Vol.14 (2024) No.

4
ISSN: 2088-5334

Technological Convergence of AI Across the Industrial Sectors

Dae-hyun Jeong a, O Young Kown b, Eunjin Hwang c,*
a
Gangwon Institute, 880, Baksa-ro, Seo-myeon, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon State, 24461, Republic of Korea
b
Seongnam Research Institute, 46 Daleanearo, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13449, Republic of Korea
c
Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Special Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
Corresponding author: *[email protected]

Abstract—The AI market has been experiencing significant growth recently and is projected to thrive. Yet, there is still a lack of
comprehensive studies integrating diverse industries and technologies in AI. Furthermore, AI-related patent analysis often examines
AI technologies without considering their convergence with other sectors. Therefore, to fill this gap, this study aims to explore the
technological convergence of AI using a network analysis approach with patent data in finance & management, healthcare,
semiconductors, games, biotechnology, and transport. This study used an IPC-based convergence network methodology to define
critical industrial areas and influential technologies with the four-digit IPC codes for the AI patent group from 2000 to 2019. Moreover,
this study conducted a centrality analysis using Net-Miner software to identify hubs and connected nodes and analyze the
comprehensive convergence status related to AI. According to the results, we defined hub nodes based on the degree and centralities
and analyzed the centrality of six sectors in the AI convergence network. In addition, the technology classification of solid ties is analyzed
based on IPC network analysis. Finally, this study attempts to deliver theoretical and empirical contributions to technological
convergence, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding how different technologies can converge in AI with three
categories: 1) learning and reasoning, 2) natural language processing, and 3) computer vision. This study suggests that companies
operating within the industrial AI space should reflect the evolution of technology as revealed in the mainstream trends of sector-specific
AI integration.

Keywords—Artificial intelligence; technological convergence; network analysis; centrality analysis.

Manuscript received 12 Dec. 2023; revised 12 Feb. 2024; accepted 4 Apr. 2024. Date of publication 31 Aug. 2024.
IJASEIT is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License.

assimilate new information, and catalyzing more significant

I. INTRODUCTION investments in research and development. This elucidates the
Artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered significant interest substantial link between AI-driven technological innovation
across the ICT industry, its products, and various other fields. and its beneficial effects, which vary across industries with
For example, regarding health care, AI is already used to different levels of technological sophistication, from high-
advise patients about interpreting CT scans based on tech to low-tech sectors. [5]. In addition, relevant research has
systematic monitoring [1], [2]. In addition, AI is recognized empirically investigated AI, revealing that it is a vital factor
as a megatrend for electrified and autonomous driving and in enhancing the innovative output of manufacturing firms.
shared mobility within the automotive industry and robo- [6], [7]. Moreover, AI impacts General-Purpose Technology
advisory platforms based on AI in the finance industry [3], (GPT), increasing productivity and associated innovations
[4]. Likewise, the impact of AI is reshaping numerous [8]. AI has the potential to catalyze groundbreaking changes
industries, with its application expanding steadily across and bring about a shift in the prevailing paradigm by
different sectors. Artificial intelligence has not only driven integrating different sectors. Consequently, there is a societal
technological advancements and sparked novel innovations imperative to advance AI with an awareness of its
but is also designed to comprehend a general-purpose repercussions across diverse industries. [9].
technology (GPT), becoming a broadly applicable Based on the literature and societal trends, we can confirm
technology. [5]. Prior research has established that AI that AI, which impacts various industries, has become
influences technological innovation by enhancing the imperative to the development of our society. However,
generation and transfer of knowledge, boosting the ability to previous studies in AI have generally focused on examining a

