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Engineering Mathematics - I: Awanish Kumar Tiwari

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10 views7 pages

Engineering Mathematics - I: Awanish Kumar Tiwari

Uploaded by

kjz8wg90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering Mathematics - I

Awanish Kumar Tiwari

Department of Mathematics
IIIT Bhopal, Pune

August 21, 2024

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 1/5


Linear Approximation
Suppose f is a function that is differentiable on an interval I containing
the point a. The linear approximation to f at a is the linear function

L(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a), for x in I .

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 2/5


Linear Approximation
Suppose f is a function that is differentiable on an interval I containing
the point a. The linear approximation to f at a is the linear function

L(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a), for x in I .


In other words, the values of the function f in a neighbourhood of the
point are being approximated by the tangent line.

• To approximate f near x = a, use

f (x) ≈ L(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a) (1)

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 2/5


Quadratic Approximation
Quadratic approximation is an extension of linear approximation - we’re
adding one more term, which is related to the second derivative. The
formula for the quadratic approximation of a function f (x) for values of x
near x0 is:

f 00 (x0 )
f (x) ≈ f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 ) (x − x0 ) + (x − x0 )2 (x ≈ x0 )
2

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 3/5


00
f (x) ≈ f (0) + f 0 (0)x + f 2(0) x 2 (x ≈ 0)
f (x) f 0 (x) f 00 (x) f (0) f 0 (0) f 00 (0)
sin x cos x − sin x 0 1 0
cos x − sin x − cos x 1 0 -1
ex ex 3x 1 1 1
1 −1
ln(1 + x) 1+x (1+x)2
0 1 -1
(1 + x)r r (1 + x)r −1 r (r − 1)(1 + x)r −2 1 r r (r − 1)

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 4/5


00
f (x) ≈ f (0) + f 0 (0)x + f 2(0) x 2 (x ≈ 0)
f (x) f 0 (x) f 00 (x) f (0) f 0 (0) f 00 (0)
sin x cos x − sin x 0 1 0
cos x − sin x − cos x 1 0 -1
ex ex 3x 1 1 1
1 −1
ln(1 + x) 1+x (1+x)2
0 1 -1
(1 + x)r r (1 + x)r −1 r (r − 1)(1 + x)r −2 1 r r (r − 1)
sin x ≈ x ( if x ≈ 0)
x2
cos x ≈ 1 − 2 ( if x ≈ 0)
x 1 2
e ≈ 1 + x + 2x ( if x ≈ 0)
1 2
ln(1 + x) ≈ x − 2 x ( if x ≈ 0)
(1 + x)r ≈ 1 + rx + 2−1) x 2 ( if
r (r
x ≈ 0)

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 4/5


Thank You

(AISSMS) Teaching Demo August 21, 2024 5/5

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