Lecture 2

Energy
Introduction to Energy
■ What is Energy ?

The more energy you have, the more work you do

 Introduction to Energy

■ Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work.

■ It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal,
electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various
forms.
 Introduction to Energy
■ What is Work ?
■ Work, in physics, a measure of energy
transfer/change
Watch that !
I will give some Energy to one of you,
which will be transferred to Work
 Work, math formula
■ You gave this object an energy
which transferred to Work,
W = F. Δr
■ The force F is constant
■ The force F does work on the
object in the direction of
displacement

F and r are Vectors

 Work, math formula
■ The object undergoes a
displacement along a straight line
while acted on by a constant force
of magnitude F that makes an
angle θ with the direction of the
displacement.
■ The work W done on a system is
the product of the magnitude of
the force F, the magnitude of the
displacement Δr, and cos θ, where
θ is the angle between the force
and displacement vectors:
Units of Work
■ Work is a scalar quantity
■ The unit of work is a joule (J)
■ 1 joule = 1 newton . 1 meter = kg.m2/s2
■ J=N·m
 Problem
■ Which man is consuming less energy?

Knowing that the displacement = 3 m

Solution
 Scalar Product of Two Vectors
■ The scalar product of two
vectors is written as A . B
■ It is also called the dot product
■ A . B = A B cos θ
■ θ is the angle between A and B
■ The scalar product of any two vectors
and is defined as a scalar quantity
equal to the product of the magnitudes
of the two vectors and the cosine of the
angle θ between them.
 Scalar Product, cont
■ The scalar product is commutative
■ A .B = B .A
■ The scalar product obeys the distributive law of
multiplication
■ A . (B + C) = A . B + A . C
 What is the Work done by other forces?

■ W = F .Δr = F Δr cos θ
■ The normal force, n, and
the gravitational force, m g,
do no work on the object
■ cos θ = cos 90° = 0
■ The force F does work on
the object
Concept of Differentiation and
Integration

Piece of unknown then integrate

 Work Done by a Varying Force
■ Assume that during a very
small displacement, Δx, F is
constant
■ For that displacement, W ~ F Δx
■ For all of the intervals,
Work Done by a Varying
Force, cont
■

■ Therefore,

■ The work done is

equal to the area
under the curve
 Problem: Calculate the work
done according to the graph
A force acting on a particle varies with x as shown in the
Figure below. Calculate the work done by the force on the
particle as it moves from x = 0 to x = 6 m.
Solution
Summary: Work
 Hooke’s Law
In the 1600s, a scientist called
Robert Hooke discovered a law for
elastic materials.
He first stated the law in 1676. The
law is named after 17th-century
British physicist Robert Hooke.
Hooke's equation holds in many
other situations where an elastic
body is deformed, such as wind
blowing on a tall building, and a
musician plucking a string of a guitar.
 Hooke’s Law
• If a material returns to its original size and shape when you remove the
forces stretching or deforming it (reversible deformation), we say that the
material is demonstrating elastic behaviour.
• Inelastic material is one that stays deformed after you have taken the force
away. If deformation remains (irreversible deformation) after the forces are
removed then it is a sign of plastic behaviour.
• If you apply too big a force a material will lose its elasticity.
• Hooke discovered that the amount a spring stretches is proportional to the
amount of force applied to it. This means if you double the force its extension
will double, if you triple the force the extension will triple and so on.
The elastic limit can be seen on the graph.
This is where it stops obeying Hookes law.
You can write Hooke's law as an equation:
F=k∆x
Where:
• F is the applied force (in newton, N),
• x is the extension (in metres, m) and
• k is the spring constant (in N/m).
• The extension ∆x can be found from:
• ∆x = stretched length – original length.
 Hooke’s Law

■ The force exerted by the spring is

F = ±k ∆ x
■ x is the position of the block with respect to the equilibrium position (x =
0)
■ k is called the spring constant or elasticity constant and measures the
stiffness of the spring
■ The extension ∆x can be found from: ∆x = stretched length – original
length.
 Hooke’s Law, cont.
■ When x is positive (spring
is stretched), F is negative
■ When x is 0 (at the
equilibrium position), F is 0

■ When x is negative (spring

is compressed), F is
positive
 Hooke's Law is often written: Fs = -kx
This is because it also describes the force that the
spring itself
_______________ object
exerts on an ___________ that is attached to it.

The negative sign indicates that the direction of

opposite
the spring force is always _____________ to the
displacement of the object

-x

compressed > 0
Fs ___
spring:
Fs

x=0
equilibrium
______________
undisturbed
position, Fs = __ 0
spring

+x
stretched
spring: < 0
Fs ___
Fs
 Problem
■ A weight of 8 N is w/ weight
w/o weight
attached to a spring
that has a spring
constant of 160 N/m.
How much will the x

spring stretch?
8N
 Solution
Fs = 8N

160 N/m w/o weight w/ weight

k=

x =?
x

Fs = kx
8 N = (160 N/m) x 8N
x = 5 x 10-2 m = 0.05 m
 Hooke’s Law, final
■ The force exerted by the spring is always
directed opposite to the displacement from
equilibrium
■ F called the restoring force
■ If the block is released it will oscillate back and
forth between –x and x
Calculate the Work Done by
the Spring ?

W=F.X
 Work Done by a Spring
■ Identify the block as the
system
■ Calculate the work as the
block moves from xi = - xmax
to xf = 0
 Problem
If a spring is stretched 2 cm by a
suspended object having a mass of 0.55
kg,
(a) what is the force constant of the
spring?
(b) How much work is done by the spring
on the object as it stretches through this
distance?
(c) Evaluate the work done by the
gravitational force on the object.
 Solution
Because the object is in equilibrium, the net force on it
is zero and the upward spring force balances the
downward gravitational force.
(A) F = mg kd = mg ,
k = mg/d = (0.55)(9.8)/2x10-2 = 2.7x102 N/m

(Β)

This work is negative because the spring force acts upward on

the object, but its point of application moves downward.
 Continue
(c)

If you expected the work done by gravity

simply to be that done by the spring with a
positive sign, you may be surprised by this
result!
To understand why that is not the case, we
need to explore further, as we do in the
Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy