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Task 1.1
A densitometer is used to measure printing parameters such as:
- color saturation
- the degree of darkness (the optical density) of a photographic or semitransparent
material or of a reflecting surface.
- dot gain, dot area, and ink trap…
Task 1.2
There are two main types of densitometer: Transmission densitometers and
Reflection densitometers.
Task 1.3
A reflective (reflection) densitometer is used to measure opaque surfaces. A darker
image absorbs more light which corresponds to a higher optical density. Generally, a
densitometer does not measure color as the eye sees it, but instead as the substrate
responds to it.
It consists of a light source, sets of optical lens, a light-sensitive photoelectric eye and
red, green and blue colored filters.
The light source has a stable output, optics to focus the light into a defined light spot
on the sample, filters to define the spectral response of the unit and a detector to
monitor the reflected light.
Today’s densitometers are a sophisticated blend of electronics, optics and software.
Many of the functions, such as filter selection and calibration have been automated
and digital displays provide easy to-read results.
Task 2.1
The DM-800 is not big, we can hold and operate it by one hand.
Task 2.2
It is generally agreed that polarization filters can give less difference in densitometer
measurements between a wet and a dried-back printed sheet. This effect, however,
is not always consistent, since ink ‘‘soak-in’’ depends upon the constitution of the ink
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as well as the porosity of the paper. When a wet film of ink is applied to paper, the
surface of the ink is fairly smooth. The densitometer illuminates the ink surface
vertically and views the reflected light at 45° (or the converse geometry). Thus, the
density measured approaches the true diffuse density of the body of the ink. As the
ink dries, the surface becomes rougher and, under normal conditions, the density is
lowered by the increase in surface reflections. The effect of these surface reflections
can be substantially reduced by the use of polarizing filters.
Task 2.3
Using statistics (statistical evaluation) in the printing process, a relatively limited
number of samples can be measured to characterize the color quality of an entire
press run since it is not economically feasible to read the densities of every sheet.
Task 2.4
The automatic off switch function can help save battery power because it
automatically turns off the device (densitometer) after a preset adjustable amount of
time (e.g three of five minutes) of standby.
Task 3
A densitometer is a device, an instrument used to measure the optical density of
printed products.
Task 4
1. Speedometer
2. Thermometer
3. Voltmeter
4. Ohmmeter
5. Ammeter – Current meter
6. Multimeter
Task 5
1. Image quality – image production
2. Color conversion – color quality – color range – color proof
3. Tonal range
4. Printing process – printing quality – printing proof
5. Printed product
6. Digital printer – digital product – digital proof
7. Graphic production – graphic product
8. Page layouts
9. Ink-jet printer
10. Scanned text
Task 6
1. We all know that as even more stringent printing criteria and requirements must
be met, standardizing the color proofing operation is the key to an efficient
printing job involving the minimum in time loss and materials. (Mixed sentence)
2. Equipped with all the latest in electronic innovation , this densitometer offers you
more than just the usual range of features. (Simple sentence)
3. The DM-800 does it all for you automatically, doing away with manual filter
wheel adjustments and the erroneous measurements that always used to
accompany this. (Complex sentence)
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4. The selected filter appears on the display, and values with the other filters are
stored making remeasurement a thing of the past. (Compound sentence)
5. Once you've chosen the function and the mode, all you have to do is to
position the measuring aperture over the spot to be measured and press the
rear of the unit down. (Complex sentence)
6. Also built into the DM-800 are reference and tolerance values that can be
called up whenever you need them. (Complex sentence)
7. Ever used something designed for a right-handed person when you're left-
handed? (Complex sentence).
8. Should any error occur, such as too low a density or low battery power, then
you're informed of that error instantly so that you can take the required
measures. (Compound sentence).
9. The denser the bitmap you select (the higher the resolution), the more image
information the scanner will record - resulting in a larger file. (Compound
sentence).
Task 7
Group A: Types of computers.
Group B: Things or persons relating to computer.
Group C: Issues relating to color.
Group D: Several aspects of color.
Group E: Types of printers.
Group F: Methods of printing.
Task 8
a. The ratio between the amount of light reflected back, or transmitted, through a
given halftone versus the amount of light collected back from or through a solid
of the same color. >>>>> Dot area
b. The degree of darkness of a photographic or semi -transparent material or of a
reflecting surface. >>>> (Optical) density
c. The phenomenon occurs in multi-color printing when the inks are overprinted:
less ink is transferred onto an existing layer of ink than onto a blank sheet. >>>
Trapping
d. A neutral achromatic color midway between white and black. >>>> Grayness
e. The degree of contamination of one process color ink by another. >>>> Hue
error
f. The quality of color and tone within an image, ranging from the darkest to
brightest area and everything in between. >>>> Tonal range
g. The feature to determine the class of pixel color in a given image. >>>> color
detection
h. A specific organization of colors. >>>> color space
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i. An abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be presented.
>>>> color model
j. A measurement of the change in size of the halftone dot from film to print. >>>
dot gain