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particular industry sector [1]-[4], and those studies typically convergence combines different technological systems, such
have yet to concentrate on gathering insights from various as voice and video, that can share and interact synergistically
industries. In contrast, certain studies examining the industrial to evolve toward performing similar tasks [23]. Convergence
influence of AI have often centered on assessing the economic is a process characterized by an ongoing imbalance between
effects across different sectors [3], [4], [10], those have not a primary technology and its complementary technology,
explored the comparison of technological aspects from the which continually recalibrates the ideal equilibrium of
standpoint of technological convergence across different functions between both technologies. [24].
industries [11]. Technological convergence has resurfaced in recent years
The concept of technological convergence is viewed as a as a concept to characterize the evident fusion of data
catalyst for technological advancements, and there has been a communication, information technology, media, and
rise in interdisciplinary research focusing on amalgamating entertainment into a colossal industry encompassing
diverse technologies [12]. Technological convergence information and communication technology (ICT) and
describes the phenomenon where previously distinct multimedia [25]. Accordingly, there has been a resurgence of
industries overlap and utilize a shared foundation of attention on the concept of convergence within business
knowledge and technology [13]. The exchange of academia [26], igniting what is currently seen as a burgeoning
technological traits has hastened the breakdown of traditional and reflective debate on the topic. The term is also applied
boundaries between various industries [14]. The development across various academic fields, including mathematics and
of technological convergence results in the blending of each natural and social sciences like computer science and
sector [15], [16], and industry convergence could take place economics. In the management literature, the term
when there is a unification of different technologies [16]. 'convergence' appears in various scenarios [27]. While some
Despite many researchers having investigated the concept scholars refer to it as incorporating diverse new features into
of convergence from diverse perspectives, earlier research on existing core products, others focus on technological
AI has yet to thoroughly examine the comprehensive convergence, which refers to applying technology from one
approach considering both the diverse industries and industrial domain into a completely new one [28].
individual technology [17]. Accordingly, this study explores Cross-disciplinary citations will set in motion a scientific
the technological convergence of AI, reflecting various convergence that is likely to evolve into more collaborative
industries and technologies by conducting the network research efforts. As the gap between fundamental scientific
analysis approach with patents, which are reliable data fields narrows significantly, this should pave the way for
sources for technological intelligence. This work can provide advancements in applied science and technological
invaluable insight into the potential relationships of AI development, ultimately culminating in technological
technologies. Network analysis discovers hidden connections convergence. Subsequently, novel combinations of products
and understands the structure of complex relationships within and markets will surface, resulting in the convergence of
ties [18]. markets. As companies start to amalgamate, this sequence of
events will culminate in the final phase of industry
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD convergence [29]. Despite recognizing that this process is
considerably simplified and idealized, some researchers
A. Technological Convergence acknowledge that industry convergence happens only when
The idea of convergence gained prominence in shedding both technologies and markets merge.
light on how industries were merging before the surge in
information technology during the 1980s. Convergence refers B. Social Network Analysis and Patent Network Analysis
to two or more distinct elements coming together toward a Social network analysis (SNA), known for its efficacy in
common point or the fusion of separate technologies, devices, examining and comprehending diverse aspects of networks, is
or sectors into a cohesive entity. [19]. Prior research has a potent instrument for depicting a comprehensive view of
utilized the term 'convergence' to describe the phenomenon network architecture and its elements [30]. Moreover, SNA
where the lines between two or more sectors become highlights the connections of any given node within a
indistinct, a process also referred to as industry convergence network, with the nodes representing the participants (e.g., an
or fusion [20]. Although the terms 'convergence' and 'fusion' individual, a department, or an institution, …), and the
are often synonyms [19], we contend there is a distinct relationship is described as arrows between knots.
difference between them. Convergence involves distinct Understanding the network structure, such as frequency, type
items coming together toward a particular point [21]. of relationship, and strength of the interaction, is essential
However, fusion pertains to the diminishing distinctions because its ability to uncover numerous details about the data
between entities within the same space. Despite our equal is often overlooked [31]. In this respect, numerous researchers
interest in both phenomena, we choose to employ the term have investigated various local and global metrics to discover
'convergence' for the sake of greater precision. the potential opportunities within the network.
The term convergence is primarily utilized in technology, Additionally, patents are recognized as a vital form of
with an increasing number of people and organizations intellectual property, safeguarding the entitlements of
reaping the advantages of merging information technology organizations and innovators. Patents are typically
(IT) with traditional technologies. Since technologies have acknowledged as reliable and current repositories of
developed, technological convergence was introduced as a technological expertise and inventive concepts. Moreover,
term to describe the progress in the machinery device sector patent information can often generate the predictive path of
in the United States in the late 1980s. [22]. Technological technology's evolution and its life cycle. Consequently, many

