Linear Transformations

Table of Contents

Linear Transformations ........................................................................................................2

Linear Transformation Definition ..........................................................................................2
Image and Kernel ...................................................................................................................5
Isomorphism and Inverse.......................................................................................................8
Composition of Linear Transformation ................................................................................10

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 Linear Transformations

Linear Transformations

Linear Transformation Definition

Questions
Check if the following transformations are linear transformations:
T: 2
→ 2
; T  x, y  =  x + y , x − y 

T: 3
→ 3
; T  x, y , z  =  x + y − 2 z , x + 2 y + z , 2 x + 2 y − 3 z 

T: 3
→ 2
; T  x, y, z  =  2 x + z ,| y |

T: 2
→ 3
; T  x, y  =  xy, y, z 

T: 3
→ 3
; T  x, y, z  =  x + 1, x + y, x + z 

T : Mn   → M n   ; T ( A) = BA + AB , where B  M n  R  is some fixed matrix.

T : Mn   → M n   ; T ( A) = A + AT

T : Mn   → M n   ; T ( A) = A  I ( A is the determinant of A )

T : Mn   → M n   ; T ( A) = A  AT

T : Mn   → M n   ; T ( A) = A3

T : P3   → P2   ; T ( a + bx + cx 2 + dx3 ) = a + bx + cx 2

T : Pn   → Pn   ; T ( p ( x ) ) = p ( x + 1)

T : Pn   → Pn   ; T ( p ( x ) ) = p ( x ) + p ( x )

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Linear Transformations

T : Pn   → P2n   ; T ( p ( x ) ) = p 2 ( x )

Check if the following transformations are linear transformations:

a. T :   →   ; T ( z ) = z
b. T :  →   ; T (z) = z

For which value(s) of m is the following a linear transformation?

T : 2 → 2 ; T  x, y  = m2 x 2 m , y 2 m + x 

Is there a linear transformation T : 4 → 3 , such that:

T 1, 2, −1, 0 = 0,1, −1 , T  −1, 0,1,1 = 1, 0, 0  , T 0, 4, 0, 2  = 2, 2, −2  ?
If there isn’t, explain why.
If there is, find such a T and say whether this T is unique.

Is there a linear transformation T : P2   → P2   , such that:

T (1) = 4, ( )
T 4 x + x2 = x , T (1 − x ) = x 2 + 1 ?
If there isn’t, explain why.
If there is, is it unique? If T is unique, find its formula.

Is there a linear transformation T : 3 → 3

, such that:
T 1,1, 0 = 1, 2,3 , T 0,1,1 =  4,5, 6  , T 0, 0,1 = 7,8,9  ?
If there isn’t, explain why.
If there is, is it unique? If T is unique, find its formula.

Is there a linear transformation T : 3 → 3

, such that:
T 1, 0,1 = 1,1, 0 , T 0,1,1 = 1, 2,1 , T 0, 0,1 = 0,1,1 ?
If there isn’t, explain why.
If there is, is it unique? If T is unique, find its formula.

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Linear Transformations

Answer Key
T is linear.
T is linear.
T is not linear.
T is not linear.
T is not linear.
T is linear.
T is linear.
T is not linear.
T is not linear.
T is not linear.
T is linear.
T is linear.
T is linear.
T is not linear.
a. T is linear. b. T is not linear.
m=2
Yes, not unique T  x, y, z, t  =  12 y − x, 12 y, − 12 y  .
Yes, unique T T  a, b, c  =  4a + 3b − 12c, c, 4c − b  .
Yes, unique T T  x, y, z  =  4 x − 3 y + 7 z ,5 x − 3 y + 8 z, 6 x − 3 y + 9 z  .
Yes, unique T T  x, y, z  =  x + y, y + z , z − x  .

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Linear Transformations

Image and Kernel

Questions
Let T : 4 → 3 be the linear transformation defined by
T  x, y , z , t  =  x + y , y − 4 z + t , 4 x + y + 4 z − t 
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .

Let T : 3 → 4 be the linear transformation defined by

T  x, y , z  =  x − 4 y − z , x + y , y − z , x + 4 z 
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .

Let T : 4
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by
 x
1 2 3 1  
T  x, y, z , t  =  1 3 5 −2   
y
z
 2 6 10 −4   
t 
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .

1 2  1 2 
Let T : M 2   → M 2   be the linear transformation defined by T ( A) = A  0 −  A.
 3  0 3 
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .

Let T : P2   → P2   be the linear transformation defined by T ( p ( x ) ) = p ( x + 1) − p ( x + 4) .

a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .

Let D : P3   → P3   be the linear transformation defined by D ( p ( x ) ) = p ' ( x ) .

a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of D .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of D .

Find a linear transformation T : 3

→ 3
whose image is spanned by  4,1, 4 ,  −1, 4,1 .

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Linear Transformations

Find a linear transformation T : 4

→ 3
whose kernel is spanned by 0,1,1,1 , 1, 2,3, 4 .

Let T : V → U be a linear transformation.

Prove that if dim ( Im T ) = dim ( KerT ) , then the dimension of V is even.

Is it possible for a linear transformation T : 4

→ 3
to be one-to-one?

