STRENGTt OP MATER LAL

fUNDAMENTALS OF STRENGT OF NATERTALS

P
True
Ap AnstantanaLous
-D Loeding 2D Loading/plona Loodua 3-D Locirg
SF0 2FO
Eg:Br, Columns, M2O
Roc et F: oamS, Shafts F2

n d s wi respect to directton
w.r.E ous
Locd
oxis
ALOng
Atiat Load &L) expendiular
Parallel to ousS
Ccertic axiot Fex PendiCadar
Lead EAL) fom
Lto i s and Posing
Parallet
Tansuese
Shear cad
TSL and hot Pa3Sing
t o aut
Eccentric TYandie Paralel
from itE
Shear Load Ets H20

to Bosic Loods
Conversion af fccenthcLoads
EAL
EAL AL+ Constaa
Bendina
Cople

ii TSL TSL TSLVamable

Bendng
Couple
- ETSLTs+on bleConsa

Cii) ETSL

- -0
TMPLE STRESS AND STRATN

Pa kpakpa =10Pa
1bpa 1oMPa
MPa 1D° Pa 1b A
Chae in dinuonstoh Strain
originel dimencion

Stress Strain stem Tzyy Complimenkry

S Shear Streu
Shhess Ma CyX Tyz

2D Sress ID Shvess

Total no. Tndopendant

Stvess Shain ho-of o 6 r
Sqsrem E read
3
3D
20
-D 3
ID

Elastic Constarts
younqs Modulus 1)Rigrdity Modulue ) Bulk Modulus(k)
T G k
E G P
k-
GE
Strain in tuo directon Of Load
*LontgitodlSbram = The Normal
No mat(Shaun h uretion to direthion f Load
Lakeral &rain = The

(NOPoisson Yatio)
*E LongitudinalE4Ez Lateral .
lateral Fain

Longiudinal Spain
E E
 Makenais
w* uS O.5Rarg) 0EA 0.5 nenceral
M=O.3 teol
u = 0-5 nConprats ble
u=0>CoYk Material

XUE O to d.2ontvete 0 . 2 s to D33 Enginaering Makena.

No-0 Indopendant Rastc
Relabionship blo Elachic Constanks Matexiol ConstanE eauired

E = 2G(+ A) Tsobronc 2
HoMOeneus
E 3k(-2u)
orthobrcpic
Hockes Lauo 4AnisotTOPiC|
2

Swes Strain

G1eneral Hooko's La

APPuCation Genevatl Hookes Laud

of
) solid Circulbr ui) Solid Sphare
CRectangular bar Sabj
ecked
to 3D s t r e s s
Shaft

x+ Etéz

Aal Deformation &)

Case()-Prismatic bar

SPL) Aual Stytrus

Of bot
SL

Caseti) Non Pris onatic bar

Steppod ar
DL,P PL 1 AL
AE AaE2

ALs PL3
AE AL =AL + A tAl E,L
AarEr
circular tapered
Pa-P
P
AL = 4PL
TE PD2

G) Square taperad bar Civ) Rectangular Tapeyod baY

AL PabE AL PL

defomation
Case) Sef eigho
@) pnsmatic bav
UttpLtLtLLLLIK
Ax dr
P Ax AE =weighr dnsity
- WL
AL 2E 2AE

(Stepped ba Ce Conical bar

A LLLILLLLIA.
LALLLLLLLLL4
Selt weight
A =

deformakon of AB
B Ax E

+Sdfwegl daformaron c
O Bc
+efornmason ar AB due
to0 AL L
weigut BC

(d) Deformakion diue to onkifugal action:

+P,, Pa)(-g)o j L-) dx
AE

Tube (r,E)
3E
Casiv) Compesite bar
Solid bar
APs Load shaied/vesisted by
PLood Shavd vesisted by Tube Solud baY
sEs
- B y Statie Eauilibrium, EF=0 Ps+=P Tale of Comfask
Py CeFatibil ty, As =(a), RL L Cembati biuby mut
AsEsA,Er be chack ed
Calculatton of cxial Lood at aong Seckion
sion Convention
Direahton Based UGod for satic
eauibrum en
) Defomakon Balcd fFor Basic
Leodings
cample +Ve) ve)

