Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Main Campus, Sta, Mesa, Manila
College of Architecture Design and Built Environment

BUILDING TECHNOLGY - 2
WOOD / STEEL AND CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

Prepared by:
Ar. Maynard M. Muhi, MsCM, UAP
MODULE 13
ELECTRICAL
Learning Objective:
• Be able to understand
the electrical drawings
such as power layout,
lighting layout, riser
diagram, schedule of
loads computation and
other pertinent electrical
details.
Topics:
1.Principles of Electricity
2.Electrical System and Materials
3.Branch Circuit
4.Electrical Layout & Calculation of Loads
A. PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTRICITY
A. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
Electricity is a form of energy
generated by friction, induction
or chemical change having
magnetic, chemical and radiant
effect. In short, Electricity is
electrons in motions.

Electricity is a property of the basic

particles of matter which like an atom,
consist of:

•Electron
•Proton
•Neutron
• Electrons – is the negatively charge particle of
an atom which is sometimes referred to as
negative charge of electricity.

• Proton - is the
positive charge particle
of an atom which is
sometimes referred to
as positive charge of
electricity.

• Neutron - is the particle of

an atom which is not charged
and weighs slightly more than
the proton.
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric Current – is a
flow or rate of flow of electric
force in a conductor. A
current will only flow if a
circuit is formed
compromising a complete
loop and contains all the
required components such
as: source of voltage, a
close loop of wiring, an
electric load and means of
opening and closing circuit.
 Classification of Electric Current
1. Direct Current (DC) –
electricity flows only in one
direction. The common source
of direct current is the dry cell
or storage battery.

2. Alternating Current (AC) –

electricity constantly reverses
its direction of flow. This type of
electricity is generated by a
machines called AC generators.
 Comparison
between DC and
AC Transmission

Direct Current

Alternating Current
OHM’S LAW
Current (I) that will be flow in a D-C circuit is directly
proportional to the voltage (V) and inversely
proportional to the resistance (R) of the circuit.
Expressed as an equation, we have the basic form of
Ohm’s Law that:

Formula:

Ohm’s law triangle

EXAMPLE:
1. A light having a hot resistance of 75 Ohms and connected
to a 220V supply. What current flows through the light?

I=V/R I = 220 / 75 = 2.933 amperes

2. A water pump draws 15 amperes at 240 volts. What is the

resistance?

R=V/I R = 240 / 15 = 16 ohms

3. An electric water heater is rated 220 V and 30 amperes .

What is the unit’s resistance when drawing this amount of
current?

R=V/I R = 220 / 30 = 7.33 ohms

SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Two fundamental type of circuit arrangements:

1. Series Circuit – a single path exist for

current flow, that is, the elements are
arranged in a series one after the other
with no branches.

2. Parallel Circuit – a multiple

connections where the
loads are placed across
the same voltage voltage
constituting a separate
circuit.
POWER AND ENERGY
Power and Energy – is too frequently
interchangeable used. Power is the
technical term for the Work, In terms of
power, it is the product of power and time:

Energy or work = Power x Time

POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Measuring unit of electric power is the Watts (W). When
we multiply it by 1000, we call it Kilowatt (kw).
The power input in watts to any electricicty device
having a resistance R and in which the current is I
given by equation:

Wattage W = I² R or W = I (IR)
 Watt or Wattage = I² X R

By Ohm’s Law
V=IR
since: W = I² R
W = VR

where:
W is in Watts
R is in Ohms
I is in Amperes
V is in Volta
ENERGY IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Since power is the rate of energy use, it
follows that energy = power x time. Therefore,
the amount of energy used directly
proportional to the power of the system and
to the length of time it is in operation. Power is
expressed in either watts or kilowatts.
Energy Calculation:
Appliances Load Daily Used
Elect. Iron 1,200 watts 2 hours
Water Heater 1,000 watts 3 hours
Toaster 2,300 watts 30 minutes

Calculate the Monthly

energy consumption of
the appliances in you
home.
Solution:

Elect. Iron 1,200 watts 1.2 kw X 2 = 2.4 kwh

X 1000
Water Heater 1,000 watts 1.0 kw X 3 = 3.0 kwh
Toaster 2,300 watts 1.5 kw X 0.50 = 0.65 kwh
TOTAL 6.05 KWH

The average cost of energy (not power) is P 3.50 per kwh for
30 days consumption, multiply;

30 x 6.05 = P 181.50 kwh per month

x 3.50
Total Cost..P 635.25
B. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
& MATERIAL
B. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AND MATERIAL