For the following linear transformation T, find KerT and ImT , and determine whether T
is injective and/or surjective.
A A21 
  A11 A12 A13    11 
T : Mat ( 2,3) → Mat ( 3, 2 ) given by T     =  A12 A22  for all
  A21 A22 A23    A 
 13 A23 
 A11 A12 A13 
   Mat ( 2,3)
 A21 A22 A23 

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Linear Transformations

Answer Key
a. Bker T = 0, 0,1, 4 , dim ( KerT ) = 1 b. BImT = 1, 0, 4 , 0,1, −3 , 0, 0,1 , dim(Im T ) = 3
a. BKerT = (0, 0, 0) , dim ( KerT ) = 0 b. BImT = 1,1, 0,1 , 0,5,1, 4 , 0, 0, −6, 21 , dim ( Im T ) = 3
a. BKerT =  −7,3, 0,1 , 1, −2,1, 0 , dim ( KerT ) = 2
b. BImT = 1,1, 2 , 0,1, 2 , dim ( Im T ) = 2
  −1 1  1 0  
a. BKerT =    ,    , dim ( KerT ) = 2
 0 0 0 1  
 0 1  1 0  
b. BImT =    , 1 −1  , dim ( Im T ) = 2
 0 0   
a. BKerT = 1 , dim ( KerT ) = 1 b. BKerT = 2 x + 5, 1 , dim ( Im T ) = 2
a. BKerD = 1 , dim ( KerD ) = 1  
b. BIm D = x 2 , x,1 , dim ( Im D ) = 3
 x   4 −1 −1  x 
T  y  =  1 4 4   y 
 z   4 1 1   z 
T  x, y, z, t  =  − x − y + z, −2 x − y + t , 0
Proved as shown in the video.
No, T is not one-to-one.

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Linear Transformations

Isomorphism and Inverse

Questions
Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T  x, y, z  =  x − y + z , y + z , z − x  .
True or false:
a. T is one-to-one.
b. T is onto.
c. T is an isomorphism.
d. T has an inverse. If it does, find it.

Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T  x, y, z  =  x − y + z , y + z , x + 2 z  .
True or false:
a. T is one-to-one.
b. T is onto.
c. T is an isomorphism.
d. T has an inverse. If it does, find it.

Let T : P2  → 3
be the linear transformation defined by T (a + bx + cx 2 ) =  a + b + c, a − b, b − 2c  .
True or false:
a. T is one-to-one.
b. T is onto.
c. T is an isomorphism.
d. T has an inverse. If it does, find it.

Let T : M 2   → P3   be the linear transformation defined by

a b 
T  = a − b + (c + d ) x + (a − c) x 2 + dx 3 .
c d 
True or false:
a. T is one-to-one.
b. T is onto.
c. T is an isomorphism.
d. T has an inverse. If it does, find it.

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Linear Transformations

Answer Key
a. True b. True c. True
1 1 1 
d. True, T −1  x, y, z  =  ( x + y − 2 z ) , ( 2 y − z − x ) , ( z + x + y )  .
3 3 3 
a. False b. False c. False d. False
a. True b. True c. True
d. True, T  a, b, c  = ( 0.4a + 0.6b + 0.2c)1 + (0.4a − 0.4b + 0.2c)x + (0.2a − 0.2b − 0.4c ) x 2
−1

a. True b. True c. True

d. True, T  a, b, c, d  = b + c − d , −a + b + c − d , b − d , d  .
−1

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Linear Transformations

Composition of Linear Transformation

Questions
Let T : 3 → 3 and S : 3 → 2 be the linear transformation defined by
T  x, y , z  =  x , 4 x − y , x + 4 y − z  , S  x , y , z  =  x − z , y  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines S + T .

Let S : 3
→ 2
be the linear transformation defined by S  x, y, z  =  x − z , y  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines 4S .

Let T : 3 → 3 and S : 3 → 2 be the linear transformation defined by

T  x, y , z  =  x , 4 x − y , x + 4 y − z  , S  x , y , z  =  x − z , y  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines 4S − 10T .

Let T : 3 → 3 and S : 3 → 2 be the linear transformation defined by

T  x, y , z  =  x , 4 x − y , x + 4 y − z  , S  x , y , z  =  x − z , y  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines TS , meaning function composition T S .

Let T : 3 → 3 and S : 3 → 2 be the linear transformation defined by

T  x, y , z  =  x , 4 x − y , x + 4 y − z  , S  x , y , z  =  x − z , y  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines ST , meaning function composition S T .

Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T  x, y, z  =  x, 4 x − y, x + 4 y − z  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines T 2 = TT .

Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T  x, y, z  =  x, 4 x − y, x + 4 y − z  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines T −1 .

Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T  x, y, z  =  x, 4 x − y, x + 4 y − z  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines T −2 .

Let S : 3
→ 2
be the linear transformation defined by S  x, y, z  =  x − z , y  .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines S 2 = SS .

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Linear Transformations

Answer Key
S + T can’t be defined.
 4 ( x − z ) , 4 y 
4S − 10T can’t be defined.
T S can’t be defined.
 x
 −4 y + z 
ST  y  = 
 4 x − y 
 z 
 x, y,16 x − 8 y + z 
T −1  x, y, z  =  x, 4 x − y,17 x − 4 y − z 
T −2  x, y, z  =  x, y, −16 x + 8 y + z 
S 2 = SS can’t be defined.

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