-2P
2F=0 3P
AL 6AE+ PL 2AE

Thexmal Stresces
A LAT Coeffident of thermal

E y = 3«DT
epansion
BL
E=AT
Thermal Stress Calalation
Casdi) A PaSmaic bar ficed beween two rigid Suppors ATC
E a

nength =0 =Ap
Net cnange
Ex AT *,E
Ar
Casei) Partial expansion
f Lo AT A, tuan O

If LcaTSA, tuun EotATEA

Casei) Cirular tapexed bor
4RL
A =Ap Lor AT tED, P2

*mL Fx AT P
Casdi) A Suare Plate fxed from au 81das

E ST
1-A a ATC
Therrmal vess anaais Of Composite ba
Cobe Twe bars cad face to-faca and noreasen tompevabare
AT
Ps Paw
Steal
OCAsE a Acu COPper
+ByCenmpatibli,Gace),*Aed -Aau
at(=Lra)a-
Casati Two bers z e d igidlg face to faca u a e d to ducrase in tRp

*Pg=Pcu As Acu Saal

Cu Copah bili
Caseli) Two baxs gidly fxad u Suppor t Connect erd to erd and Hik
hot
Subjectad to ihCraase in temperature.
gAsau
Steel Coppex
B Compaubiity, aa), +Aaca0

ered to end
Connectet
Coseiv) Two baxs gidly fixed blw Suppors
Subj ected to decrease n temperature

o As Aa )+ (
CACunferential Diamebical ox) Hocp Sros
Woodlen whael d-Initial dia Steol Ring
D Dia Ot
D = inal dia op &teel Ring afer heating
Ciraumferentral Shain in &taol Tng d
8eel mng Teneile
Nature ef stress
Wooclen wheel Coupressive

Min tavperabre rso rodod. for poper firing(Ar)in

 CENTROLD AND MOMENT OF TNERTEA
enroid' (ocabion of Cenbro td)

dA = AT Total Qf MOManks =
NOment Gf Total

Jyda
A
A
Py PaYs mathod
2A i Et
1
t
MoMent f Tnerta No of Composibe Sections

dA TkcTk,4Ak+ TestAk +It A

Petrallel Gcisfoorem

I = I + AK

rexpendiCeulay ogs thaorem

T z = Iz +Ty =
A

SoMo. ipor tant Mo

ciy Sauare
G Rectangle
d

-a
Civ) Circle
cin TYaiangle
odoluo

2 b (o3 d
CHEAR FORCE AND BENDING NOUEENT
8Pas of sUPports and tair Raackions:
(ORad Supporb cid Hinge/pin Support ciiy Roller &upport

TORes of Baams
C mply &uPpoxtadSs) Ci) Cantilevo cii) ovexhcuga

) Centinucus & POP Cantilerer

A
doterminant NO.of onknbOnS 3 SB,Cantlever,dVerhaniny
StatrCall
Stabicall indokemuna N o - 0 Onnouwns 3 Contiruou, propCottilak
Hxed.
HPes p Loads
C1) Poin Load Ci) UDL u

L
Dtal koad =WLATa of Total oad=w
koading dicgtam
CV) Concantvatad Nonener )ODM m(Nn

-
Total MOMent mL
Calculaion of PeaCtionS
StoPO zN=D
)EM =O RxdxdA
KTF w is Vaging ten, ORA+R dA PeaCtton
(Ro) DisanCo
a 4 Moments ave acting ontg Nagnitude NO Cxterna NOMent
Raaeion RCttng on beam
9 Volid only in ssB t h
Distanca blw SuPPorks
Contontroated ov) Dstri buted Not
Nomonts on o)Dixection OPposito to that
Couple
Shoay orce Calculation at any Section f baam
Sa ana ection Nertical forco asporcitdo for ShaavingaO
t ha Secbion.
an Covention

CCo Sense) Cccw Senze)

+ve)
fbQam
bending Moment Cal culabion at_any Secton
espongi blo for Bondtng 9f ongtudinal
scHon Naue ot NMomene
TEM t any or hon Zantal, plans

Stan C>nventton:
Tensile
Comp

Sagaig comP
Tensila
BU-Ve
BM-Ve
douwnward forces wiul
UPulard ores Cuiu ave ogang aluays and

dways aRve hoggi1

shaar foraBerding Nonuons
Kdautkon h@hucan Rato o Looding,
Rate ooadic w wN *Shoar for =v CN) Bending Nosent=M (N
dH sofo BND
W Of SFD VEd
dv wdx Change n sf 6o7 Avea of laading diagram
Gnhso Section& bokuaon Same Sectiong
0 a Qf SFDbehoeon
dM Vd chonge in BM bw7
Ony fud 3QCkion
to Sano Seckions

=0 V - 0 N o t Vaud at onds bearn

o x Mar BM, M
At ToKO Sf ation BM IE MakFyom a TeroSF, he MaL Value iS
Global Mar BM
 yPe o lding SFD BMD
V Conghout M X
No Loadung (w=0)

