were lying?" Stokely put in sharply.
"That's the general idea in back of the whole scheme. He couldn't
get away with it. If he said he saw it and didn't, it could only mean
that neither you nor I showed it. In that case—which is one of the
lesser possibilities, incidentally—I'd be led into the same error that
you would. But it would then be very much to our mutual benefit to
compare notes before taking any injection.
"If he said he didn't see it, and either of us had it, the other would
know he was lying. If we can't trust each other to tell the truth, we
can't very well depend on each other to back up our lies—especially
when there is everything to lose by it. If you knew Evans was lying
about me, how would you know whether he was telling the truth
about you?"
"Now listen!" protested Evans, who seemed to be shivering as much
with fear as with the cold, "you guys talk like you expected me to
pull a fast one. Hell, it's complicated enough if we all tell the truth—
don't worry about me!"
"I was using you for an example," Archer told him. "The same thing
applies to each of us, and we should all be able to see that honesty
is the only workable policy. There's one more little matter to be
decided: the order in which we report. I think it would be fair to
reverse the order of exposure, which would probably make it the
order of observation. I was exposed last, so I'll report first, then
Evans, then Stokely.
"Now I'd suggest we take our positions, so we can kill these lights
and let our eyes get used to the dark. There's only six to eight
minutes to go."
Archer turned and started off, half expecting some last-minute
objection from Stokely. But the latter merely waited to assure
himself by means of his flashlight that Archer and Evans were half-
way to their appointed places, then started making his way toward
his own.

The spot to which Archer had assigned himself turned out to be a

jumble of loose rocks, complete with small and unpleasant denizens.
He frowned. The footing would be very bad for dodging bullets,
should matters turn out unsatisfactory to Stokely.
As the latter reached his position, about 75 feet away, Archer called
out:
"Let's all face the ship, and don't anybody move after the lights are
out, or you'll lose your orientation. Don't even shift your feet! Four to
six minutes to go—but it could be sooner! I'm stripping down now."
He switched off his flashlight, and after a moment, Stokely and
Evans did likewise. The night closed in disconcertingly, the utter dark
wiping out all visual cues and rendering one's very balance
momentarily precarious.
Archer removed the watch from his wrist and placed it in his pocket.
Its face was luminous, and he was uncertain of its possible
competition. He doffed his jacket and tied it about his hips, then
unzipped his shirt to the waist and slipped it from his shoulders,
tucking the sleeves into his belt.
The air was too dry for a sudden shock of cold, but within seconds
his outer flesh began to ache dully, and there was difficulty in
expanding his chest sufficiently to breathe. He wondered how much
of it a healthy man could stand before pneumonia became certain.
Stokely was apparently trying to warm things up in his vicinity with a
muttered string of vehement oaths, and Archer thought he heard a
low groan from the direction of Evans.
The black border of the horizon was becoming visible now against
the lesser darkness of the sky. Directly before him was the outline of
the ship, the control-room ports showing dim and ghostly above with
the light seeping up from the waist compartment.
Archer began turning his head back and forth at about ten-second
intervals, staring into the blackness approximately 60 degrees each
side of center, swinging his arms and flexing the muscles of his torso
in a losing battle against the advancing numbness.
He started suddenly at a slight sound of movement in the rocks not
two yards away in the direction of Evans. But it was far too faint for
human feet on that treacherous ground. More probably it was some
small monster—quite possibly attracted by the dubious warmth of
Archer's body, which was certainly radiating for all it was worth.
Wryly, he thought of one of the more abhorrent of the local fauna, a
lizard-like creature which attacked any animal which had the single
qualification of being within a considerable jumping range. The
beastie combined the least intelligence with the most virulent poison
in several star-systems. With barbed feet and tail, it clung to its
victim through the death throes—which usually began immediately—
and unless torn apart or crushed in the process, it fed. Fortunately,
the species was one of hundreds equally numerous and generally
less deadly.