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researchers have utilized patent repositories of information to classifications.: (1) learning and reasoning (L&A), (2) natural
forecast technological convergence and trends across sectors language processing (NLP), and (3) computer vision (CV).
[32]. Given that patent network analysis (PNA) is a well- According to previous studies, International Patent
known application of SNA, many scholars have conducted Classification (IPC) codes, a hierarchical arrangement
PNA to examine technological trends [32], [33]. Typically, system, were employed to select and categorize AI-related
patent data is evaluated based on its relevance to PNA, technologies. [38]. Comprehensively, we collected patents
focusing on elements like citation details, International Patent from the three identified groups associated with the IPC
Classification (IPC) codes, and patent identifiers. These system. The allocation of IPC codes to the respective groups
networks formed by patents enable researchers to analyze the of AI patents in our investigation was based on the
connections between nodes and forecast dominant technology classifications established by the 2018 Korean Intellectual
areas. Additionally, numerous companies employ patent Property Office. Table 1 displays this research's AI tech
documentation as a strategic tool for recording technology classification and IPC codes. For the descriptions of the IPC
strategies, encompassing mergers and acquisitions, code, we referred to the documentation provided by the World
technology transfers, and technology procurement. Intellectual Property Organization [39].
C. Centrality Analysis TABLE I
CATEGORY OF AI TECHNOLOGY
Centrality analysis identifies the most influential node or AI
entity within a network, characterized by the most robust node IPC
patent Description
that maintains numerous links to a central hub [34]. Such code
group
nodes govern the distribution and management of knowledge L&A G06N- Learning methods: Computer systems
across the network. Several metrics exist for gauging the 003/08 (biological models)
centrality within a network, and the choice depends on the G06N- Inference methods or devices: Computer
particular requirements. Key indicators commonly considered 005/04 systems (knowledge-based models)
include degree centrality, closeness centrality, and G06F- Digital computing or data processing
betweenness centrality [35]. 019/24 equipment or methods, specially adapted
Degree centrality measures a particular node or entity's for specific applications, For machine
connections with other nodes. It represents the most learning, data mining or biostatistics,
e.g. pattern finding, knowledge discovery,
straightforward and primary metric for assessing a node's
rule extraction, correlation, clustering or
centrality within a network. This count, known as local classification
centrality, quantifies a specific node's or entity's level of G06K- Methods or arrangements for reading or
connectedness. A node with a substantial number of 009/62 recognizing printed or written characters
immediate links to others is deemed more central regarding or for recognizing patterns; Methods or
the degree centrality index [36]. However, a central node isn't arrangements for recognition using
necessarily located at the physical center of the network. electronic means
Closeness centrality reflects the proximity of nodes to all G06N- Neural network models
other nodes in the network, whether they're connected directly 003/02
or through intermediary points. Consequently, a node's NLP G06F- Natural language data (speech analysis or
centrality is proportional to its proximity to all other nodes— 017/20 synthesis)
the closer it is, the more central the node. This proximity G06F- Text processing
allows the node to acquire and disseminate information across 017/21
the network more efficiently. Moreover, the effectiveness of G06F- Automatic analysis,
017/27 e.g. parsing, orthography correction
information transmission is also greatly influenced by its
closeness to the entire network [37]. Furthermore, G06F- natural language processing or translating
017/28
betweenness centrality evaluates how often a particular node
G10L- Recognition of Speech
lies along the shortest paths connecting other nodes,
015/
essentially serving as the quickest conduit for information
G10L- Identification or verification of Speaker
flow and acting as a bridge for other nodes. Nodes exhibiting 017/
substantial betweenness centrality are seen as pivotal G10L- Speech synthesis; Text to speech systems
intermediaries (comparable to gatekeepers) within the 013/
network. Nodes with elevated levels of betweenness centrality CV G06F- User authentication (biometric data)
are crucial for linking various subgroups and individual nodes 021/32 e.g. fingerprints, iris scans or voiceprints
throughout the network due to their influential position and G06K- Recognizing patterns using several
function. 009/00 methods for reading or recognizing
printed or written characters
D. Data and Methodology e.g. fingerprints
1) Data: Numerous attempts have been made to create G06T- Image analysis; Depth or shape recovery
007/50
a distinct category of patents within the field of artificial
intelligence. Prior studies have divided AI into three domains:
analytics involving large datasets, image processing, and AI-related patents were collected for this study and
linguistics. Similarly, to delineate our study's parameters, AI registered in the Science-On database from KISTI. We
software technologies are categorized into three distinct collected AI-related patents based on IPC codes, and their