Single-Line Diagram from incoming service to the

utilization items at the end of the system. A type of
diagram is referred to as a “Block Diagram”.
Riser Diagram
when this some
type of
information is
presented
showing the
spatial relations
between
components.
Component System can be arranged in Three Major Categories:

MACHINES

SMALL APPLIANCES

MOTOR CONTROL

SWITCHBOARD
Three Major Categories:
1. Wiring – this includes conductors
and raceways of all types.
2. Power Handling Units – includes
transformers, switchboards,
panel boards large switches
and wiring devices.
3. Utilization Equipment – actual
utilization of equipment such as
lighting motors, control and
wiring devices.
Conductors and Insulations
a. Electric Conductors are the materials used to
carry or allow the flow of electric current.
b. Insulators are those materials the resist the flow of
electric current.
Conductors Insulators
Electrical conductors are made in numerous types
designated by letters according to the kind of insulation
used. Conductor insulator serves as a physical shield of the
wire against heat, water and other elements of nature.
Insulation is rated by voltage say, 300 to 15,000 volts.

Wires – are those electrical conductors which are

8 mm² (AWG) No.8 or Smaller in size.

Cables – are those which larger than wires.

American Wire Gauge (AWG) is the standard way to denote
wire size in North America. In AWG, the larger the number,
the smaller the wire diameter and thickness.

Wires – are those electrical

conductors which are 8
mm² (AWG) No.8 or Smaller
in size.

Cables – are those which

larger than wires.
Types of wire and cable:

 Stranded Wire
A stranded wire is a bundle of
multiple thin strands of
conductors (twisted-pair in
insulation). They are available
in different sizes for specific
applications

a single solid conductor covered in

 Solid Wire insulation which is thicker and
heavier than stranded wire is known
as solid wire.
 Stranded Wire vs. Solid Wire: Which One Is Better?
Stranded Wire/Cable Solid Wire/Cable
• Solid copper is stronger than stranded
Strength
copper.
• Solid copper is cheaper for
manufacturers to produce because
Cost
the process is faster and includes
fewer steps
• Stranded wire is much more flexible,
Flexibility making it easier to route and work within
tight spaces.
• doesn’t heat up as quickly because of air • giving it a higher load capacity and
gaps that form as the wire less impedance
Load Capacity • has a lower voltage drop over long
runs but heats up faster than stranded
cable.
• solid wire will withstand corrosion
better than a stranded one because
Corrosion
there are fewer spots for corrosion to
occur.
• Stranded copper is easier for installers to
handle in tight areas and inside buildings
Application
because it is more flexible and faster to
manually manipulate.
 Electrical wiring color coding
The wire color guide in conductor
installation is a standardized system
used to identify and distinguish between
different conductors in electrical wiring.
This color coding helps electricians and
technicians during installation,
maintenance, and troubleshooting by
providing a quick visual reference to the
purpose or function of each wire. Keep in
mind that these color codes may vary
slightly between countries and regions,
so it's essential to adhere to the local
electrical code.
 Characteristics of Selected Insulated conductors for
General Use
Trade Name Type Letter Operating Temperature Application Provisions

Moisture and Heat Resistant

RHW 75º Dry and Wet location
Rubber
Thermoplastic T 60º Dry Location
Moisture Resistant
TW 60º Dry and Wet location
Thermoplastic
Thermoplastic Heat Resistant THHN 90º Dry location

Moisture and Hear Resistant

Thermoplastic THW 75º Dry and Wet location

Moisture and Heat resistant THWN 75º Dry and Wet location

Moisture and Heat resistant 90º Dry location

cross linked thermosetting
XHHW
polyethylene
70º Wet location
Silicone-asbestos SA 90º Dry location
Asbestos and Vanished
AVA 110º Dry location only
cambric
Characteristics of Selected Insulated conductors for
General Use
CONDUCTOR INSULATION
AND JACKET
Wire Letters and Identifications
Allowable Ampacities of wires
Outlet and Receptacle
An electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that connects
an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings,
electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although
they can also be installed in the floor.

Different Kinds of Outlet

1. Convenience Outlet – is a device which

insertion in a receptacle establishes connection
between the conductor of the flexible cord and the
conductor connected permanently to the
receptacle.
2. Lighting Outlet – is an outlet intended for direct
connection to a lamp holder, a lighting fixture or a
pendant cord pertaining in a lamp holder.
3. Receptacle Outlet
– is an outlet when one or
more receptalces are installed.
Aside from the outlets, there
are also other wiring such as:

1. Junction Box
2. Receptacles
3. Pull out Box
4. Switches,,, etc...
C. BRANCH CIRCUIT
C. BRANCH CIRCUIT
Electric circuit - is the complete
path traversed by an electric
current. Electric circuit is the entire
house wiring installation.