At least five minutes had passed, by the most meticulous of

estimates, when Archer saw the glow. He had been looking at it for
several seconds, in the direction of Stokely, before he realized what
it was.
He had expected a modification of the greenish luminescence of the
jade itself. But this was a mere patch of gray in the blackness, to
begin with. It whitened, gradually revealing the blurred silhouette of
the man within it. At that level it remained, and his outline grew no
sharper. By blinking several times, Archer was able to distinguish the
arms from the rest of him, and assumed from their respective
positions that Stokely was holding his gun in his left hand, the
syringe in his right.
It seemed twice as long—by which Archer judged it was about half—
before a similar dusky patch became visible in the direction of Evans.
He showed up very soon thereafter, because unlike Stokely, he was
churning his arms as if in direct combat with the cold.
Archer began to count slowly to himself, swinging his arms in a
period of about a second. He had not done so before, because it
would have served no particular purpose, and would have made the
time seem even longer. Now it was important not to allow too long
an interval following the second revelation of the deadly symptom.
There must not be too much time for the others to think about the
situation.
Yet there must be enough to insure his showing the symptom
himself, if he were going to. He estimated that Evans' period of
"incubation" had varied from Stokely's by about a minute, allowing
for the difference in the time of exposure. If Archer's varied from
Evans' by as much as two minutes, there could still be three minutes
or more to go. Of course, it was possible that he already showed it—
or even that he had been the first. Five minutes should allow a safe
margin, he decided.
Two minutes of it were now gone. Archer's arms felt like lead-
weighted pendulums, yet he restrained the tendency to urge them
to more rapid motion. The count of 60 took a small eternity.
Three minutes. His arms were so numb it was occasionally difficult
to tell for sure when they had reached the end of their swing. It
would have been reassuring to be able to see them. He widened his
eyes and blinked rapidly, trying to penetrate the dark, and
momentarily he almost fancied he saw a dim haze about him. He
thought of the dead man they had found in the pilot's seat. There
were no limits to the fallacy of human vision, under emotional stress.
Four minutes. If the original 20-minute period happened to be over
and the others were aware of it, they made no sign. That would not
be strange. Having agreed that Archer would make the first report,
they would hesitate to venture any comment, for fear of dropping
some kind of hint.
Five minutes. Archer fumbled awkwardly for his watch. If all his
estimates, pieced together, were correct, there should still be a
minute to go.
He was amazed to find that there was not. By leaning over backward
in his guesses, he had actually managed to be conservative. The
time was up—in fact, it was almost 15 seconds past. It was time to
get the formalities over with and end this desperate game.
"All right!" Archer said loudly, his voice cracking slightly. "It's time to
report, and here's mine—" He paused briefly, then finished: "I see
it."

