Chapter 3 : Java Variables and Operators

Java - Variable Introduction

Variables ये memory locations के नाम होते है | जो values; variables को दी जाती हैं,

वो उस location पर store हो जाती है |

Syntax for Variable Declaration

data_type_name variable_name; //or

data_type_name variable_name1, variable_name2;

For Example,

int a;

int b, c;

Syntax for Variable Definition

data_type variable_name = variable_value;

For Example,

int a = 5;

int b = 10, c = 15;

Java - Types of Variables

Java के लिए Variables के तीन प्रकार होते है -

1. Local Variable
2. Instance Variable
3. Static Variable
1. Local Variable

 Local Variables block, methods और constructor के अन्दर होते है |

 Local Variable का scope; local होता है | ये ससर्फ methods और constructor के
अन्दर visible होते है |
 जब Local Variables; methods और constructor के बाहर जाते है, तब destroyed हो
जाते है |

Source Code :

class Sample

void display(){

int a = 5; //Local Variable

System.out.println("Value of a : " + a);

public static void main(String arg[]){

Sample s = new Sample();

s.display();

Output :

Value of a : 5

2. Instance Variable

 Instance Variables; class के अन्दर होते है और methods और constructor के बाहर

होते है |
 Instance Variables non-static variables होते है |
Source Code :

class Sample{

int a = 5; //Instance Variable

void display(){

System.out.println("Value of a : " + a);

public static void main(String arg[]){

Sample s = new Sample();

s.display();

Output :

Value of a : 5

3. Static Variable

Static Variables को Class Variables भी कहते है |

ये Instance Variable के तरह class के अन्दर और methods और constructor के बाहर

होते है |

'static' keyword के साथ इनका इस्तेमाि ककया जाता है |

Source Code :

class Sample{

static int a = 5; //Static Variable

void display(){
 System.out.println("Value of a : " + a);

public static void main(String arg[]){

Sample s = new Sample();

s.display();

Output :

Value of a : 5

Java Operators
Arithmetic Operators

Operators Explaination

+ (Addition) ये दो Operands को add करता है |

- (Subtraction) ये right operand से left operand को लनकाि देता है |

* (Multiplication) ये दो Operands को multiply करता है |

/ (Division) ये right operand द्वारा left operand को divide करता है |

ये right operand द्वारा left operand को divide करके

% (Modulus)
remainder लनकािता है |

For eg.

Source Code :

//Sample.java

class Sample{
public static void main(String args[]) {

int a = 10, b = 5, c;

c=a + b;

System.out.println("Addition of a and b is " + c);

c=a - b;

System.out.println("Subtraction of a and b is " + c);

c=a * b;

System.out.println("Multiplication of a and b is " + c);

c=a / b;

System.out.println("Division of a and b is " + c);

c=a % b;

System.out.println("Remainder of a and b is " + c);

Output

Addition of a and b is 15

Subtraction of a and b is 5

Multiplication of a and b is 50

Division of a and b is 2

Remainder of a and b is 0
Relational Operators

Operators Explaination

एक Operand की value दूसरे Operand से कम हो तो ये true

<</strong> (less
return करता है | for eg. num1=5; num2=6;
than)
num1 < num2

एक Operand की value दूसरे Operand से ज्यादा हो तो ये true

> (greater than) return करता है | for eg. num1=6; num2=5;
num1 > num2

एक Operand की value दूसरे Operand से कम हो या बराबर

<= (less than or (equal) हो तो ये true return करता है | for eg. num1=5;
equal to) num2=5;
num1 <= num2

एक Operand की value दूसरे Operand से ज्यादा हो या बराबर

>= (greater than or (equal) हो तो ये true return करता है | for eg. num1=5;
equal to) num2=5;
num1 >= num2

दो Operands जब बराबर(equal) होते है, तब ये true return करता

== (equal to)
है |

दो Operands जब एक-दूसरे से अिग होते है, तब ये true return

!= (not equal to)
करता है |
For eg.

Source Code :

//Sample.java

class Sample

public static void main(String args[]){

int a = 6, b = 5;

if(a < b){

System.out.println("a is less than b");

else{

System.out.println("a is greater than b");

if(a <= b){

System.out.println("a is less than b");

else{

System.out.println("a is greater than b");

if(a > b){

System.out.println("a is greater than b");

else{
 System.out.println("a is less than b");

if(a >= b){

System.out.println("a is greater than b");

else{

System.out.println("a is less than b");

if(a == b){

System.out.println("a is equal to b");

else{

System.out.println("a is not equal to b");

Output

a is greater than b

a is greater than b

a is greater than b

a is greater than b

a is not equal to b
Logical Operators

Operators Explaination

अगर दोनों conditions true हो तो ये true return करेगा |

&& (logical &&)
for eg. (5<6) && (6>5)

अगर दोनों में से एक भी true है , तो ये true return करेगा |

|| (logical OR)
for eg. (5<6) || (6>5)

अगर condition true हो तो ये उसे false कर देता है |

! (logical not) for eg. !((5<6) && (6>5))
!((5<6) || (6>5))

For eg.

Source Code :

//Sample.java

class Sample{

public static void main(String args[]){

if((5 < 6) && (6 > 5)){

System.out.println("Condition is true.");

else{

System.out.println("Condition is false.");

if((5 < 6) || (6 > 5)){

System.out.println("Condition is true.");
}

else{

System.out.println("Condition is false.");

if(!((5 < 6) && (5 > 6))){

System.out.println("Condition is true.");

else{

System.out.println("Condition is false.");

Output

Condition is true.

Condition is true.

Condition is true.