BRANCH CIRCUIT – is defined by

the NEC “ the circuit conductors
between the final over current
protective device and outlet.
Branch circuit
is only the wiring
installed between
the circuit over
current protective
device, i.e, the
fuse or circuit
breaker and the
outlets.
BRANCH CIRCUIT – the branch circuit is classified into:

1. General purpose branch circuit

Supplies outlets for lightings and convenience
receptacles

2. Appliances branch circuit

Supplies outlets intended for feeding appliances.

3. Individual branch circuit

Is designed to supply a single specific item.
 Branch Circuit
Capacity-
electrical Heat

Circuit Maximum Watts

Breaker
120 watts 240 watts
Size
15 amp. 1440 2880
20 amp. 1920 3840
30 amp. 2880 5769
Good Circuiting Practices
1. Lighting and receptacles should not be combined on a single circuit.
2. Do not connect all building lighting on a single circuit.
3. Lighting and receptacles shall be supplied with current from at least two circuits
so that if a single line is out, the entire area is not deprived of power.
4. Do not allow combination switch and receptacles outlets.
5. provide at least one receptacle in the bathroom and one outside the house. Both
must ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) type.
6. Convenience Outlets though counted as part of the general lighting load shall to 6
convenience outlet on a 15 ampere circuit and 8 convenience outlets on a 30
ampere circuit.
7. The code requires that at least one 20 ampere circuit supply shall be installed to
the laundry outlets.
FUSE, BREAKER AND PAVEL BOARD

Fuse – is an overall current protective device with a circuit opening fusible elements
which opens (BREAK) when there is an over current in the circuit. It is a one-time
protective device to be replaced after it clear the faults. The fuse is the most common
type of circuit protective device used in most house wiring installation.

Types of Fuse
A. Cartridge
A B B. Knife Blade
C. Plug Fuse

FUSE PLUG FUSE FUSE BOX

Circuit Breaker –
is an over-current protective device designed to function
as a switch. It is equipped automatic tripping device to
protect the branch circuit from overload and ground fault.
Tripping refers to the cutting-off or disconnection of the
supply of current.

Circuit Breaker
Panel Board – is a simply a box wherein the protective devices are group from
which they are fed. The circuit breaker are placed inside this panel.

Plastic Panel Board

Metal Panel Board

D. ELECTRICAL LAYOUT
E. COMPUTATION OF LOAD
In electrical engineering, the computation of
electrical load is essential for determining the
amount of power consumed by devices or
systems.

Computing the electrical load involves

identifying the power ratings of individual
devices and summing them up. These
calculations help in designing electrical systems,
ensuring adequate power supply, and avoiding
overloading circuits.
1. Understanding Basic Concepts

• Power (P): Measured in watts (W), it represents the

rate at which energy is consumed or produced.

• Voltage (V): Measured in volts (V), it is the potential

difference that drives current through a circuit.

• Current (I): Measured in amperes (A), it is the flow of

electric charge.

• Resistance (R): Measured in ohms (Ω), it opposes the

flow of current.
2. Power Formulas
The power consumed by a load can be calculated using various
formulas depending on the type of circuit:
•DC Circuits:
• P=V×IP = V \times IP=V×I
• P=I2×RP = I^2 \times RP=I2×R
• P=V2RP = \frac{V^2}{R}P=RV2
•AC Circuits (single-phase):
• P=V×I×cos(ϕ)P = V \times I \times \cos(\phi)P=V×I×cos(ϕ)
• Where cos(ϕ)\cos(\phi)cos(ϕ) is the power factor, which
accounts for the phase difference between voltage and
current.
•AC Circuits (three-phase):
• Ptotal=3×Vline×Iline×cos(ϕ)P_{total} = \sqrt{3} \times V_{line}
\times I_{line} \times \cos(\phi)Ptotal=3×Vline×Iline×cos(ϕ)
3. Calculating Total Load
To compute the total load for a system, sum the power consumed
by all individual devices or loads.