UDL (w-Cons nt) Mox

(Tviange) CParabola)
Mwn
VL (W
(Ceubic Paabola)
(Perrabela)

Values:
Some
Standlard MMosy wl)

M 2

WL WL

4Nrnoe
Na

ShortcuE for sFD BMD

to tuo
of boam s auoays equal
at, tue ende
T h Valuo of Shaar forC boa 00ith PoRer Sen
aCting at tuo erds Qf
Concontrated toad
Value o betwon endC then there
Pesent in
Contontrated Load
I tuexe is a

u jump n SFD
be a tMo value o
beam t aluways equat to
a t ondt o
The vauo Gf BM ofbbeam, wtth, Proper Sn
HOMenE aCErg at ends
ConCentatd b t w a n ads then the
Monant Present in
ConContrated
* f thCre is
a

a Tump
tn BMD
wi be

Point of Contaftexure (p.o.i at widh GND hangei t Sgn

Conbyafleure is tha PoinE
Foint ends.
ie M0 exaapt t u
ends Qf beam
Poc is not foSC M a

happens in BMDonly CAYve bo oes

Xero.
poinu at lich
Tnflectionta
*PoinF f
 boacing cuagramfrorn SFD
in Upuad direction MoVirgfrom
f SF iS Inceasing, LoDacing k to
is n dounuatd divectionJ t
F SF iS deccasina, loocling aht

Nternal Hinge type Pxoblern

Point BInternal finge
Method O
CB=o- ENLett
EO
Natvot - Method of treaking beam from Tnternal Hing

7Ter

F0
SLoPES AND DEFLECTTON

Starcarc Formulae:(Valid only for prismatic b2ams

Istandavd Coses 3Lope bef tacti
ML

P2 PL
2E

w wLS
wL

6Er Et

WL
WL
24E 20ET

PL Ac P
16 ET LR ET

w A 5WL
A 24E
De3&uEt
MC
BET

Tyfe of oodh ng Siape of daske CuYY

| SF=o, BMO Staugh n e

Avc 0 Crele
SF-o, BN CEnsFauut
Pavcaleol a (2,3,4,
* SFfo BM fo
 SuReYPosistion Pindple )thoore2m
The sope da-ftectioo at any point
3 eual to tu Algelbrie
t h a Point oue to al
ammaltion. of slope and dafle ction a t
fndividual Loads
U b l e Tatogeation methd @r) Macauulay's method
Suitsbüby ¬r)
T t uSuitable for
prismatic boams Conctant & Valic thvough out tne
BM
Suitable when
a Single eauabion of
NIt s
ergth t o boam.

Nothod *EryM+7 t
*ET dot
M +C
dr
aMN Er y udx
Ery-
ErgH EF d CRabe of koading)
hear forca
Awea Moment Mothod Mchrs nmethod
diagra
StabiSuitobi lity Eas to draud E
NO PrSMa
Both Prcmatie
zexo deflcctton point
to find 2 e o slope
s
Merhod Referenco Peint

Theour0-9e-AAvea
uaav batan ARS

Theoren *Be = AR slope Aron B to

+we (when
*OhReferencoPE, Ac +EAt v e h a r slope fom
Btoo

bcAc/ Az
BSic Proferies o Parabola:
AA Lbh
nt
A Axbh
nALxb

n42 ni

, rom eko aagra Sope Sida only

n =orer Patobola
YSva/ito) hsity
&train eneay mekwoc(Castiglanols tvoorem)
uitabiti For both Prismakic n prishaic, Yery uilabla for Cantilever

*tateerdinn Total Staun energ Ndz

2Er

A-Defech on OU J M Md
OP
EL
slope=9

Cehuuga beam nctrod

pvimahic
tsutabiy For both Prismatie & Non

beam(Ct)
diagvam cf Raal team =Looding diogram of Conjugake
dioaam
BMD Of CB Deflechion
XSFD Of CB lope diog

Pules o Construc Confugate baam2

Conjugae beam
Real bam Conjugae beam Ra kea
Free

Fixad

atena Hng hhemal olet

Tntomal 2etlor nemal 4hoe

A

SSB SAbrected
to nAaK tmRexature a d i o t

P
2d RRodius of
L(ssB whan load CuryatYO
actirg at onter

Reis gen)
Maxel Rocupocal tueovomm

P
PKOPPad Cantileer

BCompatibiim ()OAE0 i)Ap0

LsNsHusd.?
THEORy_OF PUPE BENDING
Stross stmin distibuton.