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publication date was from 2000 to 2019. The total amount of Rank IPC Value Description
patents was 84,768. Moreover, IPC codes were used to Betweenness 1 G06K- 0.526 Same above
analyze case studies as they covered information on Centrality 009
technological fields. Specifically, for this study, we employed 2 G06T- 0.085 Same above
the subclass levels of the IPC codes, matching a four-digit IPC 007
classification. Earlier, such four-digit IPC codes have been 3 G06F- 0.052 Same above
017
employed to identify sustainable technologies and to project
4 G06F- 0.034 Same above
key technologies using social network analysis techniques.
019
2) Methodology: The patent information was collected 5 G06F- 0.032 Same above
from the Science-On database. After collecting AI patents, 003
data was used to preprocess and extract the IPC codes. These 6 G10L- 0.030 Same above
IPC codes were then tailored to fit our specific research 015
questions. Following this preprocessing, the IPC codes were 7 H04N- 0.022 Same above
applied to form a connection matrix representing each year's 005
patents. Subsequently, using these connection matrices, the 8 G06N- 0.021 Same above
annual technological networks were established using the 003
network visualization software Net-Miner. Additionally, a 9 H04N- 0.021 Same above
centrality analysis was performed using the network data. 007
Employing these processed IPC codes, we constructed annual 10 A61B- 0.019 Same above
005
connection matrices for the patents, which then served as a
foundational element for developing the technology network
of each year through network analysis methods utilizing the In addition, we analyzed the centrality of six sectors
Net-Miner. (biotechnology, finance management, medical, semiconductor,
game, and transport) in the AI convergence connection
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION structure. Table 3 displays the hub's results across sectors.
Technology-related measuring test processes (G01N-033)
For this research, hub nodes were categorized as those ranked high in the biotechnology sector. Regarding the finance
ranking within the highest 10 based on degree and and management sectors, technologies related to business and
betweenness centralities. It was clear that most hub nodes management systems (G06Q-010, G06Q-050) and commerce
were associated with AI or computing technologies, such as (G06Q-030) ranked high. Video game technology (A63F-013)
pattern detection and data clustering in social networks. ranked relatively high in the game sectors.
Specifically, G06K-009 of the IPC code, which is associated TABLE III
with pattern recognition, consistently achieved the top NETWORK CENTRALITY ANALYSIS ON THE HUB BY SECTORS
ranking in degree and betweenness centrality, placing it at the Degree Betweenness
core of the entire network of AI convergence. Sector Hub Centrality Centrality
TABLE II Rank Value Rank Value
TOP10 RANK OF THE IPC CODES IN AI CONVERGENCE NETWORK Biotechnology C12Q- 111 0.053 46 0.002
Rank IPC Value Description 001
Degree 1 G06K- 0.878 Recognizing G01N- 33 0.136 15 0.008
Centrality 009 patterns of written 033
characters or Finance/ G06Q- 10 0.202 13 0.009
printed Management 010
2 G06T- 0.480 Image analysis G06Q- 54 0.102 48 0.002
007 020
3 G06F- 0.378 Data processing G06Q- 16 0.172 25 0.004
017 methods 030
4 G06F- 0.328 Input or output G06Q- 76 0.075 106 0.000
003 plans for 040
transferring data G06Q- 11 0.187 21 0.006
5 H04N- 0.313 Details of 050
005 television systems Game A63B- 78 0.074 63 0.002
6 H04N- 0.293 Television systems 024
007 A63B- 189 0.033 169 0.000
7 A61B- 0.274 Measurement for 069
005 diagnosis A63B- 102 0.056 78 0.001
8 G06F- 0.267 Data processing 071
019 methods A63F- 68 0.083 73 0.001
9 G10L- 0.243 Speech recognition 013
015 Medical A61B- 61 0.089 82 0.001
10 G06Q- 0.202 Business 003
010 management A61B- 7 0.274 10 0.019
005