•Individual Loads:
• Identify each device's power rating (usually in watts or
kilowatts).
• If the rating is given in amperes and voltage, use P=V×IP = V
\times IP=V×I.
•Total Load (P_{total}):
• Ptotal=P1+P2+⋯+PnP_{total} = P_1 + P_2 + \dots +
P_nPtotal=P1+P2+⋯+Pn
• Where P1,P2,…,PnP_1, P_2, \dots, P_nP1,P2,…,Pn are the
power ratings of individual loads.
4. Example Calculation
Assume you have the following devices in a household:
•Light bulb: 60 W
•Refrigerator: 200 W
•TV: 100 W
•Computer: 150 W
Step-by-Step Calculation:
1.List the power consumption of each device.
2.Sum the power consumption to find the total load.
Ptotal=60 W+200 W+100 W+150 W=510 WP_{total} = 60\,W +
200\,W + 100\,W + 150\,W =
510\,WPtotal=60W+200W+100W+150W=510WSo, the total
electrical load is 510 watts.
 EXAMPLE OF
CALCULATION OF LOADS
Circuit Safe Load

The branch circuit which is the technical term for the house wiring
installation varies in sizes depending upon the kind of load it is to
serve. Load refers to the consumption or electricity drawn by
lighting fixtures, appliances, equipment etc.. NEC provisions:

1. Wiring circuitry shall be of the types RHW, T, TW, THWN, XHHW

in raceway or cables.
2. That on a 15 ampere circuit, a single appliances shall not draw a
maximum load of more than 12 amperes.
3. That on a 20 ampere circuit, a single appliances shall not draw
current in excess of 16 amperes.
4. That if a branch circuit is combined with lighting or portable
appliances, any fixed appliance shall not be allowed to draw
more than 7.5 amperes on a 15 ampere circuit 10 amperes on a
20 ampere circuit.
5. That on a 30 ampere circuit, a single appliances draw shall not
exceed 24 amperes.
Good Circuiting Practices

1. Lighting and receptacles should not be combined on a single

circuit.
2. Do not connect all building lighting on a single circuit.
3. Lighting and receptacles shall be supplied with current from
at least two circuits so that if a single line is out, the entire
area is not deprived of power.
4. Do not allow combination switch and receptacles outlets.
5. provide at least one receptacle in the bathroom and one
outside the house. Both must ground fault circuit interrupter
(GFCI) type.
6. Convenience Outlets though counted as part of the general
lighting load shall to 6 convenience outlet on a 15 ampere
circuit and 8 convenience outlets on a 30 ampere circuit.
7. The code requires that at least one 20 ampere circuit supply
shall be installed to the laundry outlets.
ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF INSULATED CONDUCTORS
Size Temperature Rating of Conductor

60ºC 75ºC 85ºC

Type Type Type

FEPW
RH
mm² RHW
mm(dia.) RUW RHU
T THW V
TW THWN MI
UF THWN
XHHW
USE
ZW

2.0 15 15 25

3.5 20 20 30

5.5 30 30 40

8.0 40 45 50

14 55 65 70

22 70 85 90

Check the complete table in NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE (NEC) book.

 SIZING THE CONDUCTOR WIRE AND THE OVER CURRENT
PROTECTIVE DEVICE

A single family dwelling is to

be circuited with the
following requirements as
shown in the plan.

Type of Service: 230 Volts

Single Phase: 2 Wires 60Hz
Line to Line Service
Total light outlet is 19 split
into two circuits.

Circuit 1 = 10 outlets
Circuit 2 = 9 outlets

LIGTHING LAYOUT
 SIZING THE CONDUCTOR WIRE AND THE OVER CURRENT
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
National Electrical Code
A. Circuit 1 – Lighting Load
*provides that 100 watts be the
1. compute for the watts maximum load per light outlet.
10 outlets x 100* watts
= 1,000 watts **refer to table 2-5

2. compute for the current load *** refer to table 2-9

1000 watts / 230 volts
= 4.35 amperes

3. **determine the size and type of wire

for 4.35 amp .
use = 2-2.0mm² TW copper Wire

4. ***determine the size of conduit

use = 13 mm, dia. Pvc pipe

5. **determine the size or rating of the

overcurrent protection.

use = 15 amp. breaker

B. Circuit 2 – Lighting Load National Electrical Code
1. compute for the watts *provides that 100 watts be the
9 outlets x 100* watts
maximum load per light outlet.
= 900 watts
**refer to table 2-5.
2. compute for the current load
900 watts / 230 volts
*** refer to table 2-9.
= 3.91 amperes

3. **determine the size and type of wire

for 3.91 amp

use = 2-2.0mm² TW copper Wire

4. ***determine the size of conduit

use = 13 mm. Dia. Pvc pipe

5. **determine the size or rating of the

overcurrent protection.