Berdirg
Shrain Berdirg
dmone sbrass
NEAFpliad/kosktipa B TNA ANOT O CoMPlete s
(OPto P.L
at Nukal oris
fom NA
OBerding SBress at ang dis tana
E Youegs MOduus R Radius of CurNature
Sength CompaTsterv
M Z Z=Secbion
M= mat Modulu
m
M
- Zstergth
2 Compans Z2
tregtth Obrnparibion
betwaen Cs)
behween two
ocams
Secion Modulus for Various
Cross Sacttons
Ctu Diamond
ReCtangular Cu Sauaxe

Bolid (Caalar) Vi) Holloud (Carcular

(v) Triangulat
2
32
Z tDo G-4)

endung Stress Calaulation Po

M Nautral axus is tov A

coss Section On
for@MONCnt haning
FoTo vesdted by eleomantlal
arta
dA FA=dA
A

F T (A) y Cantroidal didlanC f hakhod aroa freon N.A

Oman

MA
albouut N. A
I M o t ot hatdad avea

A Axea of hakchad fortion

n baam PlaCad ver amothar fvaaly withour Connaction) loose beams)
M M
ConeuribititR R E-52
B
CoMPosita beamc
LoCation of Naubral ax
tsro bxm
Modulu tshvn (rm>)
Teuiom)J 2
y AY + A2Y E d
A tR2
Rtthod beams
a TOP 3 botto fitehing
iSside futchi ng
*At JunCtion, E Es (ond Cempatibiiy)
S mOw.

E Es mew Steel Ow wood

Weak.

Ctrength
Beam ef Onafom
baam 9 Oiform
width
Constant depth ChauFira eondiion to e t
8trerat
Dept Constant w dti Changing

Sucod Beam
verbical Sucin
0bHovi2anal Sicing ntd
4sliodh b2 Zsdlid
b Cnt) Zlad
slicad nta

Zsod n
Zsiod
SHEAR STRESSES N EEAMS CFEXURAL SHEAR 3TRESSES
t S h e a r StvesS at lauel EF
T NAy
v ApPlied/Rosikted SF by S
abour NA b= width Q level EF
= Mot ar Comploo distahca of
either dhove er) below EF X =Canbroidal
A Ava Concido Area
V
from NA

Shaar forCe
Tag s araa
Fer Coroulav)
Cava AR 9 M
Sheax Sbrësc dusteibution
VariouS CKoSss SeCtione

ORectonulx ) Crcular 9)Triangle Ci) Diamarcd

Caw
C
CNA1
CasA Caug

(v)I-Section
VAY
Tp
n flange ection
EF SFlange
web
N

k B
TOP.SON OR) THEOPy oF PUPE TORSTON
Sign Convantion

TM-Ve

shress dustribution
N

shear Shaar
Stress
pto P:L
Stair
loSienquation
AA LO= F L

TEAPricdo) Reschog brque*TPolr MO

T-Shar Stess dta kadid duslanCo from onteY

+=Shaar Stratn n Shaar og
Argla tuist *L=Logth o Sheoft
k Torsional Stfnes p Polar Seckion Modul
Polar soction Noculus
a )Hotlow cYaular c
G Soud CirCular s
16T
Tp *Tn
T
Petuextkan srssion TD-4)

*Pouder P Tw =T 2TN ttp= T46wats

bO

Conhection of shef.
Saries Connacion 1) Parallel Cohnecion.
6=-62

TAtTe =T -T+ T
Oc c/h+ B/s
GJ &TeL,Te+T)L
 COMPtEx STPESSES AND STRAIN
Najor Pincipel Shos
toY max normal Axesc, TO
Mar Norm Stress
d NinoY principal Sho8S (Min NTMal Sheess
Sign Chvention for sheaY Strasse S

+ve -ve

Epressen for uDymal and ShaaY Stress on a plane which hat

inclination from Vartical

( 2
Ces2 TrySin25
28
Te 0sin 29+ Tu COs

o -Arg e bliau

esian o txtto Matexi als

ahess Plana
Angle of Pdrapal
27
tan 2p
PncPal SrosseS
-S C
1
Naieials
esign o Ductié
Mak Shaa Shress plan

de

Max Sheay 3bress

Cot

T-
OFthose 3
Tnplanw Ourplan
On Mplane 9 Mov 0aN Says, Noxmal &rese hoad net tobe zere But
zexo
m u Mang o Noe NOVwal SresS, sha Stress NStba
Novmal stress on manesrear Streaspla

2
Circle method. Efalc -to
eormebical merhod to analgle breses/Moh's ID& 2D
in matexi al
ackual Plana
EVery adial n e apesent Max ShaY
Painipal plane Vevtia, =
Honzantal aaial ne adial Une Sthess Plana
Civcle i tuwice that o actual angle in
maremal
Every onglo aMohrs
ConstruCtion of Mohr's Carcle
Leate foint A ( Tu) Point B( T
Join B wn Straught ve ond it wiu
A
Monrs circle
repreSent d a metex o
*whexevex t une Ae uks oXmal Strese cis A
h a t Poit YePsesenks Cenker Qf Mos Gtlo

