COMPUTER BASIC

LECTURE : (1-2)

Kazi Farhan Hasan Tanjim

Lecturer
Dept. of CSE
Dhaka International University
INTRODUCTION
Definition

• A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, process, and output data.
• It takes the data as an input and processes that data to perform tasks under the control
of a program and produces the output.
• A computer is like a personal assistant that follows instructions to get things done
quickly and accurately.
• Computers consist of hardware components such as the central processing unit (CPU),
memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and peripherals, as well as software
components such as the operating system and applications.
• It has memory to store information temporarily so that the computer can quickly access
it when needed.
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INTRODUCTION
Characteristics

• Speed: The computer helps in saving time. It performs several tasks and multiple calculations in a few
bit of seconds that takes us hours to solve. We measure the speed of computers in terms of GigaHertz
(Ghz) and MegaHertz (MHz).
• Accuracy: Works done by a computer have better accuracy than the work done by a human being.
The errors occur in a computer by entering wrong data by a human being. A computer performs tasks
quickly and accurately.
• Memory: A computer can store billions of data and these records are easily accessible with high
accuracy. We measure computer storage in terms of Bytes, like KiloBytes (KB), Megabytes (MB),
Gigabytes (GB), etc.
• Versatility: The simple meaning of Versatility is performing more than one task, and as everyone
knows, Computers are capable of performing more than one task at a time, hence it is highly versatile.
• Automation: Today’s World is full of automation as we rapidly move towards Artificial Intelligence (AI).
This feature of the computer replaces thousands of workers by performing tasks automatically.

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INTRODUCTION
Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:- Disadvantages:-
• Multitasking • Virus and hacking attacks
• Accuracy • Online Cyber Crimes
• Speed • Reduction in employed opportunity
• Stores huge
• High Cost
• Data Security
• Distractions/disruptions
• Communication
• Health Problems
• Productivity
• Reduce Workload
• Reliability

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INTRODUCTION
Architecture

 Core component?

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INTRODUCTION
Classification of Computer

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INTRODUCTION
Types of Computer: By size

• Super computers : The super computers are the most high performing system. The actual
Performance of a supercomputer is measured in FLOPS instead of MIPS. Supercomputers
actually play an important role in the field of computation, and are used for intensive computation
tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil
and gas exploration, molecular modeling, and physical simulations. and also Throughout the
history, supercomputers have been essential in the field of the cryptanalysis. eg: PARAM, jaguar,
roadrunner.
• Mainframe computers : Usually used by big organizations for bulk data processing such as
statistics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the servers as
these systems has a higher processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers.
eg: IBM z Series, System z9 and System z10 servers.

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INTRODUCTION
Types of Computer: By size

• Mini computers : Mini Computer, as the name suggests, is a type of computer that offers most features and
capabilities that a large computer generally offers. It generally supports multiple users at a time so one can say that it is a
multiprocessing system. It is a smaller computer designed for business applications and services and also can do time-
sharing, batch processing, online processing, etc.

eg: AS/400 computers, Motorola 68040, MV 1500etc.

• Micro computers : Micro Computer, as the name suggests, is a personal computer that is specially designed for
personal use and generally consists of a single chip that is CPU, data memory, I/O buses, etc. It can be used by one
person at a time. Its type includes tablet and smartphone microcomputers, desktop microcomputers, workstations, and
server microcomputers, etc.

eg: Laptop, desktop, IBM-PC, etc.

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INTRODUCTION
Types of Computer: by purpose

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DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
History & Evolution

• THE ABACUS

Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device. Which was used to be performed
addition and subtraction easily and speedily? This device was a first develop Ed by the Egyptians in
the 10th centaury B.C, but it was given it final shape in the 12th centaury A.D. by the Chinese
educationists. Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which rod where fitted across with rounds
beads sliding on the rod. It id dividing into two parts called ‘Heaven’ and ‘Earth’. Heaven was the
upper part and Earth was the lower one. Thus any no. can be represented by placing the beads at
proper place.

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DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
History & Evolution

• NAPIER’S BONES

As the necessity demanded, scientist started inventing better calculating device. In thus process
John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating device, in the year 1617 called the Napier Bones.
In the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting purpose where some no. is printed on
these rods. These rods that one can do addition, subtraction, multiplication and division easily.

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DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
History & Evolution

• PASCAL’S CALCULATOR

In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented an adding machine called Pascal’s calculator, which
represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it.

• LEIBNZ CALCULATOR
In the year 1671, a German mathematics, Gottfried Leibniz modified the Pascal calculator and he developed a
machine which could perform various calculation based on multiplication and division as well.

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DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
History & Evolution

• ANALYTICAL ENGINE

In the year 1833, a scientist form England knows to be Charles Babbage invented such a machine.
Which could keep our data safely? This device was called Analytical engine and it deemed the first
mechanical computer. It included such feature which is used in today’s computer language. For this
great invention of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also known as the father of the computer.

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
History & Evolution

• First Generation Computers

In the period of the year 1940-1956, it was referred to as the period of the first generation of computers. These
machines are slow, huge, and expensive. In this generation of computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic
components of CPU and memory. Also, they were mainly dependent on the batch operating systems and punch
cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices. For example ENIAC, UNIVAC-1,
EDVAC, etc.

• Second Generation Computers

In the period of the year, 1957-1963 was referred to as the period of the second generation of computers. In the
second generation of computers, transistors (which were cheap in cost) are used. Transistors are also compact
and consume less power. Transistor computers are faster than first-generation computers. For primary memory,
magnetic cores were used, and for secondary memory magnetic disc and tapes for storage purposes. For
example IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, etc.

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
History & Evolution

• Third Generation Computers

In the third generation of computers, integrated circuits (ICs) were used instead of transistors(in the second
generation). A single IC consists of many transistors which increased the power of a computer and also reduced
the cost. The third generation computers are more reliable, efficient, and smaller in size. It used remote
processing, time-sharing, and multiprogramming as operating systems. For example IBM-360 series,
Honeywell-6000 series, IBM-370/168, etc.
• Fourth Generation Computers

The period of 1971-1980 was mainly the time of fourth generation computers. It used VLSI(Very Large Scale
Integrated) circuits. VLSI is a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements and because of
these chips, the computers of this generation are more compact, powerful, fast, and affordable(low in cost).
Real-time, time-sharing and distributed operating system are used by these computers. C and C++ are used as
the programming languages in this generation of computers. For example STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-
X-MP, etc.

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
History & Evolution

• Fifth Generation Computers

From 1980 – to till date these computers are used. The ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology is used
in fifth-generation computers instead of the VLSI technology of fourth-generation computers. Microprocessor
chips with ten million electronic components are used in these computers. Parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software are also used in fifth-generation computers. The programming languages like C,
C++, Java, .Net, etc. are used. For example Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook, etc.

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
History & Evolution

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IMPACT OF COMPUTERS
Positive

 Increased Connectivity
 Access to Information
 Healthcare Advancements
 Education and Learning
 Efficiency and Productivity

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IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON SOCIETY
Negative

 Digital Divide
 Job Displacement
 Privacy and Security Risks
 Dependency and Addiction
 Environmental Impact

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