use = 15 amp. breaker

Total of 16 convenience
outlets

Circuit 3 = 6 Conv. outlets

Circuit 4 = 6 Conv. Outlets
Circuit 5 = 1 Range load
Circuit 6 = 1 Water Htr.
Circuit 7 = 1 Air Con. Unit
Circuit 8 = 1 Air Con. Unit

POWER LAYOUT
C. Circuit 3 & 4 – Small appliances Load

1. compute for the watts

6 outlets 2 gang per outlet x 180* watts National Electrical
= 2,160 watts Code

2. compute for the current load *provides that 180

2,160 watts / 230 volts watts be the
= 9.39 amperes maximum load per
convenience outlet.
3. **determine the size and type of wire
for 9.39 amp **refer to table 2-5.
use = 2-3.5mm² TW copper Wire
*** refer to table 2-9.
4. ***determine the size of conduit

use = 13 mm dia. Pvc pipe

5. **determine the size or rating of the overcurrent

protection.

use = 20 amp. breaker

D. Circuit 5 – Range Load

1. range load appliances rating 8.0 kw

8.0 kw = 8,000 watts National Electrical Code

2. compute for the current load **refer to table 2-5 or 4-2.

8,000 watts / 230 volts
= 34.789 amperes *** refer to table 2-9.

3. ****apply the demand factor for appliances

**** refer to table 4-6.
of 80%
34.789 amp. / 0.80 DF = 27.82 amp.

4. **determine the size and type of wire

for 27.82 amp
use = 2-8.0mm² TW copper Wire

5. ***determine the size of conduit

use = 13 mm dia. Pvc pipe

6. **determine the size or rating of the

overcurrent protection.
E. Circuit 6 – Water Heater Load

1. Water heater load appliances rating 2.5 kw

2.5 kw = 2,500 watts National Electrical Code

2.** compute for the current load **refer to table 2-5 or 4-2.
2,500 watts / 230 volts
= 10.86 amperes *** refer to table 2-9.

3. **determine the size and type of wire

for 27.82 amp
use = 2-3.5mm² TW copper Wire

4. ***determine the size of conduit

use = 13 mm dia. Pvc pipe

5. **determine the size or rating of the

overcurrent protection.

use = 20 amp. breaker

F. Circuit 7 & 8 – 2 Units ACU
National Electrical Code
1. Acu load appliances rating 1.5 kw
1.5 kw = 1,500 watts
**refer to table 2-5 or 4-2.
2. compute for the current load
*** refer to table 2-9.
1,500 watts / 230 volts
= 6.5 amperes

3. **determine the size and type of wire

for 6.5 amp / minimum size of wire for
convenience outlet 3.5mm².
use = 2-3.5mm² TW copper Wire

4. ***determine the size of conduit

use = 13 mm dia. Pvc pipe

5. **determine the size or rating of the

overcurrent protection.

use = 20 amp. breaker

 COMPUTATION OF LOAD

Schedule of Load Type of Service: 230 V 3 Wires 60 Hz/Single Phase

Prot
No.
Amp. ecti
Ckt. of
No
Description Volts Watts Per on Wire & Conduit Size
Out
Ckt. per
lets
Ckt.
1 Lighting load 10 230 10000 4.35 15AT 2-2.0MM² 13 MM

2 Lighting load 9 230 900 3.91 15AT 2-2.0MM² 13 MM

3 Small Appl. Load 6 230 2160 9.39 20AT 2-3.5 MM² 13 MM

4 Small Appl. Load 6 230 2160 9.39 20AT 2-3.5 MM² 13 MM

5 Range 8kw 1 230 8000 34.78 60AT 2-80 MM² 13 MM

6 Water Htr. 2.5 Kw 1 230 2500 10.86 20AT 2-3.5 MM² 13 MM.

7 ACU 6 A FL 1 230 1500 12.00 30AT 2-3.5 MM² 13 MM.

8 ACU 6 A FL 1 230 1500 12.30 30AT 2-3.5 MM² 13 MM.

9 Spare - - - - - --
Determine the total current load from Circuit 1 to 8

a. Total current load is 28,720 watts

b. Apply the 80% Demand Factor

28,720 watts x 80% demand factor
= 22,976 watts

c. Determine the Sub-feeder and protection (refer to table 2-5

and 4-2)
22,976 watts / 230volts
= 99. 90 ampere
use 115 AMP. Main Breaker

d. Determine the size and type of conductor (refer to table 2-

5 and 4-2)
2 – 30 mm² THHN copper wire

e. Determining the size of conduit (refer to table 2-9)

32 mm dia. Steel conduit
THANK YOU