DiamererD)= S +2Tz4

Pacdias = CRno

R Tma 2

O,2mea
Special oses of Nokrg Crcle
dimensiona &tres ( ) Pure Shoar
() One

wo,-T)
 C Beams Cv) tpdkcstattc Prossure

AB

Po)
BO-T)

Case a Hudvochatic possute Gondtin

No.of Prindfal planes3 oo
=

Combined Bendina * Twstn8

M T 2

T, 7TD3
+T
Equivelent BendingMe = T
Moment N

Novont Te TeN+
S yanalent Tuistig

Aralysis strein

Sin2+
2
Principal Shrain

2 Max &huar &bain

: mau .
may
Stain auges
R fo elecbical San Gauges
&train Rosebte :

2 q
Rechargec/A
(Re Chargulat) CDalta)
) 0
120
A5° 9120
(e+ue)

24
 STRATN ENEPGY
ResiienCe(u)
strmin enevag Sored utnin Proportionalihy Lindt
UEPS U 2 AE

Shran energy due to Psic ondings

Azal sheaY Benei0a TovSion
U-Vidr (T d
2AE 2AG 2E 26T
Praof Resi uenco Nar Value Q Rosi Llionca ) Shrain enogu Soved upto
PKoportionaliby init
2

Modulus of Resi lienta U U Up =

ar
Toughnes sG)
* Max Straun eneray Stored befoe aCture
toughrasS
Avea Ctress -stain u v e UptotaCture Point e s
Motuus of Toughnes (T Tm Vaumo
leading Unloadinq
Ci oifhin elasttc Git C Beyond Elautc Aut
PlaHc
L Stain Cne
Loading EL
1 oun
unedin Elaste
>Elastic
Cttain

en uro1u Strcun
eregu
Pexman
Set
Trapacr Lsading
2h
iMpRC Sroit Xfmac-fackor TE+12

öinpask Suhi
wL
AE
w
sharic A T22
v2
RESSU PE VESSEL
Thin Cylinclor
(crcumforertel/tocp/Dianprricalshas ) AxialLongukudinal des
PD
4.
*D ntornal dianueter wos

Tensile =L RNsile * SR =P>opask

2t

Mar Mouc

Straun
Ciy Lorabudina strain i0) vownemc strain
OHooP Straun
AVPG4

D 4E

E
- E &a4,t6
Thin sphenCal Shau
* PD
APpliad ooRostctiag oro
t
Tenile Torsle toMe
OLesie
et
PP
Na Sheax Stres ma
ahs

Strain
E
E

+Ey 3
ends
Thin Glnder with hemsphoical
end+D= Gor ame haop shau)
A t Juntkion, G) =(E,
te 2-4 2 ts
 HtOBy Of CoLUMN
Coumn Vexkical CoMPression Mem ber
StrutF ComPcessionNOMber in a dieCEion/posishion .

Struts but au stru are not Coumn

AU Coumns are

Mocle f ilure:
Due to axial Conprensivo lond in Long Columns only
d) Buckling
i Cushing DueDuo to agial Coprosivo md in Short ouumns Ornly

Design Short columns

tsefa Fe C s Area = A

Cushung stess yDuckle) * F = Crushing fSrda

*tos=factor of fety.
Kadius ef Syration() Slenderngss ato)
I = Ak2 k= A
Kinin
Fos Ciraula, k= e Feffective Length
Buckluna witl PlaCe akeu
takag Knin
jn
Mn Radius of yabton
aods of Podius af agutrop
of uckung)
Pesgo e ong Colunonc (Flers theog
E
7 TE
uleyauckling/crtiat load (P) L

Ftective LengthL) TE
Erd Conditon.s EfFective Length
L
TE
Higo- Hinge
tinge -fiz
For wng
F Fix CoUumny
Fix -free 2L
Konin

Kankine theoyy 7or Column

PeCYusning Load =oA +Pe Bucking loacd =EA
Pp Rahkine Lood
 A
Pe Pe
R 1+

Pa PePe +Pe
P Pankine s Conctant

FCCantrically Locda Short euumns

Pe
kTo avoid Tersion, 2 B .
Recranaular els
e s trerarrtrm

Acis
18

Coss ection she Cove Compe

PeCtag Phombu -3sion
SMare
Suase
Rhom buL
T-sectton
CArcle
Circle