It was now up to the others either to lie or to admit they saw it. It
didn't particularly matter which, but Archer rather expected the
truth. Evans was next.
After a moment, the latter's voice came somewhat falteringly, but
clearly enough: "I see it."
Surprisingly, Stokely did not keep them waiting. His report came
immediately, in a hoarse monotone: "I see it."
Now. Archer's gaze swung back and forth between the two others
during the space of a long breath. Their shadowy figures did not
move, but stood irresolute.
Archer exhaled with vast relief. "Okay, you fellows," he announced,
"we've all got it. Here goes my injection."
Watching Stokely carefully, he plucked the syringe from his belt with
enormous caution, and forced his feeble right hand to drive the
needle into his left forearm and press the plunger all the way. There
was one slight advantage to the cold, after all—he hardly felt the
perforation.
He dared not pull up his shirt as yet. It could very easily have the
effect of making him fade partially from Stokely's view, and might
provoke the big man into blazing away at him.
It was quite possible that Stokely would shoot anyhow, though
under the circumstances his aim might not be at its best.
"You lie!" Stokely said suddenly, as between clenched teeth. "The
only way you could know about yourself would be if I didn't have it.
Then you'd know where Evans must have seen it."
"One minute ago," said Archer, "that would have been true. And if
you had thought of it a minute ago, instead of just now, things
might have been different. But putting yourself in my position with
respect to Evans, or in his with respect to me, was too big a step for
your egocentric mind. You haven't quite done it yet, or you would
understand this:
"If you hadn't shown the aura, I would have known instantly that I
did. Also, Evans would have known about himself, immediately. But
we didn't know, immediately. None of us did. And there is only one
way we could all see it and remain uncertain. That is for all of us to
have it. I didn't know, you both didn't know—and therefore I knew.
Can you follow that?"
After a pause, Archer went on: "Incidentally, I wouldn't let a dog die
the way both of you are going to in the next few minutes unless you
do something about it. That's why I've taken the trouble to explain
it."
Evans suddenly cleared his throat, and his voice came plaintively:
"Uh—are you sure I've got it, Mr. Archer?" The necessity of the
conclusion was clearly beyond him.
"Quite sure," Archer returned, noting that Evans had sought the
truth from him instead of his own colleague in crime.
"That's good enough for me." Evans' motions showed dimly that he
was making the injection.
But Archer spared him only a glance and turned back to watching
Stokely. The latter had not yet moved.
"Okay, Stokely," said Archer, "I'll give you a better break than you'd
give me—I'll prove it to you. You're facing me now. Raise either arm,
and I'll tell you which one it is."
Stokely seemed to hesitate, then raised both arms to the horizontal.
"You're pretty sharp, at that," Archer told him, "when it comes to
thinking from your own corner. You raised both of them."
Stokely's arms dropped, but not all the way. There was a motion as
of applying the hypodermic.
Quickly, Archer drew the sleeves of his shirt over his arms. But he
had counted too heavily on Stokely's preoccupation. The latter
turned rigidly, as if continuing the injection, and fired.
Archer felt a shock which spun him half around, but could not tell
just where he was hit, for the moment. He began to run awkwardly
through the loose rocks toward the sanctuary of the pile of boulders,
raising his jacket high to screen his head. In doing so, the location of
his wound became evident with a jab of pain. His left arm was
useless.
The next instant, the glaring beam of Stokely's flashlight picked him
out, and the second bullet spanged against a boulder just as he
ducked behind it, peppering his cheek with rock dust.
Stooping low, Archer moved around the pile, as the crunching sound
of Stokely's rapid footsteps came closer. He cursed the luck that had
enabled Stokely to cripple him. He felt his paralyzed arm gingerly—
the bullet had struck just below the shoulder, and he guessed that
the bone was broken, but the wound did not seem to be bleeding
much.
There was no use making a break for the next heap of rocks over
this treacherous ground, even if he knew precisely where it lay. He
would simply have to play tag with Stokely until—
Suddenly, the footsteps slowed and seemed to stumble. There was a
clattering among the rocks and the lancing beam of the flashlight cut
off. Darkness and silence descended.
Will Archer waited tensely. If all were well, Stokely should be out like
the light he had been carrying. But Archer was in no hurry about
using his own. It would make him altogether too vulnerable, in case
this just might be a ruse.
Then from a little distance came the welcome beam of Evans' light.
Archer peered out carefully and beheld the prone, unmoving figure
of Stokely, his arms doubled under him as if to break his fall.
Unhurriedly, Archer turned on his own flashlight, walked around and
set it between two rocks so that its beam made a path of light
between himself and the ship. He rolled the big man over with a
thrust of his foot, exposing the gun underneath. This, and one gun
from the unconscious man's two holsters, Archer picked up and
stuck in his belt. The remaining one—Archer's own—he pointed at
Evans, who had stopped ten yards away.
The latter wore a puzzled expression—apparently at having found
the wrong body.
"What did you do," he asked Archer, "hit him with a rock? Is he
dead?"
"I wish I had," said Archer without humor, "and I wouldn't feel a bit
bad if he were. In fact, I intend to see to it that he is lawfully
executed. But in order to do that it will be necessary to get him back
to the base. You're elected to drag him over to the hoist."
Archer stooped again, without taking his eyes off Evans, and laid his
gun on the ground. He took the kit of jade from Stokely's belt and
pocketed it, then picked up the gun again and stepped back a few
paces.
"You can fasten his arms with his own belt," he told Evans, "and his
legs with yours. He should sleep for hours, but there's no use taking
chances."
Evans came forward meekly and bent over Stokely, then looked up,
startled. "The hypodermics! You must have put something in ours
that—"
"Not yours. Do you recall how willingly he took the one with the
most in it? Well, he got no more antitoxin than you and I did. The
rest was a quick-acting sedative that the doctor brought aboard in
case we ran into a lunatic. I emptied most of it into the distilled
water, but I left enough to do the trick. I trust you're buckling that
belt good and tight."
Evans' blue lips twisted glumly as he pulled off his own belt and
applied it to Stokely's ankles. Suddenly, he smiled.
"Say! What makes you think they'll believe your story about what
happened? It's your word against ours. Suppose we tell 'em that—"
"You're daydreaming," Archer broke in. "You'll be a lot better off to
resign yourself to spending five or ten years in a penal colony—
probably on some planet worse than this one.
"In the first place, you could never pass the lie-detector test,
although Stokely might. In the second place, it isn't just my word
against yours—our psychometric ratings will be weighed, too, and I'll
let you guess whose will be found wanting. And finally, what kind of
criminal will murder for profit, then change his mind and toss the
loot on the manager's desk, of his own free will?
"Which is just what I intend to do. But there'll be one string
attached. A sizable hunk of this stuff, together with a shiny new
mallet, goes to Dr. Grimwood's pals."
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