Bitwise Operators

Truth Table for &, |, ^

a b a&b a|b a^b

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 1
Operation on AND(a&b)

Decimal Value Binary Value

अगर a = 20, b = 12 हो तो,

20 00010100

12 00001100

4 00000100

Operation on OR(a|b)

Decimal Value Binary Value

अगर a = 20, b = 12 हो तो,

20 00010100

12 00001100

28 00011100

Operation on XOR(a^b)

Decimal Value Binary Value

अगर a = 20, b = 12 हो तो,

20 00010100

12 00001100

24 00011000
Binary Left Shift( << ) and Right Shift( >> )

 Left Shift(<<) for e.g. a=20; /* 0001 0100 */ a << 2 में numeric value के binary
value में हर binary number को 2 binary numbers left side से shift करता है | for
e.g.a=20; /* 0001 0100 */ तो इसका 0101 0000 मतिब 80 हो जायेगा |

 Right Shift(>>) for e.g. a=20; /* 0001 0100 */ ये Left shift से कबिकुि उिट है |
Right Shift a>> 2 में numeric value के binary value में हर binary number को 2
binary numbers right side से shift करता है | for e.g.a=20; /* 0001 0100 */ तो
इसका 0000 0101 मतिब 5 हो जायेगा |

Complement Operator (~)

 ये Operator सारे bit reverse करता है |

 ये Operator 0 को 1 कर देता है और 1 को 0 कर देता है |

Operation on Complement( ~ )

Decimal Value Binary Value

~12 00001100

243 11110011

यहााँ पर Output -13 आने के बजाय 243 आया ऐसा क्यों ?

2's Complement of 243 -(reverse of 243 in binary + 1)

Operation on 2's Complement( ~ )

Decimal Value Binary Value 2's Complement

243 1111 0011 -(0000 1100+1) = -(0000 1101) = -13(output)

For eg.
Source Code :

class Sample{

public static void main(String args[]){

int a=20; /* 0001 0100 */

int b=12; /* 0000 1100 */

int c;

c=a&b;

System.out.println("value of c is " + c); /* 4 = 0000 0100 */

c=a|b;

System.out.println("value of c is " + c); /* 28 = 0001 1100 */

c=a^b;

System.out.println("value of c is " + c); /* 24 = 0001 1000 */

c=a<<2;

System.out.println("value of c is " + c); /* 80 = 0101 0000 */

c=a>>2;

System.out.println("value of c is " + c); /* 5 = 0000 0101 */

}
Output

value of c is 4

value of c is 28

value of c is 24

value of c is 80

value of c is 5

Assignment Operators

Assignment Operators ग्यारह प्रकार के होते है –

Operators Examples

= (assignment) c=a+b

+= (add assignment) c += a same as c = c + a

-= (subtract assignment) c -= a same as c = c - a

*= (multiply assignment) c *= a same as c = c * a

/= (divide assignment) c /= a same as c = c / a

%= (modulus assignment) c %= a same as c = c % a

&= (AND assignment) c &= a same as c = c & a

|= (OR assignment) c |= a same as c = c | a

^= (XOR assignment) c ^= a same as c = c ^ a

<<= (Left Shift assignment) c <<= a same as c = c << a

>>= (Right Shift assignment) c >>= a same as c = c >> a

For eg.
Source Code :

class Sample{

public static void main(String args[]){

int a=20, b=12;

b = a + b;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b += a;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b -= a;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b *= a;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b /= a;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b %= a;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b &= 2;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b |= 2;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b ^= 2;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b <<= 2;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

b >>= 2;

System.out.println("value of b is " + b);

Output

value of b is 32

value of b is 52

value of b is 32

value of b is 640

value of b is 32

value of b is 12

value of b is 0

value of b is 2

value of b is 0

value of b is 0

value of b is 0
Increment and Decrement Operators

 Increment Operator (++) ये variable की value 1 से बढ़ा देता है |

 Decrement Operator (--) ये variable की value 1 से घटा देता है |

Operators Same as

++a (Increment Prefix) a=a+1

--a (Decrement Prefix) a=a-1

a++ (Increment Postfix)

a-- (Decrement Postfix)

for eg.
Source Code :

class Sample{

public static void main(String args[]){

int a=20;

System.out.println("Print Value with prefix : " + ++a);

// increase value with increment prefix

System.out.println("Value of a : " + a);

System.out.println("Print Value with prefix : " + --a);

// decrease value with decrement prefix

System.out.println("Value of a : " + a);

 System.out.println("Print Value with postfix : " + a++); // increase value with
increment postfix

System.out.println("Value of a : " + a);

System.out.println("Print Value with postfix : " + a--); // decrease value with

decrement postfix

System.out.println("Value of a : " + a);

Output

Print Value with prefix : 21

Value of a : 21

Print Value with prefix : 20

Value of a : 20

Print Value with postfix : 20

Value of a : 21

Print Value with postfix : 21

Value of a : 20

Conditional Operators

 Conditional Operator में तीन Expressions होते है |

 Conditional Operator को Ternary Operator भी कहते है |

 Conditional Operator में अगर पहिा expression true होता है, तो वो दूसरा
expression output में print करता है |

 अगर Conditional Operator में पहिा expression false होता है, तो वो तीसरा
expression output में print करता है |
Syntax for Conditional / Ternary Operator

expression1 ? expression 2 : expression 3

for eg.

Source Code :

class Sample

public static void main(String args[]){

int a = 100, b ;

b = ( a == 100 ? 2 : 0 ) ;

System.out.println("Value of a is " + a);

System.out.println("Value of b is " + b);

Output :

Value of a is 100

Value of b is 2