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 Degree Betweenness Sector Hub Ties
Sector Hub Centrality Centrality Business G06Q- G06F-017, G06K-009,
Rank Value Rank Value Management 010 G06F-003, H04N-007,
A61B- 67 0.083 69 0.001 system H04N-005, G06N-005,
006 H04N-021, G10L-015
A61B- 113 0.052 155 0.000 G06Q- G06F-017, G06K-009,
008 050 G06F-019, G06N-005,
A61B- 141 0.045 177 0.000 H04L-029, G10L-015,
017 G06T-007, G06F-003,
Semiconductor H01L- 179 0.036 114 0.000 G06F-021
021 Insurance and G06Q- G06K-009, G06F-017,
H01L- 286 0.021 237 0.000 tax 020 H04N-005, H04N-007,
023 G06F-021, H04N-021,
H01L- 136 0.047 103 0.001 A63F-013, A61F-009
027
Payment G06Q- G06K-009, G06F-017,
Transport B60N- 256 0.024 219 0.000 040 H04N-021, H04N-005,
002 H04N-007, A63F-013,
B60Q- 70 0.080 97 0.001 A61F-009, G06F-021
001
Medical Diagnosis A61B- G06K-009, G06T-007,
B60R- 51 0.107 55 0.002
005 G06F-019, G06F-003,
001
G06F-017, G01R-033,
B60R- 85 0.068 92 0.001 G06T-003, H04N-005,
011 G06T-011
B60R- 88 0.063 182 0.000
A61B- G06K-009, G06T-007,
016
006 G06T-011, G06T-005,
B60R- 160 0.040 264 0.000 G06F-019, G01R-033,
021 G06T-017, G06F-017,
B60R- 96 0.060 181 0.000 G06G-007
025
A61B- G06K-009, G06T-007,
B60W- 149 0.044 164 0.000 008 G06F-019, G01R-033,
010 G06T-017, G06G-007,
B60W- 83 0.070 94 0.001 G06T-011, G06F-017,
030 G01S-007
B60W- 79 0.072 102 0.001 Examination A61B- G06K-009, G06F-003,
040 003 G06T-007, H04N-005,
B60W- 74 0.077 138 0.000 G02B-027, H04N-007,
050 G09G-005, G06F-019,
B64C- 190 0.033 241 0.000 G06F-001, G08B-021
039 Surgical A61B- G06K-009, G06T-007,
B64D- 185 0.034 204 0.000 instrument 017 A61F-002, G06T-019,
047 A61B-008, G06F-019
Semi- Manufacturing H01L- G06K-009, G06T-007,
We conducted a network analysis based on the conductor process 021 G01N-021, H01J-037,
International Patent Classification (IPC) codes and found the H01L-023, G06F-019,
top 10 strong-ties of robust connections. These significant G01R-031, G01B-011,
interconnections are detailed in Table 4. As defined by the G21K-005, G05B-019,
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) G01N-023
descriptions for IPC, these strong ties are highly related to AI Device H01L- G06K-009, H01L-031,
technologies, such as identifying patterns in data, data 027 A61B-005, G06F-003,
processing techniques, and converting spoken language into H01L-029, H04N-005,
H04N-009, G01N-033,
text. To ascertain the intensity of these strong ties within
G02B-005, H03K-019
specific industrial sectors and contrast them with ties in other
sectors, we explored the prevalence of common or unique H01L- G06K-009, G06T-007,
023 H01L-025, H05K-001,
technologies across different industries.
G06K-019, H04R-025,
TABLE Ⅳ G01N-001, H01L-029
TIES IN IPC NETWORK
Game Industrial A63F- G06K-009, G06F-017,
Sector Hub Ties video game 013 H04N-005, H04N-021,
Finance & Commerce G06Q- G06F-017, G06K-009, H04N-007, G06Q-030,
Mgmt. 030 H04N-005, G06F-003, G06Q-020, A61F-009,
H04N-007, G06N-005, G06Q-040, G06Q-010
G10L-015, H04N-021 Sports/exercise A63B- G06K-009, G06F-019,
071 G09B-019, G06F-017,

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Sector Hub Ties Sector Hub Ties
G06Q-050, G06F-003, G06F-003, H04N-005,
H04L-029, H04W-004 G06F-021, H04L-029,
A63B- G06K-009, G09B-019, H04N-007, G06N-005,
069 G06T-007, G06F-019, G10L-021
A63B-053, G06Q-010 Seat B60N- G06K-009, G10L-015,
A63B- G06K-009, G06F-019, management 002 G10L-021, G06F-003,
024 G09B-019, G06N-005, of vehicle H04N-007, G10L-025
G01P-015, G06F-003, B60R- G07C-009, G06F-003,
H04L-029 025 G05D-001, G01C-021,
Biotechnology Analyzing G01N- G06K-009, G06F-019, G05D-023, G08G-001,
materials 033 G06T-007, G01N-015, H04W-004, H04W-076,
G01N-021, A61B-005, G08B-013, H04N-021,
G06F-017, G06G-007, H04W-048, G08B-025,
C40B-030, C12M-001 H04W-036, G06K-009,
G06F-021
Measuring C12Q- G01B-021, G02B-021,
Test process 001 G01J-001, G06F-019, Aircraft B64C- G06K-009, B64C-039,
G06T-005, G07B-015, 039 G05D-001, B64D-047,
G06K-009, B60R-025, G08G-005, G06T-007,
B66B-001, A45D-044 H04N-005, H04N-007,
G08G-001, G01S-013,
Transport Vehicle B60W- G06K-009, G08G-001, B64D-045, H02S-050
control 030 G05D-001, G06T-007,
H04N-007 B64D- G06K-009, G06T-007,
047 B64C-039, H04N-005,
B60W- G06K-009, G06F-017, H04N-007, G08G-005
050 G06T-007, G10L-015,
G06F-003, H04N-005,
G06F-021, H04L-029, Consequently, Fig.1 summarizes the findings of this
H04N-007, G06N-005, research, presenting the key technologies and their
G10L-021 interconnections within each industrial sector based on the
B60W- G08G-001, G05D-001, hub and tie data obtained from the network analyses. As
040 G06K-009, G01C-021, depicted in Fig. 1, the hubs represent the technologies with
G07C-009, G05D-023, significant influence, while the ties highlight the closely
H04W-004, H04W-076, interrelated technologies in each industry.
H04W-048, G08B-025,
G06F-003, H04W-036
IV. CONCLUSION
B60W- G06K-009, G06T-007,
010 H04N-013, G01C-021 This empirical study aims to gain insights into
technological convergence, focusing on artificial intelligence
B60R- G06K-009, G06T-007,
011 H04N-007, H04N-005, (AI). In pursuit of this goal, the study employs network
H04N-013, G08G-001, centrality analysis to explore how various industrial sectors
G05D-001, B62D-006, intersect through AI. Consequently, it highlights six key
B65B-001, A01D-043 sectors that notably demonstrate the degree of technological
B60R- G01C-021, G06F-017, convergence, offering a measure to assess and scrutinize the
016 G06K-009, G08G-001, integration of technologies. Theoretical contributions to
G07C-009, G05D-001, technological convergence are summarized as follows.
G05D-023 This study provides a comprehensive approach to defining
B60R- G06K-009, G06T-007, features of technological convergence. It recommends an
021 G08G-001, H04N-007, organized viewpoint on technological convergence based on
G05D-001 different sectors and several technological categories.
B60R- G07C-009, G06F-003, Methodologically, this study contributes in specific ways. It
025 G05D-001, G01C-021, innovatively utilizes network analysis techniques on
G05D-023, G08G-001, structured data from patent documentation. This analytical
H04W-004, H04W-076, approach serves as a tangible metric to discern patterns within
G08B-013, H04N-021, technological convergence, providing a clear and quantifiable
H04W-048, G08B-025,
means of understanding these complex interactions.
H04W-036, G06K-009,
G06F-021 The research has significant practical relevance for AI
technology and its intersecting sectors. Viewing AI from
Vehicle device B60R- G06K-009, H04N-007,
001 G06T-007, G08G-001,
strategic business planning, it emerges as a catalyst for
H04N-005, G01C-021, forging a fresh paradigm through disruptive innovation. As
H04N-013 suggested by this study, companies operating within the
B60Q- G06K-009, G06F-017, industrial AI space should reflect the evolution of technology
001 G06T-007, G10L-015, as revealed in the mainstream trends of sector-specific AI
integration.

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Finance Management Medical

Semiconductor Game

Bio Technology Transport

Fig. 1 Ties according to each hum in IPC network

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